Fruit

Fruits are also found commonly in such manufactured foods as cookies, muffins, yoghurt, ice cream, cakes, and many more. For a list of famous Greek men and women, see List of Greeks. Many fruits, including fleshy fruits like apples and mangos, and nuts like walnut, are commercially valuable as human food, eaten both fresh and made into jams, marmalade and other preserves for future consumption. Greece has produced a vast number of contributors to philosophy, astronomy, science, and the arts. This is an evolutionary mechanism to increase dispersal distance away from the parent. Main article: Culture of Greece. Other fruits are elongated and flattened out naturally and so become thin, like wings or helicopter blades. Greece's Jewish community today is estimated at 4,500.

Some fruits have coats covered with spikes or hooked burrs, either to prevent themselves from being eaten by animals or to stick to the hairs of animals, using them as dispersal agents. During World War II, when Greece was occupied by Nazi Germany, 86% of the Greek Jews were murdered by the invading Axis and only a minority survived and most of them have emigrated to Israel. Variations in fruit structures largely relate to dissemination (called dispersal) of the seeds they contain. On the island of Crete, the Jews played an important part in the transport trade. Seedlessness in table grapes results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy which requires normal pollination and fertilization. From the 16th century onwards, Salonica, a city in northern Greece, had one of the largest (mostly Sephardic by then) Jewish communities in the world and a solid rabbinical tradition. Most seedless citrus fruits require a pollination stimulus; bananas and pineapples do not. The first Greek Jewish population became known as the Romaniotes and their language became known as Yevanic (from the Hebrew word for Greece: יון/Yavan).

Parthenocarpic fruit set may or may not require pollination. 300-250 BCE found in Oropos, a small coastal town between Athens and Boeotia, and refers to him as "Moschos, son of Moschion the Jew" who was in all likelihood, a slave. In some species, seedlessness is the result of parthenocarpy, where fruits set without fertilization. The earliest reference to a Greek Jew is in an inscription, dated c. Some cultivars of citrus fruits (especially navel oranges and mandarin oranges), table grapes, grapefruit, and watermelons are valued for their seedlessness. Jews have been present in Greece for the last 2000 years. Commercial cultivars of bananas and pineapples are seedless. They also object to the lifting of the anathemas against the Roman Catholic Church in the 1960's by Patriarch Athenagoras.

Seedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce. They believe that they are the last remaining true Christians in the world and that Orthodoxy has been corrupted by having dialogue with other faiths. After fertilization, each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes expand, they connate (merge) into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarp. Esphygmenou is composed of 117 Zealot monks who stubbornly oppose the head of the Church and do not commemorate him any more. First an inflorescence of white flowers called a head is produced. One monastery has recently broken away and has formed a completely independent schism on the Holy Mountain -- Esphygmenou Monastery. In the photograph on the right, stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) can be observed on a single branch. Spiritually, Mount Athos is under the Patriarchate of Constantinople and is therefore in communion with all the monasteries on Mount Athos and with the Orthodox Church based in various countries.

Examples are the pineapple, edible fig, mulberry, osage-orange, and breadfruit. One small part of Greece, Mount Athos, is recognised by the Greek constitution as an autonomous monastic republic, although foreign relations remain the prerogative of the Greek state. Each flower produces a fruit, but these mature into a single mass. The calls comes mainly from the PASOK ranks but lack full credibility due to its purported wide-spread corruption while in government. A multiple fruit is one formed from a cluster of flowers (called an inflorescence). Starting in January 2005, a series of highly publicised corruption scandals involving high rank church officials have led to many calls by secular Greeks for the complete separation of Church and State and greater control of Church assets.
. The Church has also been allowed to keep its large portfolio of financial assets exempt from taxation and fiscal auditing.

In all these examples, the fruit develops from a single flower with numerous pistils. Non Greek Orthodox members of parliament are sworn in accordance to their own faith. The strawberry is also an aggregate-accessory fruit, only one in which the seeds are contained in achenes. The President of the Republic takes an oath on the Bible and Orthodox Christianity is given privileged place in religious studies in primary education. In some bramble fruits (such as blackberry) the receptacle is elongate and part of the ripe fruit, making the blackberry an aggregate-accessory fruit. Priests receive state salaries. An example is the raspberry, whose simple fruits are termed drupelets because each is like a small drupe attached to the receptacle. Joint approval is needed for the building of churches and the Church has even blocked the building of places of worship for other religions in Athens.

An aggregate fruit, or etaerio, develops from a flower with numerous simple pistils. In practice, the Orthodox Church and the secular state are intimately involved with one another in certain areas. Types of fleshy, simple fruits (with examples) are:. The Greek Constitution reflects this relationship by guaranteeing absolute freedom of religion while still defining the "prevailing religion" of Greece as the Eastern Orthodox Church of Christ. Fruits in which part or all of the pericarp (fruit wall) is fleshy at maturity are simple fleshy fruits. Most Greeks attend Church during the Major Feast days, and are emotionally attached to Orthodox Christianity as their 'national' religion. Types of dry, simple fruits (with examples) are:. Most Greeks, even many non-practicing Christians, revere and respect the Orthodox Christian faith; even the majority of non-beliving, secular Greeks feel culturally attached to their Church.

Dry fruits may be either dehiscent (opening to discharge seeds), or indehiscent (not opening to discharge seeds). The role of the Orthodox Church in maintaining Greek ethnic and cultural identity during the 400 years of Ottoman rule, strengthened the bond between religion and the state. Simple fruits can be either dry or fleshy and result from the ripening of a simple or compound ovary with only one pistil. Even under Turkish rule and repeated attempts at prosletization - firstly by the Jesuits and then by the Protestants - Orthodox Christianity survived and flourished. There are three basic types of fruits:. Since Constantine’s time the Orthodox Christian faith has flourished and spread throughout Eastern Europe. To these two basic definitions can be added the clarification that in botanical terminology, a nut is a type of fruit and not another term for seed. The civil and religious capital of the Empire was moved to Constantinople (modern day Istanbul) by Constantine I.

Seeds are ripened ovules; fruits are the ripened ovularies or carpels that contain the seeds. Prior to Ottoman rule, Greece was part of the Byzantine Empire. It will also be seen that many common terms for seeds and fruit are incorrectly applied, a fact that complicates understanding of the terminology. See also: Greek Orthodox Church. Fruits are so varied in form and development, that it is difficult to devise a classification scheme that includes all known fruits. Some groups in Greece have started an attempt to reconstruct Hellenic polytheism, the ancient Greek pagan religion. Since other parts of the flower may contribute to the structure of the fruit, it is important to study flower structure to understand how a particular fruit forms. Greece also has some Roman Catholics, mainly in the city of Patras, Corfu, and the Cyclades islands of Syros, Paros, Tinos, and Naxos; some Protestants and some Jews, mainly in Thessaloniki (which was once a major Jewish city until the Holocaust).

When such other floral parts are a significant part of the fruit, it is called an accessory fruit. Greek Muslims make up about 1.3% of the population, and live primarily in Thrace. In some fruits, especially simple fruits derived from an inferior ovary, other parts of the flower (such as the floral tube, including the petals, sepals, and stamens), fuse with the ovary and ripen with it. The majority of Greeks (95-98%) have at least nominal membership in the Eastern Orthodox Church. The pericarp is often differentiated into two or three distinct layers called the exocarp (outer layer - also called epicarp), mesocarp (middle layer), and endocarp (inner layer). Several prominent Greek sportsmen migrated to Greece as ethnic Greeks from Albania and Georgia in the 1990s, including legendary weightlifters Pyrros Dimas and Kakhi Kakhiashvili. The wall of the fruit, developed from the ovary wall of the flower, is called the pericarp. Since 1997 three legalization programmes were enacted by the Greek state [a fourth went through in 2005].

With some multiseeded fruits the extent of development of the flesh of the fruit is proportional to the number of fertilized ovules. The legal status of immigrants has been very tenuous since the 1990s (as throughout the European Union), with massive illegality. Fruit development continues until the seeds have matured. The other principal nationalities are, according to residence permit data, Arvanites - ethnic Albanians, Bulgarians, Armenians, Romanians, Ukrainians, Pakistanis and Georgians; overall, over 180 different nationalities have been recorded. The ovary eventually comes to form, along with other parts of the flower in many cases, a structure surrounding the seed or seeds that is the fruit. About 60-65% of Greek immigrants have come from Albania (following the fall of communism) although some 200.000 have been documented as ethnic Greeks or homogeneis. The petals of the flower fall off and the ovule develops into a seed. A number of religious minorities exist, including the Muslim minority in western Thrace, which makes up about a third of that region's population.

After an ovule is fertilized in a process known as pollination, the ovary begins to expand. A non-comprehensive list of these would include Turks, Macedonian Slavs, Pomaks, and various Roma groups. In the commercial world, European Union rules define carrot as a fruit for the purposes of measuring the proportion of "fruit" contained in carrot jam. The population of Greece is 98 per cent Greek [5] although Greece has various linguistic and cultural minorities. For example, rhubarb may be considered a fruit, though only the astringent stalk or petiole is edible. Main article: Demographics of Greece. Rarely, culinary "fruits" are not fruits in the botanical sense. Apart from Athens, other top ranking tourist destinations include the islands of Myconos, Santorini, Rhodes, Crete, Corfu, Paros, Ios, Kos, Kefallonia and Hydra as well as the northern Halkidiki peninsula.

These include cucurbits (e.g., squash and pumpkin), maize, tomato, cucumber, aubergine (eggplant), and sweet pepper, along with nuts, and some spices, such as allspice, nutmeg and chiles. What is more, the government intends to promote winter tourism in Greece, something that could potentially double international arrivals. Many foods are botanically fruits, but are treated as vegetables in cooking. That is 4 times more than the amount spent in 2002 by the previous government. . Overall, this year the Greek Ministry of Tourism plans to invest more than 30 billion euros in the tourism industry, one of the most essential sectors of the Greek economy. A plant that does not produce fruit is known as acarpous, meaning essentially "without fruit". An interesting fact that is attributed in all those efforts is that according to a survey conducted in China in 2005, Greece was voted as Chinese' people number one choice.

Such fruits are seedless. For instance and among other initiatives, Helena Paparizou, the winner of the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest was recently designated as the official ambassador of the Hellenic Tourism Organization. In a few species, the fruit may develop in the absence of pollination/fertilization, a process known as parthenocarpy. Mr Avramopoulos proved to be a particularly competent man, determined to massively promote the nation to new, emerging markets in addition to the traditional ones, through various means of communication. With most fruits pollination is a vital part of fruit culture, and the lack of knowledge of pollinators and pollenizers can contribute to poor crops or poor quality crops. Dimitris Avramopoulos. Some gymnosperms, such as yew, have fleshy arils that resemble fruits and some junipers have berry-like, fleshy cones. The New Democracy government, that took power in March 2004, established a brand new Ministry of Tourism headed by Mr.

The term false fruit (pseudocarp, accessory fruit) is sometimes applied to a fruit like the fig (a multiple-accessory fruit; see below) or to a plant structure that resembles a fruit but is not derived from a flower or flowers. In 2006, those figures are only expected to grow bigger. However, a great many common vegetables, as well as nuts and grains, are the fruit of the plant species they come from. In particular during 2005, Greece was the top tourist destination amongst Americans. In cuisine, when discussing fruit as food, the term usually refers to just those plant fruits that are sweet and fleshy, examples of which include plum, apple and orange. In 2005, however, those numbers increased by 14%, surpassing 16.1 million arrivals. Botanical terminology for fruits is inexact and will remain so. In 2004, Greece ranked 12th in terms of international tourist arrivals when more than 14.2 million visitors came to the country, many of which combining both vacations and attendance of Olympic athletic events.

No one terminology really fits the enormous variety that is found among plant fruits. The spectacular success of the 2004 Olympic Games boosted the country's international prestige even further and reaffirmed its status as one of the safest places to be. Evolution has led plants to adopt certain basic mechanisms, seemingly without close regard to the tissues involved. Unparalleled natural beauties, golden beaches, idyllic sunsets, a legendary nightlife and the world famous Greek cuisine combined with a unique hospitality and an impressively developping tourist infrastracture make Greece an irresistable hotspot for many. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants disseminate seeds.
Greece has traditionally been one of the most popular tourist destinations on a global basis and each year, particularly in the summer months, the nation's numerous cosmopolitan islands get literally packed with millions of international visitors. In many species, the fruit incorporates the ripened ovary and surrounding tissues. Main article: Tourism in Greece.

In botany, a fruit is the ripened ovary—together with seeds—of a flowering plant. This bank is not the same as the "National Bank of Greece", a commercial bank.
. The Bank of Greece, now a subsidiary of the European Central Bank, functions as the nation's central bank. pome - accessory fruits (apple, pear, rosehip). Indeed, in 2005, the government managed to reduce the fiscal deficit by almost two percentage points and the goal of reaching the 3% target by the end of 2006 seems realistic. false berry - accessory fruits (banana, cranberry). Under a negotiated agreement, the EU gave Greece a two year deadline (budgets of 2005 and 2006) in order to bring the deficit in line with the criteria of the European stability pact.

Stone fruit drupe (plum, cherry, peach, olive). Shortly after its election, the new conservative New Democracy government revealed to the Eurostat agency that the previous figures supplied to it by the PASOK government as the basis of the Greek entry into the Eurozone were not correct. berry - (tomato, avocado). The reduction of the fiscal deficit to the Eurozone target of 3% of GDP has also become a key issue. utricle. Forecasts predict that 2006 will be yet another year of substantial economic growth, estimated to reach 3.7%, well above the European Union's average. silique - (radish). Today the country is dealing with various challenges, including the reduction of unemployment which currently stands at slightly below 10%, the reform of the social security system, the privatization (at least in part) of the public sector, the overhauling of the tax system and the further reduction of certain bureaucratic inefficiencies.

schizocarp - (carrot). Moreover, Greece now operates as a net importer of foreign workers, mainly from neighbouring Albania, Pakistan and Eastern Europe. samara - (elm, ash, maple key). Part of the Greek economy's impressive growth is attributed to the fact that the previous govermnent tightened fiscal policy regulations in the run-up to the country's entry into the Eurozone, set on January 1, 2001(Greek euro coins). nut - (hazelnut, beech, oak acorn). Average per capita income in 2005 was estimated at $22,800 [4]. loment. The country enjoys a high standard of living, ranking 24th on the 2005 Human Development Index and 22nd on The Economist's 2005 world-wide quality-of-life index[3].

legume - (pea, bean, peanut). Those funds have proven to be particularly helpful in the nation's remarkable economic development of the last 25 years. follicle - (milkweed). Since Greece became a full member of the European Union, back in 1981, it has been a beneficiary of cohesion funds, along with Portugal, Spain and Ireland. fibrous drupe - (coconut, walnut). Moreover, the country is the largest investor in southeastern Europe as far as the previous sectors are concerned. caryopsis - (wheat). Exports of manufactured goods including telecommunications hardware and software, agricultural products, other foodstuff and fuels also account for a significant part of Greek income.

capsule - (Brazil nut). What is more, Greece is a global leader in shipping (ranking first in terms of ownership of vessels and third by flag registration) [2]. achene - (buttercup). The Greek tourism industry remains thriving and its contibution in the growth of the GDP is considered important through foreign exchange earnings. Multiple fruit. Greece has a capitalist economy with the public sector accounting for a considerable part of GDP. Aggregate fruit. Main article: Economy of Greece.

Simple fruit. Rare marine species such as the Pinniped Seals and the Loggerhead Sea Turtle live in the seas surrounding mainland Greece, while its dense forests are home to the endagered brown bear , the lynx, the Roe Deer and the Wild Goat. The city's northern suburbs are dominated by the Alpine type while the downtown area and the southern suburbs enjoy a typical Meditteranean type. Athens is located in a transitional area featuring both the Mediterranean and the Alpine types. Finally the Temperate type affects both Central and Eastern Macedonia as well as Thrace, mainly affecting the cities of Komotini, Xanthi and the towns of northern Evros; it features cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers.

The Alpine type is dominant mainly in Western Greece (Epirus, Central Greece, Thessaly, Western Macedonia as well as in the western and central parts of Peloponessus, including the prefectures of Achaea, Arkadia and parts of Lakonia, where the Pindus range passes by). Temperatures rarely reach extreme values although snowfalls do occur occasionally even in the Cyclades or Crete during the winter months. The Cyclades, the Dodecanese, Crete, Eastern Peloponessus and parts of the Sterea Ellada refion are mostly affected by this particular type. The first one features mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers.

Those are the Mediterranean, the Alpine and the Temperate types. Greece's climate consists of three types that influence well defined regions of its territory. Volos and Larissa are the two largest cities of Thessaly. They constitute key economic regions as they are among the few arable places in the country.

Vast plains are primarily located in the prefectures of Thessaly, Central Macedonia and Thrace. Moreover, northeastern Greece features yet another high altitude mountain range, namely the Rhodope range, spreading across the prefectures of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace; this area is covered with vast, thick, century old forests including the famous Dadia. Once considered the land of Gods, it is today extremely popular among hikers and climbers who deem its height as a challenge. Olympus has a height of 2,917 m at its tallest peak.

Mount Olympus is the tallest mountain in the country, located in the northern Pieria prefecture, near Thessaloniki. The Vicos-Aoos Gorge is a popular hotspot for those in fond of extreme sports. The Vikos-Aoos Gorge is yet another spectacular formation and it is the second largest canyon on Earth, second only to the Grand Canyon. Meteora are situated in the Trikala prefecture.

Special lifts transfer visitors to the scenic monasteries that lye on top of those rocks. Most notably, the impressive Meteora formation consisting of high, steep boulders provides a breathtaking experience for the hundrends of thousands of tourists who visit the area each year. Pindus is characterized by its high, steep peaks, often dissected by numerous canyons and a variety of other karstic landscapes. (Actually the islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once consisted an extension of the mainland).

The range continues through western Peloponnese, crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and find its way into southwestern Aegean, in the island of Crete where it eventually ends. Pindus has a maximum elevation of 2,636 m and it is essentially a prolongation of the Dinaric Alps. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and it is dominated by the Pindus mountain range. Four fifths of Greece consist of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most montainous in Europe.

Approximately 50% of the nation's territory is covered by forests. Greece has more than 15,000 kilometres of coastline and a land boundary of 1,160 kilometres. The country consists of a large mainland at the southern end of the Balkans; the Peloponnesus peninsula (separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth); and numerous islands (around 3,000), including Crete, Rhodes, Kos, Euboea and the Dodecanese and the Cycladic groups of the Aegean Sea as well as the Ionian Sea islands. Main article: Geography of Greece.

Before 1999, Greece's local government structure featured 5,775 local authorities: 457 demoi and 5,318 koinotetes, subdivided into 12,817 localities (oikosmoi). The 51 nomoi subdivide into 147 eparchies (singular eparchia), which contain 1,033 municipalities and communities: 900 urban municipalities (demoi) and 133 rural communities (koinotetes). Beyond these one autonomous region exists: Mount Athos (Agio Oros - Holy Mountain), a monastic state under Greek sovereignty. Greece consists of 13 administrative regions known as peripheries, which subdivide further into the 51 prefectures (nomoi, singular - nomos):.

Main article: Peripheries of Greece. For a list of Greek political parties, see List of political parties in Greece. Both are rare occurrences with usually predictable outcomes as voting outside the party line happens very seldom. An administration may, at any time, seek a "vote of confidence"; conversely, a number of Members of Parilament may ask that a "vote of reproach" be taken.

With the current electoral system, it is the leader of the party gaining a plurality of the votes in the Parliamentary elections who gets appointed Prime Minister. 151 votes). This means that the President of the Republic is bound to appoint as Prime Minister a person who will be approved by a majority of the Parilament's members (i.e. Greek parliamentary politics hinge upon the principle of the "dedilomeni", the "declared confidence" of Parliament to the Prime Minister and his/her administration.

A party must receive 3% of the total national vote to gain representation. Greece uses a complex reinforced proportional representation electoral system which discourages splinter parties and ensures that the party which leads in the national vote will win a majority of seats. Greeks elect the 300 members of the country's unicameral parliament (the Vouli ton Ellinon) by secret ballot for a maximum of four years, but elections can occur at more frequent intervals. However, it is the prime minister and cabinet that play the central role in the political process, while the president performs very limited governmental functions, in addition to ceremonial duties.

The President of the Republic, elected by an increased majority of the Parliament for a term of five years, is nominally the Head of State. The 1975 constitution includes extensive specific guarantees of civil liberties. Main article: Politics of Greece. The 2004 Olympic Games were globally hailed as a spectacular success.

Some concerns were raised by certain foreign media over Greece's ability to meet specific construction deadlines as well as its ability to handle a potential terrorist attack ( The 2004 Olympics were the first to be held after the September 11 terrorist attacks in the United States while Greece was also the smallest nation ever to host such a colossal event, after Finland.) However, Greece triumphantly proved all those who questioned its abilities wrong and immediately after the closing ceremonies many of those media actually apologized, admitting that they were overreacting. The massive preparations that followed literally transformed the Greek capital. On September 5, 1997, the International Olympic Commitee awarded the 2004 Olympic Games to Athens. Ten years later, Greece has become one of the chief advocates of Turkey's struggle to enter the European Union while Greek prime minister, Kostas Karamanlis was one of the best men in the wedding of the daughter of Turkey's premier.

The crisis escalated within only a few days and it was only after the personal intervention of President Bill Clinton that it came to an end. While Greece insisted that according to all treaties and conventions the islets belong to Greece, Turks claimed that the relevant articles were rather unclear. In January 1996, the countries reached the brink of war over the tiny, uninhabited islets of Imia, situated in the southeastern Aegean Sea. These generous, brave acts took many foreigners by surprise and led to a considerable breakthrough in bilateral relations, marred by decades of hostility over territorial disputes and the situation in the divided island of Cyprus.

Turks also responded immediately after a magnitude 5.9 quake jolted Athens on September 7 of that same year, killing 143 people. Greece was the first one to take the initiative to provide valuable help after a monstrous, magnitude 7.4 earthquake leveled much of the Turkish northwest on August 17, 1999, killing more than 17,000 people. The so called earthquake diplomacy came after an unprecedented outpouring of sympathy and generous assistance provided by ordinary Greeks and Turks in each of those cases. As far as Greco-Turkish relations are concerned, these have improved substantially over the last 6 years, after successive earthquakes hit both countries in the summer of 1999.

The trial of those arrested was held in March 2003 and all of them are now behind bars. The group had formed in 1974 and it was responsible for the killing of several American, British and Turkish officials residing in Greece as well as for the killing of prominent Greek politicians. In June 2002, Greek police achieved a major breakthrough in dealing with domestic terrorism when it managed to arrest the members of the notorious Nonember 17 terrorist group. Nevertheless, everyone agrees that the government still has to deal with certain economic issues so as to enable the country to use its full potentials and reach the standard of living of the richest nations in Europe.

With a GDP per capita now standing at $ 22,800 and a growth rate well above European Union's average, Greece is a prosperous nation. The country adopted the Euro in 2001. Massive, widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure as well as funds from the European Union and impressively growing revenues from tourism, shipping and services have greatly raised the standard of living to unprecedented levels. Over the course of the last 25 years, and particularly during this past decade, Greece has experienced a remarkable economic growth.

The country became the tenth member of the European Union in January 1, 1981. Papandreou dominated the Greek political course for almost 15 years, up until his death in June 23, 1996. However, Papandreou won the elections held on October 18, 1981 by landslide and he formed the first socialist government in the history of the nation. Karamanlis won the 1977 parliamentary elections as well but he resigned in 1980, giving his way to George Rallis.

Meanwhile, yet another prominent figure of the past, charismatic politician Andreas Papandreou had also returned from the United States and he had already founded the Panhellenic Socialist Party or PASOK. Therefore former King Constantine IIand his family remained in Britain and were not allowed free access to the country until 2004. In addition, a referendum held that same yeear, confirmed the will of the overwhealming majority of the Greek people to abolish the monarchy - this time democratically. Democracy had finally been restored and a democratic republican constitution came into force in 1975.

Karamanlis founded the conservative Nea Dimokratia party and he then won the elections. Karamanlis was immediately appointed as the interim prime minister under President Gizikis. In the morning hours of the following day, the plane carrying him landed in Athens amidst massive celebrations by cheering crowds that could not believe that the ordeal they had to endure for seven years was over. In the evening of July 23, 1974, ex Premier Constantine Karamanlis was invited back from Paris where he had found a political refuge.

This was the end for the regime that collapsed within a matter of days. The colonels did not succeed in either predicting that something like that could happen or in effectively mobilizing their armed forces in order to prevent it. Turkey invaded Cyprus on July 20, 1974 and managed to occupy the northern part or a third of its territory. This gave a pretext for neighbouring Turkey to intervene militarily, alledgedly to protect the Turkish minority that resided on the island.

The following July, he decided to back a coup d'etat that planned to overthrow the Cypriot President, Archibishop Makarios. Ioannides, however, had even more in his mind. A new head, Phaedon Gizikis, and a new Prime Minister, Adamantios Androutsopoulos, were appointed by the regime. Indeed, both Papadopoulos and Markezinis were overthrown by a countercoup headed by junta hardliner Brigadier Ioannides on November 25.

However, the Athens Polytechnic Uprising marked the beginning of a series of events that would eventually result to the end of the colonels' rule. More than 20 students lost their lives that morning. In the early hours of November 17, a tank smashed the gate of the School causing tragic bloodshed. By November 16, however, the streets around the Polytechnic School resembled more like a battlefield leaving no choice for the junta other than responding using some more of its familiar military tactics.

It should be noted that institutions of higher education in Greece are considered to provide political asylum. They took control of the Athens Law School, something that inspired the students of the Athens Polytechnic School who imitated them. A few weeks later, on November 14, many law students that opposed the regimed realized that the parody would not end unless they took some action. Later that same year, in October of 1973, the head of the junta, colonel George Papadopoulos appointed politician Spiros Markezinis as the Prime Minister.

In 1973 ,however, the junta decided to abolish the Greek monarchy. Nevertheless, since the then head of state, former King Constantine signed in the new regime, it was immediately recognized by the international community and diplomatic relations contiuned unabated. Other polititians, however, managed to escape on time and found a political refuge in such European countries as France and Sweden. In the following years, a number of supporters of the left wing as well as a number of politicians and communists were arrested and brutally tortured by the regime.

The general elections planned by the conservative government to be held on May 28 never took place. That morning, a coordinated effort by a number of Generals and other military officials to seize power by a coup d'etat succeded and they soon managed to establish a fierce military junta. The crisis eventually got out hands of both the elected government and King Constantine II and ended dramatically in the early hours of April 21, 1967. However, starting in 1965, a series of turbulent political events unfolded that led to severe political uncertainty.

During the 1950s and 1960s, Greece experienced a gradual as well as considerable economic growth, aided by significant grants and loans provided to the country by the United States, through the Marshall Plan. After liberation, Greece experienced an equally bitter Greek Civil War between the communist-led Democratic Army and the Hellenic Army that lasted until 1949, when the communists were defeated in the battle of Grammos-Vitsi. The Greek economy languished. The occupiers murdered the greater part of the Jewish community despite efforts by the Greek Orthodox Church and many Christian Greeks to shelter its Jewish citizens.

During the years of Nazi occupation, hundreds of thousands of Greeks died in direct combat, in concentration camps, or of starvation. Although Crete eventually fell, it is pointed out by historians that this, and the whole Greek campaign, delayed German plans significantly, with the result that the German invasion of the Soviet Union started fatally close to winter. Allied forces, along with Cretan civilians, however, offered fierce resistance. In May 1941, to reduce the threat of a counter-offensive by Allied forces in Egypt, the Germans attempted to seize Crete in a massive attack by paratroops.

Germany held onto the country until 1944, when the Greek resistence and British, Australian and New Zealand forces liberated the country. German forces whose ranks included troops from Hungary, Bulgaria, and Italy successfully invaded Greece, overran and occupied Greece in April-May 1941. Eventually, Mussolini's armies were saved from defeat with the intervention of Italy's Axis ally, Germany since Hitler and his generals needed to secure their strategic souther flank. The Greek counter-attack along the Albanian front gave the Allies their first victory against the Axis forces (see Greco-Italian War).

The Italian troops poured over from Albania. Though Greece was alone and most of Europe occupied by the Axis, the Greek government gave a simple negative response (see Oxi Day)- thereby immediately siding with the Allied. On 28 October 1940, the Italian dictator Mussolini called on the Greeks to allow the troops to enter the country and to surrender its arms. Greece under Metaxas is also compared to Spain at the time, although it lacked the political violence associated with Francisco Franco's regime.

In 1936, General Ioannis Metaxas established an authoritarian conservative dictatorship in Greece, seen as similar to Antonio Salazar's "New State". A population exchange was included in the agreement and immediately afterwards, around five hundred thousand Turks (including Muslim Greeks) then living in mainland Greek territory left for Turkey in exchange for more than 1.22 million Greek residents of Asia Minor (excluding Constantinople, Imvros and Tenedos). Soon afterwards, the Treaty of Lausanne was signed, fixing the borders to this date. During the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) the Turks eventually defeated the Greek armies and regained control of Asia Minor.

At that time, however, the Turkish nationalists, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, denounced the Sultan's government in Istanbul and formed a new one in Ankara. In the war's aftermath, the Great Powers awarded a small part of Asia Minor to Greece, centered around the city of Smyrna (known as Izmir today) which had a majority Greek population. In World War I, Greece sided with the entente powers against the Ottoman Empire and the other Central Powers. Greece would slowly grow in territory and population until reaching its present configuration in 1947.

During the 19th and especially the early 20th centuries, in a series of wars with the Ottomans, Greece sought to enlarge its boundaries to include the ethnic Greek population of the Ottoman Empire (the Ionian Islands were donated by Britain upon the arrival of the new king from Denmark in 1863, and Thessaly was ceded by the Ottomans without a fight). The first king, Otto of Bavaria, was of the German House of Wittelsbach, and the subsequent line was from the Germano-Danish House of Oldenburg. The Great Powers did not believe the Greeks were capable of governing themselves, and as such looked elsewhere for a prospective monarch. However, that republic was soon dissolved by the Great Powers which then installed a "Greek" monarchy.

The Russian ex-minister of foreign affairs, Ioannis Kapodistrias, himself a Greek noble from the Ionian Islands, was chosen as President of the new Republic following Greek independence. This was the prelude of the so called "Eastern Question", the gradual dismemberment of the decaying empire by the western powers. At times the Ottomans seemed on the verge of entirely suppressing the Greek revolution but were eventually forced to give in by the direct military intervention of France, Great Britain and Russia. Scores of non-Greeks volunteered to fight for the cause — including people like Lord Byron.

The elites of powerful European nations saw the war of Greek independence, with its accounts of Turkish atrocities, in a romantic light (see, for example, the 1824 painting the Massacre of Chios by Eugène Delacroix). In 1821, the Greeks and their allies rebelled and declared their independence, but did not succeed in winning it until 1829. The Ottomans ruled Greece until the early 19th century. As a result, religion played an integral part in the formation of the Modern Greek and other post-Ottoman national identities.

Therefore, there was no recognition of "Greek Muslims", or of "Christian Turks". The Greeks who converted to Islam and were not Crypto-Christians became Turks in the eyes of Orthodox Greeks. The Greeks who remained on the plains during Ottoman occupation were either Christians, who dealt with the burdens of foreign rule, or to a considerable extent Crypto-Christians (Greek Muslims who were secret practitioners of the Orthodox faith) in order to avoid heavy taxation. mountains, plains, and islands) to preserve their ethnic, cultural and linguistic heritage during the years of the Ottoman rule (although at the time it was not strictly speaking a "Greek" church - the Greek Church was instituted after the liberation).

The Orthodox Church, a religious institution with a keen sense of its national character, contributed to the Greeks from all geographical areas of the peninsula (i.e. The millet system contributed to the ethnic cohesion of Orthodox Greeks by segregating the various peoples within the Ottoman Empire based on religion. By the end of the 16th century and until the 17th century, Greeks began to migrate back to the plains and cities, adding to the increasing urban population. The Sphakiots of Crete, the Souliots from Souli of Epirus, and the Maniots from Mani of Peloponnesus were the most resilient mountain clans throughout the Ottoman Empire.

As a result some Greek mountain clans across the peninsula, as well as some islands, were able to maintain a status of independence. In the mountainous regions, the Ottomans were unable to create a permanent military and administrative presence. The second migration of Greeks left the plains of the Greek peninsula and resettled in the mountains, the islands and Greek regions outside Ottoman control. The first migration saw the Greek intelligentsia migrate to Western Europe - especially to Italy - and contribute to the advent of the Renaissance.

While the Ottomans were completing the main conquest of the Greek Mainland, two Greek migrations occurred. Greece was gradually conquered by the Ottomans during the 15th century. From the 4th century to the 15th century, the Byzantine Empire survived eleven centuries of attacks from the north, west and east until Constantinople fell on May 29, 1453 to the Ottoman Empire, when Constantine XI, the last emperor of the Palaeologus dynasty, fell. When the Roman Empire finally split in two, the Eastern Roman Empire, known as the Byzantine Empire, centered around Constantinople (known in ancient times as Byzantium), remained Greek in nature, encompassing Greece itself.

Greece became a province of the Roman Empire, but Greek culture continued to dominate the eastern Mediterranean. Militarily, Greece itself declined to the point that the Romans conquered the land (168 BC onwards), though, in many ways, Greek culture would in turn conquer Roman life. Plato described how the Greeks live round the Aegean Archipelago "like frogs around a pond"; their name has always been associated with the sea. After this, a Dark Age followed until around 800 BC, when a new era of Greek city-states emerged establishing colonies along the Mediterranean, and the alphabet was adopted from the Phoenicians^{[citation needed]}.

The shores of Greece's Aegean Sea saw the emergence of the first civilizations in Europe, namely the Minoan and the Mycenaean. Main Article: History of Greece.. (El or el is used on documents by the European Union to indicate the Greek language, not the country).
International abbreviations:.

See Names of the Greeks for discussion. Some Greeks prefer the name Hellas for the country and Hellenes for the people even in English. Modern Georgians still call Greeks ბერძენი berdzeni and Greece საბერძნეთი saberdznet'i, 'Greeks' land' or literally 'land of the wise'. According to Georgian historians, the name is connected with the notion that philosophy was born in Greece.

This form derives from the Georgian word ბრძენი brdzeni – wise. In ancient times, Georgians (Colchis and Iberia) called Greeks ბერძენი berdzeni. An interesting and unique form is kept in Georgian. Norwegian, Chinese (希腊 Xila) and Vietnamese are three of the few languages apart from Greek in which the name Hellas predominates.

On the other hand, the name of Greece in some Middle Eastern and Eastern languages (Turkish: Yunanistan, Arabic and Urdu: يونان (Yawnan), Hebrew: יוון (Yavan), ancient Persian: Yaunâ, Indian Pali: Yona, Malay and Indonesian: Yunani) derives from the Greek toponym Ἰωνία Iōnía. The Japanese name is ギリシャ (Girisha), lent from European languages. The common root of this appelation originate from a different root: Γραικός Graikós (via Latin Graecus), which according to Aristotle, was an ancient name for the Greeks. The name of 'Greece' in other European languages: English: Greece, French: Grèce, Portuguese: Grécia, Spanish and Italian: Grecia, Albanian: Greqi, Welsh: Groeg, German: Griechenland Swedish,Grekland , Dutch: Griekenland, Russian: Греция, etc.

In modern Greek it is called more commonly Ελλάδα Elládha /ɛˈlaða/. This name is also written as Hellas in English, following the ancient Greek pronunciation /hɛˈl:as/. The historical name of Greece in Greek is Ἑλλάς Ellás /ɛˈlas/. Main article: Names of the Greeks.

. Regarded by many as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy, Greece has a long and rich history during which its culture has proven especially influential in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The waters of the Aegean Sea border Greece to the east, and those of the Ionian and Mediterranean Sea to the west and south. It has land boundaries with Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Albania to the north, and with Turkey to the east.

Greece, (Greek: Ελλάδα Elládha or Ελλάς Hellás), officially the Hellenic Republic (Greek: Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Ellinikí Dhimokratía), is a country in southern Europe on the tip of the Balkan peninsula. National Statistical Service of Greece. Hellenic National Intelligence Service. Greek Australian.

Greek Canadians. Greek American. List of Greeks. Greeks.

Plateia Syntagmatos and Vouli ton Ellinon. Conscription in Greece. Postage stamps and postal history of Greece. Military of Greece.

Foreign relations of Greece. Rio-Antirio bridge. List of Greek roads. Transportation in Greece