Genghis Khan

It's not uncommon to hear the phrase Genghis Khan's Mongolia in Mongolia. He came in last in the polls. In Eastern Asia, especially in Mongolia, while acknowledging the destruction caused by his conquests, he is known also for his achievements as a unifying, even cosmopolitan ruler, who orchestrated in uniting the Mongols and as a person who brought Mongols from political instability to world wide fame and by uniting them paved the way for the nation of Mongolia. He only once endeavoured to enter public life, when, in 1832, he stood unsuccessfully for the borough of Finsbury. This may be a throwback into the late period of the Khanate, when Genghis Khan was deified throughout the empire. He also performed several studies on Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Great Western Railway. His face appears on Mongolian bank notes and vodka labels. Babbage also invented the pilot (also called a cow-catcher), the metal frame attached to the front of locomotives that clears the tracks of obstacles in 1838.

He is viewed as a conquering general of the stature of Alexander the Great. Babbage's discovery was used to aid English military campaigns, and was not published until several years later; as a result credit for the development was instead given to Friedrich Kasiski, who made the same discovery some years after Babbage. In the years that Mongolia has de-coupled itself from Communism and the Russian bloc in the early '90s, Genghis Khan has become a symbol for the free nation's identity. The autokey cipher was generally called "the undecipherable cipher", though owing to popular confusion, many thought that the weaker polyalphabetic cipher was the "undecipherable" one. There is a feeling that his military and administrative genius is undervalued, as is his undisputed status as the conqueror of one of the largest empires in history. He broke Vigenère's autokey cipher as well as the much weaker cipher that is called Vigenère cipher today. Particularly in Central and East Asia, and certainly in Mongolia where Genghis Khan is a national hero, there is much concern about the negative bias in historical records about Genghis Khan which emphasize his assaults, barbarism, and butchery. Charles Babbage also achieved notable results in cryptography.

From this genetic evidence it is reasoned that over 0.5% of the world's population (as the study was only able to cover direct male descendants) is descended from a male who lived in Mongolia around the time of Genghis Khan, perhaps even Genghis Khan himself, although there is considerable uncertainty over these numbers. The book incorporated extracts from correspondence he had been having with John Herschel on the subject. The age of the cluster, estimated from the mutation rate, places its origin just before the time of Genghis Khan, and it is especially common among the Hazara people, who claim to be descended from soldiers of Genghis Khan (a claim traditionally rejected by most scientists because it was assumed to be local folklore). In 1837, responding to the official eight Bridgewater Treatises "On the Power, Wisdom and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Creation", he published his Ninth Bridgewater Treatise putting forward the thesis that God had the omnipotence and foresight to create as a divine legislator, making laws (or programs) which then produced species at the appropriate times, rather than continually interfering with ad hoc miracles each time a new species was required. 2003, pdf of paper) found a cluster of Y chromosome variants in 1/12 of the men in the area of the Mongolian Empire, and 1/200 of men worldwide. He contributed largely to several scientific periodicals, and was instrumental in founding the Astronomical Society in 1820 and the Statistical Society in 1834. A recent genetic survey (Zerjal et al. From 1828 to 1839 Babbage was Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge.

At the height of his powers, Genghis Khan is reputed to have had five hundred wives and concubines, a tradition followed in successive generations. In 1824 Babbage won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society "for his invention of an engine for calculating mathematical and astronomical tables". Nishapur, Merv and Samarqand suffered similar destructions. The 24 schematics remained in the Science Museum archives until a full-size replica was built in 1991 to celebrate the 200th anniversary of Babbage’s birth.[3]. For example the cities of Rey and Tus, the two largest and most populous cities in Iran at the time, and centers of literature, culture, trade and commerce, were completely destroyed by the order of Genghis Khan. Unlike the analytical engine that he continually tweaked and modified, he did not try to improve the second difference engine after completing the initial design. Genghis Khan's campaigns in Central Asia and the Middle East caused massive destruction and the loss of human life. It was a marvel of mechanical engineering.

Genghis Khan's used brutal measures against those who would resist him in order to inflict fear. It measured 11 feet long, 7 feet high and 18 inches deep. In the West and the Middle East, the perception of Genghis Khan is strongly negative due to the destruction his forces caused, though there have been recent efforts by Western historians to explore the positive aspects of Genghis Khan's conquest. It used only about 8000 parts, three times fewer than the first. However, Genghis Khan's legacy is perceived very differently in Mongolia from the rest of the world. Between October 1846 and March 1849 Babbage started designing a second difference engine using knowledge gained from the analytical engine. Near-contemporary Middle-Eastern accounts by Juvayni and Rashid al-Din have survived, along with the anonymous Uighur / Chinese document known as The Secret History of the Mongols, which presents Genghis Khan from the Mongol point of view. She began work on a book describing the analytical engine in more detail, but it was never finished.

In Europe however, it is his image as bloodthirsty conqueror that dominates, and in the Middle East there are mixed feelings about Genghis Khan compared to Alexander the Great as there were similar destruction, but many Mongol armies and their families assimilated to the local culture. Lovelace was perhaps the first to grasp the more general goals of Babbage’s machine, and some consider her the world's first computer programmer. Today Genghis Khan's image is that of a ruthless and powerful conquerer in most of the world, known for his willpower and political persuasiveness, as also for fostering meritocracy among the nomads and the the Yasa code which formed the basis of the Empire. In another, she wrote about a generalized algebra engine that could perform operations on symbols as well as numbers. The chronicler Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani left a description of Genghis Khan, written when the subject was about 60 years of age:. In one note Ada prepared a table of execution for a program that Babbage wrote to calculate the Bernoulli numbers. He was ruthless to enemies, yet very generous and loyal to friends and some defeated foes who had surrendered according to his understanding of the rules of war in his culture. In a series of letters between 1842 and 1843, the pair collaborated on seven notes, the combined length of which was three times longer than the actual paper.

Temujin was a very capable leader. Charles suggested that she add notes to accompany the paper. Even his eldest son was the target of a planned military campaign just before Genghis died. Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace, a longtime friend of Babbage, translated the paper into English. Some he executed in secret, through deception. In October 1842, Federico Luigi, Conte Menabrea, an Italian general and mathematician, published a paper on the analytical engine. He turned on some allies, like Jamuqa, and defeated them in open battle. He would continue modifying and improving the design for many years to come.

Genghis Khan murdered his own brother by shooting him in the back. Babbage refused. This is reflected in the fate of many of his closest allies and relatives. Peel refused, and offered Babbage a knighthood instead. It is hard to work out what his personality was like, but he consistently displayed a sense that people were about to betray him. In 1842, following repeated failures to obtain funding from the First Lord of the Treasury, Babbage approached Sir Robert Peel for funding. He was physically timid and even the Secret History makes fun of his cowardice. Babbage constructed only small test parts for his new engine; a full engine was never completed.

He seemed to be a quick study, adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered, although he never learned a foreign language or showed much interest in the cultures of other people. The 100 digit store would stretch to 25 feet long. His military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals. The completed mill would measure 15 feet tall and 6 feet in diameter. He apparently valued honesty and loyalty highly, even an enemy soldier's loyalty to his leader, although not a civilian populations' loyalty to their own government. Babbage and a handful of assistants created 500 large design drawings, 1000 sheets of mechanical notation, and 7000 sheets of scribbles. According to quotations attributed to him in his later years, he urged future leaders to follow the Yasa teachings, and refrain from surrounding themselves with wealth and pleasure. The scale of the work was truly incredible.

As he aged, he seemed to become increasingly aware of the consequences of numerous victories and expansion of the Mongol Empire, including the possibility that succeeding generations might choose to live a sedentary lifestyle. A design for this emerged by 1835. Genghis Khan appeared to fully embrace the Mongol people's nomadic way of life and did not act to change their customs or beliefs. It was the world's first general-purpose computer. It is not entirely clear what Genghis Khan was truly like, but his personality and character were doubtless molded by the many hardships he faced when he was young and during the time that it took to unify the Mongol nation. The mill, analogous to a modern computer's CPU, executed the operations on values retrieved from the store, which we would consider memory. Other tales state that his grave was stampeded over by many horses, over which trees were then planted. The engine consisted of two parts: the mill and the store.

In folklore, it is said that a river was diverted over his grave to make it impossible to find. The mature analytical engine used punched cards adapted from the Jacquard loom to specify input and the calculations to perform. However, skeptics of this discovery see in the find evidence of a Mongol palace, and in accordance with Mongol tradition it is unlikely that Gengis Khan would be buried anywhere near one of his palaces. It did not take much longer for him to define the main points of his analytical engine. As of October 6, 2004, there has been an alleged discovery of "Genghis Khan's palace" that makes a discovery of his burial site possible. He described this as the machine "eating its own tail". The Genghis Khan Mausoleum is his memorial, but not his burial site. The first breakthrough came when he redirected the machine's output to the input for further equations.

According to (probably apocryphal) legend, the funeral escort killed anyone and anything that strayed across their path to his burial, so as not to reveal where he was finally laid to rest. Between 1833 and 1842 he tried to build a machine that would be programmable to do any kind of calculation, not just ones relating to polynomial equations. After he died, his body was returned to Mongolia and presumably to his birthplace in Hentiy aymag, where many assume he is buried somewhere close to the Onon river. While he was separated from the difference engine, Babbage began to think about an improved calculating engine. It is alleged that Genghis Khan asked to be buried without markings. (see also: Analytical engine). There are persistent folktales that a Tangut princess, to avenge her people and prevent her rape, castrated him with a hidden knife and he never recovered. Charles wrote, "The drawings and parts of the Engine are at length in a place of safety—I am almost worn out with disgust and annoyance at the whole affair." In 1842 the government officially abandoned the project.

The Galician-Volhynian Chronicle alleges he was killed by the Tanguts, but as of today the truth is unclear. After an investment of £23000, including £6000 of Babbage's own money, work on the unfinished machine ceased in 1834. Many assume he fell off his horse, due to old age and physical wearing down; some contemporary observers even cited prophecies from his opponents. Clement further refused to turn over the drawings and tools used to build the difference engine. The reason for his death is uncertain. Clement refused the request and stopped working. In his last campaign leading the Mongol fight against the Tangut Empire, Genghis Khan died on August 18, 1227. He often had to pay Clement out of his own pocket when the bureaucracy lagged behind Clement's pay schedule.

Timur based much of his early legitimacy on claiming descent from Genghis Khan. Before then, Babbage would get money from the government that he would use to pay Clement. It holds the record for the largest continuous landmass controlled by any empire in history depending on how you define the Mongol Empire. In response, Babbage suggested that Clement draw his pay directly from the treasury. According to some sources, the empire encompassed almost 50% of the world population and included the most advanced and populous nations of that time; China and many of the main contemporary states of the Islamic world in Iraq, Persia, and Asia Minor. Clement refused to move his operations to the new workshop and demanded more money for the difficulty of travelling across town to oversee construction. Control of much of this region, especially in Siberia, was nominal or non-existent. It had a glass roof for lighting, and a fireproof, dust-free room to contain the machine.

At its height, the Mongolian Empire stretched from Southeast Asia to Europe, covering 35 million square kilometers (13.8 million square miles), little less than the British Empire with its 36 million square kilometers (14.1 million square miles). Babbage had built a two-story, 50 foot long workshop behind his house. The European expansion came to a halt when a number high-ranking leaders had to return to Mongolia to participate in the khuriltai for the election of the next Great Khan. Babbage's problems with the treasury coincided with numerous disagreements with Clement. The Mongols eventually briefly overran Poland and Hungary under Batu Khan's rule, and (with varying degrees of success) Syria, and Vietnam. Work continued, but Babbage would have continual difficulty getting money from the treasury. Genghis Khan's successors expanded the empire even further, into south China, Russia, Iraq, Korea, and Tibet. The government continued its support, advancing £1500 on April 29, 1829, £3000 on December 3, and £3000 on February 24, 1830.

On his deathbed in 1227, Genghis Khan outlined to his youngest son, Tolui, the plans that later would be used by his successors to complete the destruction of the Jin Empire. John Herschel and the Royal Society publicly defended the engine. This left Ögedei, third oldest, who was well liked by most people and so was made Great Khan. Rumours had spread that Babbage had wasted the government's money; that the machine did not work; and that it had no practical value if it did. Chagatai was a hot-head and disliked by his brothers. The difference engine project had come under fire during Babbage's absence. The eldest son Jochi was dead and there were questions about his parentage. He moved to 1 Dorset Street upon returning to England in 1828.

The office of Great Khan was a matter of dispute. He initially wanted to turn down the position but several friends convinced him to accept. Tolui, the youngest, was given the Mongol homeland as per Mongol custom. In Italy he learned he had been named the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. Chagatai was the next-eldest son of Genghis and so was given Central Asia. He passed through the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Italy visiting universities and manufacturing facilities. The most distant lands conquered by the Mongols, then southern Ruthenia, were divided among his grandsons Batu, leader of the Blue Horde, and Orda, leader of the White Horde. John Herschel and several other friends convinced Babbage to take a trip to Europe to recuperate.

At his death, Genghis Khan divided the lands of his empire amongst his sons or their children. Work had already taxed Babbage heavily and he was on the edge of a breakdown. He also divided his armies into a number of smaller groups, taking advantage of the superb mobility of his mounted archers to attack their enemies on several fronts at once. The death of Georgiana, Babbage's father, and an infant son interrupted construction in 1827. He refused to divide his troops into different ethnic enclaves, creating a sense of unity, while he punished even small infractions against discipline severely. It was the first publication on what we would now call operations research. Genghis developed a well organized army. Based on these trips and his experience with the difference engine, Babbage published On the Economy of Machinery and Manufacture[2] in 1832.

Genghis Khan's armies were generally able to best their enemies in the 12th and 13th century because of their superior strategy, mobility, and military intelligence. He took extensive tours of industry to better understand manufacturing processes. Genghis Khan made advances in military disciplines, such as mobility, psychological warfare, intelligence, military autonomy, and tactics. Every part had to be formed by hand using custom machine tools, many of which Babbage himself designed. Main article: Military advances of Genghis Khan. Babbage converted one of the rooms in his home to a workshop and hired Joseph Clement to oversee construction of the engine. He brought tutors with him to teach his children and himself to read and write. The Society approved the idea, prompting the government to grant £1500 for its construction in 1823.

Temüjin was illiterate when he was young but learned to read Taoist sermons later in his life. Babbage presented a model of what he called a difference engine to the Royal Astronomical Society on June 14, 1822 and in a paper entitled "Note on the application of machinery to the computation of astronomical and mathematical tables."[1] It calculated polynomials using a numerical method called the differences method. Taxes were also heavy, and conquered people were used as forced labor. (See also Difference engine). Generally, it is thought that the Mongol Empire was also friendly to outside trade along the Silk Road, although the Mongol's conquests led to a collapse of many of the ancient trading cities of Central Asia. He first discussed the principles of a calculating engine in a letter to Sir Humphrey Davy in 1822. The Mongols was ruled by the code of Yasa created by Genghis Khan of which no complete copy survives today. Three different factors seem to have influenced him: a dislike of untidiness; his experience working on logarithmic tables; and existing work on calculating machines carried out by Wilhelm Schickard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz.

He instituted a meritocracy among the Mongols and allied nomadic people. This idea may have come to him as early as 1812. The Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan was tolerant of the beliefs of the people it had conquered, provided that they did not resist, and often let conquered nations keep local rulers and worship their own religions. In recognition of the high error rate in the calculation of mathematical tables, Babbage sought to find a method by which they could be calculated mechanically, removing human sources of error. Main article: Organization of state under Genghis Khan. Charles' father, his wife Georgiana Babbage, and one son all died in 1827. Main article: Mongol Empire. They had eight children, but only three lived to adulthood.

How many of these deaths were attributable directly to Genghis Khan and his forces is unclear, as are the numbers. The couple lived happily at 5 Devonshire Street, Portland Place, London. Before the Mongol invasion, China had at least 100 million inhabitants; after the complete conquest in 1279, the census in 1300 showed it to have roughly 60 million people. His father did not approve of the marriage. China suffered a drastic decline in population. Michael's Church in Teignmouth, Devon. According to the works of Iranian historian Rashid al-Din, Mongols killed over 70,000 people in Merv and more than a million in Nishapur. On July 25, 1814, Charles Babbage married Georgiana Whitmore at St.

Over much of Central Asia Indo-European Persian-speakers were replaced by Turkic speakers. He instead received an honorary degree without examination in 1814. Genghis Khan's conquests were characterized by wholesale destruction on unprecedented scale and radically changed the demographic situation in Asia. He was the top mathematician at Peterhouse, but failed to graduate with honours. There were also mass slaughters even where there was no resistance, especially in Northern China, and the vast majority of the populations so killed had long histories of accepting nomadic rulers. In 1812 Babbage transferred to Peterhouse, Cambridge. Genghis Khan preferred to offer opponents the chance to submit to his rule without a fight, but was merciless if he encountered any resistance by totally exterminating the entire population of the resisting cities. In response, he, John Herschel, George Peacock, and several other friends formed the Analytical Society.

At the Battle of Kalka River in 1223, the Mongols defeated the larger Russian force, capturing and killing 6 princes, Mstislav of Kiev among them. He had read extensively in Leibniz, Lagrange, Simpson, and Lacroix and was seriously disappointed in the mathematical instruction available at Cambridge. Batu Khan sent emmisarries to the Slavic princes calling for separate peace but the emmisarries were executed. Babbage arrived at Trinity College, Cambridge in October 1810. While he was heading home, Batu assaulted the Kipchaks and was intercepted by the allied troops of Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev, along with a force of Kievan Rus numbering around 80,000. Of the first, a clergyman near Cambridge, Babbage said, "I fear I did not derive from it all the advantages that I might have done." The second was an Oxford tutor from whom Babbage learned enough of the Classics to be accepted to Cambridge. Batu destroyed Georgian crusaders, sacked the Genoese trade-fortress of Kaffa in Crimea, and stayed the winter near the Black Sea. He studied with two more private tutors after leaving the academy.

While he was gathering his forces in Persia and Armenia, a detached force of 40,000 troops of Batu Khan commanded by Subutai pushed deep into Armenia and Azerbaijan. The academy had a well-stocked library that prompted Babbage's love of mathematics. These invasions ultimately added Transoxiana and Persia to an already formidable empire. He then joined a 30-student academy under Reverend Stephen Freeman. In 1225 both divisions returned to Mongolia. His parents ordered that his "brain was not to be taxed too much" and Babbage felt that "this great idleness may have led to some of my childish reasonings." He was sent to King Edward VI Grammar School in Totnes, South Devon, a thriving comprehensive school still extant today, but his health forced him back to private tutors for a time. Neither campaign added territory to the empire, but they pillaged settlements and defeated any armies they met that did not acknowledge Genghis Khan as the rightful leader of the world. Around age eight he was sent to a country school to recover from a life-threatening fever.

Genghis Khan led a division on a raid through Afghanistan and northern India, while another contingent, led by his general Subedei, marched through the Caucasus and Russia. His father's money allowed Charles to receive instruction from several schools and tutors during the course of his elementary education. The Mongol armies then split into two component forces. Michael’s Church. In the end, the Shah killed himself rather than surrender when he was cornered and by 1220, the Khwarizmian Empire was eradicated. In 1808 the Babbage family moved into the old Rowdens house in East Teignmouth, and Benjamin Babbage became a warden of the nearby St. However, he was outmaneuvered by the much swifter Mongol army and driven into extended retreat. His mother was Betsy Plumleigh Babbage.

The leader of Khwarizm, Shah Muhammad II, prepared to battle with them. His father, Benjamin Babbage, was a banking partner of the Praeds who owned the Bitton Estate in Teignmouth. The Mongol army methodically marched through and sacked Khwarizm's main cities (Bukhara, Samarkand, and Balkh). Charles Babbage was born in London on December 26, 1791, probably at 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road, London. At this point (1219), Genghis decided to extend Mongol control into the Muslim world. . Once he had conquered the city, he killed many of the inhabitants and executed the governor by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes as retribution for the insult. It was built to tolerances achievable in the 19th century, indicating that Babbage's machine would have worked.

The Mongol army quickly seized the town, relying on superior strategy and tactics. In 1991, working from Babbage's original plans, a difference engine was completed, and functioned perfectly. The governor of the province had the emissaries executed, and Genghis Khan retaliated with an invasion force of 20 tumen (200,000 troops). Parts of his uncompleted mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum. In 1218, Genghis sent emissaries to an eastern province of Khwarizm with the intention of discussing possible trade with the Khwarizmian Empire. Charles Babbage (December 26, 1791 – October 18, 1871) was an English mathematician, analytical philosopher and (proto-) computer scientist who originated the idea of a programmable computer. Genghis Khan did not, as a general rule, trust his relatives and so did not allow them to command significant numbers of soldiers. ISBN 03166484772.

These generals were purely choosen on meritocracy as none of them were from direct line of Genghis Khan. The Cogwheel Brain. It should be noted that very talented military generals and military strategists of Genghis Khan like Subutai and Jebe played considerable role in the practicalities of the war and hands-on approaches. Doron Swade. By 1218, the Mongol Empire extended as far west as Lake Balkhash and adjoined Khwarizm, a Muslim state that reached to the Caspian Sea in the west and to the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea in the south. Irascible Genius: A Life of Charles Babbage, Inventor. Kuchlug's forces were defeated west of Kashgar; he was captured and executed and Kara-Khitan was annexed by Genghis Khan. Maboth Moseley.

An internal revolt was incited by Mongol agents against Kuchlug, leaving the Naiman forces open for Jebe to overrun the country. ISBN 0691023778. Therefore, Genghis sent only two tumen (roughly 20,000 soldiers) under a brilliant young general, Jebe (known as "The Arrow"), against Kuchlug. Charles Babbage: Pioneer of the Computer. By this time the Mongol army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in China against the Tangut and the Rurzhen. Anthony Hyman. Meanwhile, Kuchlug, the deposed Khan of the Naiman tribe, had fled west and had usurped the Khanate of Kara-Khitan (also known as Kara Kitay), the western allies that had decided to side with Genghis Khan. ISBN 1851960406.

By this time, his advancing age had led Genghis to make preparations for his death and to assure an orderly succession among his descendants; he selected his third son Ögedei as his successor and established the method of selection of subsequent Khans, specifying that they should come from his direct descendants. Passages from the Life of a Philosopher. In the end, Genghis Khan had the Tangut emperor and his family executed. Charles Babbage. The Tanguts officially surrendered in 1227, after having ruled for 189 years, starting in 1038. Alexander Forbes Babbage (born 1827). The new Tangut emperor quickly surrendered to the Mongols. Henry Prevost Babbage (born 16 September 1824).

Genghis Khan, after conquering Deshun, went to Liupanshan (Qingshui County, Gansu Province) for shelter from the severe summer. Dugald Bromheald Babbage (born 13 March 1823). Ma Jianlong later died from wounds received from arrows in battle. Francis Moore Babbage (born 1 June 1821). At Deshun, the Tangut general Ma Jianlong put up a fierce resistance for several days and personally led charges against the invaders outside of the city gate. Edward Stewart Babbage (born 15 December 1819). In 1227, the Genghis Khan attacked the Tanguts' capital, and continued to advance, seizing Lintiao-fu in February, Xining province and Xindu-fu in March, and Deshun province in April. Geogiana Whitmore Babbage (born 17 July 1818).

Genghis reportedly saw five stars arranged in a line in the sky, which he took to be an omen of his victory. Charles Whitmore Babbage (born 22 January 1817). In November, the Genghis Khan laid siege to the Tangut city of Lingzhou and then crossed the Yellow River and defeated the Tangut relief army. Benjamin Herschel Babbage (born 6 August 1815). The Tangut armies were soundly defeated. One of Tangut generals challenged the Mongols for a battle near Helanshan (Helan means "great horse" in the northern dialect, shan means "mountain").

In February, he took Heisui, Ganzhou and Suzhou and in the autumn, he took Xiliang-fu. In 1226, Genghis Khan attacked the Tanguts on the pretext that the Tanguts had deceived the Mongols and they were seeking retribution for this betrayal. In retaliation, the Genghis Khan prepared for war against their alliance. While Genghis Khan was busy with the campaign in Persia, Tangut and Jin had formed an alliance against the Mongols.

The vassal emperor of the Tanguts (Western Xia) had refused to take part in the war against the Khwarizmid Empire (see below). The Mongol Empire campaigned 6 times against the Tanguts (1202, 1207, 1209-1210, 1211-1213, 1214-1219 and 1225-1226). This forced the Jin Emperor Xuan Zong to move his capital south to Kaifeng. The Mongol army crossed the Great Wall of China in 1213, and in 1215 Genghis besieged, captured, and sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing (later known as Beijing).

In 1211, Genghis Khan set about bringing the Nuzhen (the founders of the Jin Dynasty) completely under his dominion, in order to prevent them from challenging the Mongols for territory and resources. By 1209, the Tangut emperor acknowledged Genghis Khan as overlord. Genghis Khan led the Mongols against Xi Xia, and conquered the empire despite initial difficulties in defeating its well-defended cities. At the time of the Khuriltai in 1206 that Genghis Khan got his title, Mongols were involved in a dispute with the Tangut Empire of Western Xia, which demanded tribute from the Mongols.

Genghis Khan was already around 40 years old when he became Khan and started his campaign outward. See Lister and Ratchnevsky, referenced below, for further reading. Chingis Khan is the spelling used by the modern Republic of Mongolia. Likely, contemporary Mongols would have pronounced the word more like "Chinggis".

"jung" in English) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which was then modified by later scribes in India or Persia to read as "Genghis". Zhèng (Chinese: 正, pron. Lake Baikal and ocean were called as tenggiz by the Mongols, however it seems like that if they had meant to call Genghis Khan tenggiz they could very well have said (and written) "Tenggiz Khan", which they did not. One theory places the etymology as stemming from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkish word tenggiz, meaning "ocean," "oceanic" or "wide-spreading".

There are many theories for the origins of Genghis Khan's title; this uncertainty is fueled by the fact that later members of the Mongol Empire associated the name with the Mongol word for strength, "ching", though this does not fit the etymology. See also: Mongols before Genghis Khan. At a Kurultai (a council of Mongol chiefs) he was acknowledged as the first and only "Khan" or Khagan, the ruler of rulers or emperor. It was a monumental feat for the Mongols, who had a long history of internecine dispute and economic hardship.

Temüjin managed to unite the tribes under a single system by 1206 using his personal charisma and strong will. In any event the Mongols were raiding China's northern border. It may be that some trade routes ran through Mongol territory, and it is possible that they feared that the Mongols would eventually restrict the supply of goods. The Jurchen had grown uncomfortable with the newly unified Mongols.

Temüjin organized his people to prepare for future conflicts, especially with the Jin. His borders were threatened to the south by the Jin who then ruled North China and to the west by the Xia. Temüjin executed Jamuqa's betrayers, officially on the principle that betrayal merits the harshest punishment. The Secret History of the Mongols states that Jamuqa insisted that he be executed even when Temüjin offered renewal of their brotherhood.

Jamuqa was eventually betrayed to Temüjin by his followers and executed in 1206. This allowed Temüjin to recover from a series of military defeats inflicted by Jamuqa and to emerge victorious. In particular, Jamuqa did not recruit shepherds who lacked tribal status in the Mongol tradition. Jamuqa was less successful in coalition-building because, unlike Temüjin, he maintained traditional divisions between tribes in his forces and assigned commands by hereditary rank rather than merit.

Jamuqa's assumption of this title was the final breach with Temüjin and Jamuka formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. In 1201, a Khuriltai elected Jamuqa as Gur Khan, universal ruler, a title used by the rulers of the Kara-Khitan Khanate. Temüjin learnt of Senggum's intentions, eventually defeated him and his loyalists and succeeded to the title of Wang Khan. This led to jealousy on the part of Senggum, Wang's former heir, who planned to assassinate Temüjin.

It is claimed that Temüjin was adopted as Wang Khan's heir after successful campaigns against the Tatars (1202). Temüjin began his slow ascent to power by allying himself with his father's anda (sworn brother or blood brother) Toghril, khan of the Kerait and better known by the Chinese title Wang Khan which the Jin Empire granted him in 1197. All four sons participated in Genghis Khan's campaigns, and eventually became Khans of different Khanates after Genghis Khan's death, but it was Ögedei who was proclaimed the Great Khan and inherited Genghis Khan's mantle. Because Jochi was born after Borte was freed from her captors, his paternity was contested.

Genghis Khan's empress was Borte, his childhood friend in whose family's care his father left Temujin when he was 9; she bore him four sons:. When the Tatars, in turn, grew too powerful after 1161, the Jin moved their support from the Tatars to the Kerait. Genghis Khan's father, Yesugei, khan of the Borjigin, and nephew to Ambaghai and Qutula Khan, emerged as the head of the ruling clan of the Mongols, but this position was contested by the rival Tayichi’ud clan, who descended directly from Ambaghai. Genghis Khan was related through his father to Qabul Khan, Ambaghai and Qutula Khan who had headed the Mongol confederation under Jin patronage until the Jin switched their support to the Tatars in 1161 and destroyed Qutula Khan.

Main article: Family tree of Genghis Khan. Börte's first child, Jochi, was born about nine months after she was freed from the Merkit, leading to questions regarding the child's paternity. Temüjin became blood brothers with Jamuqa and thus made a vow to be faithful to each other for eternity. Later she was kidnapped in a raid by the Merkit tribe, and Temüjin called on his friend and later rival, Jamuka, and his protector, Wang Khan of the Kerait tribe, for aid.

Around the age of 16, Temüjin married Börte of the Konkirat tribe. His mother, Hoelun, taught him many lessons on survival in the harsh political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances with others, a lesson which would shape his understanding in his later years. He escaped with help from a sympathetic captor. In another, he was captured in a raid by his former tribe and held captive with a wooden collar around his neck.

Despite being reproached by his mother he never expressed any remorse over the killing. In one incident, Temüjin reportedly murdered his half-brother over a dispute about sharing hunting spoils. For the next few years, he and his family lived the life of impoverished nomads, surviving primarily on marmots and other small game. This gave Temüjin a claim to be the clan's chief, though his clan refused to be led by a boy and soon abandoned him and his family.

Shortly thereafter, his father was murdered by the neighboring Tatars while returning home. He was supposed to live there until he reached the marriageable age of 14. His early life was difficult: His father delivered him to his future wife's family when he was only nine. Like any nomad of the time, he was familiar, at least partially, with the working of iron and steel, for such purposes as horse-shoeing and weaponry.

The name "Temujin" translates into English as "Smith" or "Blacksmith" though there is no evidence that Temujin had smithing as an occupation. Temüjin was named after one of the more powerful chiefs of a rival tribe who his father, Yesükhei, had recently defeated. His mother was named Hoelun and was of the Olkunut tribe. Yesükhei's clan was called Borjigin (Боржигин).

He was the second son of Yesükhei, a tribal chief of the Kiyad. His birthplace was most likely the mountainous area of Burhan Haldun. There is not much known about his early years, but Temujin was born sometime between 1155 and 1167 in Hentiy, Mongolia. His family ruled the Mongols until the 17th century, when the last Khan of his house was conquered by the Manchu.

Genghis Khan's descendants included Kublai Khan, and possibly also Timur and Babur, though it is unlikely that the last were related. Genghis Khan's successors continued to rule and expand the Mongol Empire he founded after his death, and, even after the unified empire dissolved a century and a half later, separate Khanates existed for centuries afterwards. The Mongols under Genghis Khan and his successors ruled most of Eurasia, including Central Asia, North Asia, Eastern Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Central Europe, stretching from Vietnam to successful campaigns in Poland and Hungary. His conquest, and his strategy of inducing fear by slaughtering the entire populations of resisting cities such as Merv and Herat, led to millions of deaths, and, in the longer term, resulted in large-scale depopulation of the areas of Asia that he conquered [1].

After unifying the Mongol tribes, he conquered the territories of the Naiman, Merkit, Tatar, and Kerait and led very successful and sometimes brutal campaigns against Western Xia in northern China and the Khwarezmid Empire in western Asia. Though often outnumbered in battles, he used superior military intelligence, endurance, tactics and the mobility of his armies to defeat opponents, rapidly conquering more territory than any other single ruler. Born in Mongolia in the 12th century, Temüjin united the Mongol tribes of Central Asia, forging a powerful empire that became the nucleus of what was to become the largest contiguous empire in world history. .

In Mongolia, he is considered a hero for his historical role in uniting the Mongol tribes by giving them a common identity. Genghis Khan is considered as one of the most brilliant military leaders who is also remembered for his ruthless intolerance of resistance. See International Phonetic Alphabet." class="IPA" style="white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Code2000', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Doulos SIL', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Vera', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro'; font-family /**/:inherit; text-decoration: none">/ʧiŋɡis xaːn/,  Mongolian pronunciation^?), born as Temüjin (Тэмүүжин), was a Great Khan of Mongol Empire and military leader who united the Mongol tribes and founded the Mongol Empire. 1162¹–August 18, 1227) (Cyrillic: Чингис Хаан), (also spelled as Chingis Khan, Jenghis Khan, etc.), (pronounced