This page will contain blogs about Fruit, as they become available.FruitIt has been suggested that this article or section be merged with List of fruits. (Discuss)In botany, a fruit is the ripened ovary—together with seeds—of a flowering plant. In many species, the fruit incorporates the ripened ovary and surrounding tissues. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants disseminate seeds. Evolution has led plants to adopt certain basic mechanisms, seemingly without close regard to the tissues involved. No one terminology really fits the enormous variety that is found among plant fruits. Botanical terminology for fruits is inexact and will remain so. In cuisine, when discussing fruit as food, the term usually refers to just those plant fruits that are sweet and fleshy, examples of which include plum, apple and orange. However, a great many common vegetables, as well as nuts and grains, are the fruit of the plant species they come from. The term false fruit (pseudocarp, accessory fruit) is sometimes applied to a fruit like the fig (a multiple-accessory fruit; see below) or to a plant structure that resembles a fruit but is not derived from a flower or flowers. Some gymnosperms, such as yew, have fleshy arils that resemble fruits and some junipers have berry-like, fleshy cones. With most fruits pollination is a vital part of fruit culture, and the lack of knowledge of pollinators and pollenizers can contribute to poor crops or poor quality crops. In a few species, the fruit may develop in the absence of pollination/fertilization, a process known as parthenocarpy. Such fruits are seedless. A plant that does not produce fruit is known as acarpous, meaning essentially "without fruit". Botanic fruits and culinary fruitsVenn diagram representing the relationship between fruits and vegetablesMany foods are botanically fruits, but are treated as vegetables in cooking. These include cucurbits (e.g., squash and pumpkin), maize, tomato, cucumber, aubergine (eggplant), and sweet pepper, along with nuts, and some spices, such as allspice, nutmeg and chiles. Rarely, culinary "fruits" are not fruits in the botanical sense. For example, rhubarb may be considered a fruit, though only the astringent stalk or petiole is edible. In the commercial world, European Union rules define carrot as a fruit for the purposes of measuring the proportion of "fruit" contained in carrot jam. Fruit developmentAfter an ovule is fertilized in a process known as pollination, the ovary begins to expand. The petals of the flower fall off and the ovule develops into a seed. The ovary eventually comes to form, along with other parts of the flower in many cases, a structure surrounding the seed or seeds that is the fruit. Fruit development continues until the seeds have matured. With some multiseeded fruits the extent of development of the flesh of the fruit is proportional to the number of fertilized ovules. The wall of the fruit, developed from the ovary wall of the flower, is called the pericarp. The pericarp is often differentiated into two or three distinct layers called the exocarp (outer layer - also called epicarp), mesocarp (middle layer), and endocarp (inner layer). In some fruits, especially simple fruits derived from an inferior ovary, other parts of the flower (such as the floral tube, including the petals, sepals, and stamens), fuse with the ovary and ripen with it. When such other floral parts are a significant part of the fruit, it is called an accessory fruit. Since other parts of the flower may contribute to the structure of the fruit, it is important to study flower structure to understand how a particular fruit forms. Fruits are so varied in form and development, that it is difficult to devise a classification scheme that includes all known fruits. It will also be seen that many common terms for seeds and fruit are incorrectly applied, a fact that complicates understanding of the terminology. Seeds are ripened ovules; fruits are the ripened ovularies or carpels that contain the seeds. To these two basic definitions can be added the clarification that in botanical terminology, a nut is a type of fruit and not another term for seed. There are three basic types of fruits:
Simple fruitSimple fruits can be either dry or fleshy and result from the ripening of a simple or compound ovary with only one pistil. Dry fruits may be either dehiscent (opening to discharge seeds), or indehiscent (not opening to discharge seeds). Types of dry, simple fruits (with examples) are:
Fruits in which part or all of the pericarp (fruit wall) is fleshy at maturity are simple fleshy fruits. Types of fleshy, simple fruits (with examples) are:
Aggregate fruitA dewberry flower. Note the multiple pistils, each of which will produce a druplet. The result will be a blackberry-like aggregate fruit.An aggregate fruit, or etaerio, develops from a flower with numerous simple pistils. An example is the raspberry, whose simple fruits are termed drupelets because each is like a small drupe attached to the receptacle. In some bramble fruits (such as blackberry) the receptacle is elongate and part of the ripe fruit, making the blackberry an aggregate-accessory fruit. The strawberry is also an aggregate-accessory fruit, only one in which the seeds are contained in achenes. In all these examples, the fruit develops from a single flower with numerous pistils. Multiple fruitA multiple fruit is one formed from a cluster of flowers (called an inflorescence). Each flower produces a fruit, but these mature into a single mass. Examples are the pineapple, edible fig, mulberry, osage-orange, and breadfruit. In some plants, such as this noni, flowers are produced regularly along the stem and it is possible to see together examples of flowering, fruit development, and fruit ripeningIn the photograph on the right, stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) can be observed on a single branch. First an inflorescence of white flowers called a head is produced. After fertilization, each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes expand, they connate (merge) into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarp. Seedless FruitsSeedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce. Commercial cultivars of bananas and pineapples are seedless. Some cultivars of citrus fruits (especially navel oranges and mandarin oranges), table grapes, grapefruit, and watermelons are valued for their seedlessness. In some species, seedlessness is the result of parthenocarpy, where fruits set without fertilization. Parthenocarpic fruit set may or may not require pollination. Most seedless citrus fruits require a pollination stimulus; bananas and pineapples do not. Seedlessness in table grapes results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy which requires normal pollination and fertilization. Seed disseminationVariations in fruit structures largely relate to dissemination (called dispersal) of the seeds they contain. Some fruits have coats covered with spikes or hooked burrs, either to prevent themselves from being eaten by animals or to stick to the hairs of animals, using them as dispersal agents. Other fruits are elongated and flattened out naturally and so become thin, like wings or helicopter blades. This is an evolutionary mechanism to increase dispersal distance away from the parent. UsesMany fruits, including fleshy fruits like apples and mangos, and nuts like walnut, are commercially valuable as human food, eaten both fresh and made into jams, marmalade and other preserves for future consumption. Fruits are also found commonly in such manufactured foods as cookies, muffins, yoghurt, ice cream, cakes, and many more. ReferencesThis article or section does not cite its references or sources.You can help Wikipedia by including appropriate citations. This page about Fruit includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about Fruit News stories about Fruit External links for Fruit Videos for Fruit Wikis about Fruit Discussion Groups about Fruit Blogs about Fruit Images of Fruit |
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Fruits are also found commonly in such manufactured foods as cookies, muffins, yoghurt, ice cream, cakes, and many more. In the movie Jingle All the Way, the con artist Santas refer to the police as the "Grinch". Many fruits, including fleshy fruits like apples and mangos, and nuts like walnut, are commercially valuable as human food, eaten both fresh and made into jams, marmalade and other preserves for future consumption. In 1994, during the Republican Party's "Contract With America", political cartoonists frequently applied the term to Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, calling him the "Gin-Grinch Who Stole Christmas". This is an evolutionary mechanism to increase dispersal distance away from the parent. Seuss's work has become sufficiently well-known that the Grinch's very name (like that of another fictional character, Ebenezer Scrooge) has entered general usage as a slang term designating a cruel, antisocial, or Christmas-hating individual. Other fruits are elongated and flattened out naturally and so become thin, like wings or helicopter blades. Seuss' repetitions of words, the Tunbergs generally come up with multiple synonyms, for instance, the "NOISE! NOISE! NOISE! NOISE!" becomes "STREPITUS, CREPITUS, STRIDOR, FRAGORQUE!" The work has been highly praised by classicists. Some fruits have coats covered with spikes or hooked burrs, either to prevent themselves from being eaten by animals or to stick to the hairs of animals, using them as dispersal agents. Instead of Dr. Variations in fruit structures largely relate to dissemination (called dispersal) of the seeds they contain. Rather than the rhythmic rhymed text of the original, the Tunbergs produced a prose translation in a somewhat rhythmic Latin. Seedlessness in table grapes results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy which requires normal pollination and fertilization. Tunberg, entitled Quomodo invidiosulus nomine Grinchus Christi natalem abrogaverit (literally: "How the little envious one named Grinch stole Christ's birthday"). Most seedless citrus fruits require a pollination stimulus; bananas and pineapples do not. Nonetheless, a Latin translation was prepared by Jennifer Morrish Tunberg with the help of Terence O. Parthenocarpic fruit set may or may not require pollination. Perhaps because of its demanding meter, How the Grinch Stole Christmas! has been seldom effectively translated, and it is hardly known outside of the English-speaking world. In some species, seedlessness is the result of parthenocarpy, where fruits set without fertilization. news/quotes_stole.html?1132545266546. Some cultivars of citrus fruits (especially navel oranges and mandarin oranges), table grapes, grapefruit, and watermelons are valued for their seedlessness. Other cast members include the late Josh Ryan Evans as the young Grinch, Bill Irwin as Lou Lou Who and Jeffrey Tambor as Mayor Augustus May Who. Commercial cultivars of bananas and pineapples are seedless. The movie received mixed critical reaction but became the highest-grossing film released in North America in the year 2000, earning $260 million at the box office. Seedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce. This version is often called simply The Grinch; though the title actually seen in the film is How the Grinch Stole Christmas!; the word "Grinch" is written in much larger letters than the rest of the title. After fertilization, each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes expand, they connate (merge) into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarp. The film was directed by Ron Howard, produced by Brian Grazer, and starred Jim Carrey as the title role of the Grinch and Taylor Momsen as Cindy Lou Who, although this version seems to be about eight (the one in the book was "no more than two"). First an inflorescence of white flowers called a head is produced. It creates a new back-story to explain why the Grinch acts as he does. In the photograph on the right, stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) can be observed on a single branch. Due to all the additions made to the storyline so that it could be brought up to feature-length, it was considerably less faithful to the original book. Examples are the pineapple, edible fig, mulberry, osage-orange, and breadfruit. Later after Seuss's death, the book was also made into a 2000 live-action feature film. Each flower produces a fruit, but these mature into a single mass. Seuss, where he was voiced by Anthony Asbury. A multiple fruit is one formed from a cluster of flowers (called an inflorescence). Most recently, he was a recurring character on the 1996 kids' show The Wubbulous World of Dr. In all these examples, the fruit develops from a single flower with numerous pistils. There, he was voiced by Hans Conried. The strawberry is also an aggregate-accessory fruit, only one in which the seeds are contained in achenes. The Grinch returned to animation in the 1977 special Halloween is Grinch Night, in which he sets off to scare everyone in Whoville due to being bothered by a chain reaction of annoying sounds caused by the wind. In some bramble fruits (such as blackberry) the receptacle is elongate and part of the ripe fruit, making the blackberry an aggregate-accessory fruit. The Grinch later appeared in a few more specials, and although they weren't as popular as his original Christmas outing, they're well-liked among the viewers. An example is the raspberry, whose simple fruits are termed drupelets because each is like a small drupe attached to the receptacle. The cartoon is typically found on the Internet Movie Database's list of the top 250 films, and is considered one of Chuck Jones' greatest cartoons made after his departure from Warner Bros. An aggregate fruit, or etaerio, develops from a flower with numerous simple pistils. It has seen innumerable rebroadcasts in the years since its debut, with annual showings continuing to the present day. Types of fleshy, simple fruits (with examples) are:. The TV special has been highly praised by audiences and film and animation fans alike. Fruits in which part or all of the pericarp (fruit wall) is fleshy at maturity are simple fleshy fruits. These lines were read by Boris Karloff, like the others. Types of dry, simple fruits (with examples) are:. Seuss also added a few lines to the dénouement, which in the original is laconic. Dry fruits may be either dehiscent (opening to discharge seeds), or indehiscent (not opening to discharge seeds). The longer one describes the Who children (in the Grinch's imagination) noisily playing with their Christmas toys . Simple fruits can be either dry or fleshy and result from the ripening of a simple or compound ovary with only one pistil. Seuss also lengthened the text with two interpolated verse passages. There are three basic types of fruits:. Dr. To these two basic definitions can be added the clarification that in botanical terminology, a nut is a type of fruit and not another term for seed. Grinch" was sung by Thurl Ravenscroft. Seeds are ripened ovules; fruits are the ripened ovularies or carpels that contain the seeds. The best remembered of them, "You're a Mean One, Mr. It will also be seen that many common terms for seeds and fruit are incorrectly applied, a fact that complicates understanding of the terminology. Seuss. Fruits are so varied in form and development, that it is difficult to devise a classification scheme that includes all known fruits. The songs, which helped fill out the story to the length of a television program, had music written by Jewish composer Albert Hague, with lyrics by Dr. Since other parts of the flower may contribute to the structure of the fruit, it is important to study flower structure to understand how a particular fruit forms. Animation was done by Jones' MGM animation unit, several members of which had originate with him at Warner Bros: Ken Harris, Tom Ray, Phil Roman, Richard Thompson, Don Towsley, and Lloyd Vaughan. When such other floral parts are a significant part of the fruit, it is called an accessory fruit. veteran Ben Washam served as co-director. In some fruits, especially simple fruits derived from an inferior ovary, other parts of the flower (such as the floral tube, including the petals, sepals, and stamens), fuse with the ovary and ripen with it. Maurice Noble, one of Jones' long-time collaborators, served as production manager, and fellow Warner Bros. The pericarp is often differentiated into two or three distinct layers called the exocarp (outer layer - also called epicarp), mesocarp (middle layer), and endocarp (inner layer). In his 1996 book Chuck Reducks, Jones later said that Seuss thought the animated Grinch looked more like Jones than it did the character in the original book, a fact Jones attributed to the use of his own facial expressions as a model for the Grinch's. The wall of the fruit, developed from the ovary wall of the flower, is called the pericarp. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, and the latter-period MGM Tom and Jerry films he had done) modified the appearance of the Grinch somewhat to fit the medium, rendering him in green and with a more elongated, frog-like face. With some multiseeded fruits the extent of development of the flesh of the fruit is proportional to the number of fertilized ovules. Jones, who served as director, character designer, and character layout artist (as he had done for nearly all of his Warner Bros. Fruit development continues until the seeds have matured. The show starred Boris Karloff as narrator and Grinch, and (unusually for adaptations) included the actual text of the book in spoken form. The ovary eventually comes to form, along with other parts of the flower in many cases, a structure surrounding the seed or seeds that is the fruit. Army during World War II. The petals of the flower fall off and the ovule develops into a seed. How the Grinch Stole Christmas! was adapted to television in 1966 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as an animated TV special, directed by Seuss's friend and former colleague Chuck Jones, whom Seuss had known from their days of working on Private Snafu training cartoons for the U.S. After an ovule is fertilized in a process known as pollination, the ovary begins to expand. . In the commercial world, European Union rules define carrot as a fruit for the purposes of measuring the proportion of "fruit" contained in carrot jam. The purity of the verse is increased by the fact that Seuss avoided introducing made-up words intended to fit the meter (for example, "Jill-ikka-Jast" or "Sala-ma-goox", both from Scrambled Eggs Super). For example, rhubarb may be considered a fruit, though only the astringent stalk or petiole is edible. The ink-drawn illustrations make use of only black, red, and pink (the latter being the color of the Grinch's eyes), and the versification is strict and never skips a syllable. Rarely, culinary "fruits" are not fruits in the botanical sense. The book is one of the purest examples of Seuss's style. These include cucurbits (e.g., squash and pumpkin), maize, tomato, cucumber, aubergine (eggplant), and sweet pepper, along with nuts, and some spices, such as allspice, nutmeg and chiles. His heart grows three sizes larger, he returns all the presents and trimmings, and is warmly welcomed into the community of the Whos. Many foods are botanically fruits, but are treated as vegetables in cooking. He then realizes that Christmas is more than just gifts and presents. . However, he learns in the end that despite his success in stealing all the Christmas presents and decorations from the Whos, Christmas comes just the same. A plant that does not produce fruit is known as acarpous, meaning essentially "without fruit". (These are not the same microscopic-sized Whos who appear in Horton Hears a Who; these Whos are visible to the naked eye, although the Grinch may just be their size, considering that the Whos all live on a snowflake in the film The Grinch, as opposed to living on a speck of dust in Horton Hears a Who.) Envious of the Whos' happiness, he makes plans to descend on the town and, by means of serial burglary, deprive them of their Christmas presents and decorations and thus "prevent Christmas from coming". Such fruits are seedless. From his perch high atop Mount Crumpit, the Grinch can hear the noisy Christmas festivities that take place in Whoville. In a few species, the fruit may develop in the absence of pollination/fertilization, a process known as parthenocarpy. His only companion is Max, his faithful but dim dog. With most fruits pollination is a vital part of fruit culture, and the lack of knowledge of pollinators and pollenizers can contribute to poor crops or poor quality crops. The Grinch, a bitter, green-coated, cave-dwelling creature with a heart "two sizes too small," lives on snowy Mount Crumpit, a steep, 10,000 foot high mountain just north of Whoville. Some gymnosperms, such as yew, have fleshy arils that resemble fruits and some junipers have berry-like, fleshy cones. The mid-1950s were a fruitful period for Seuss, during which he wrote many of the stories for which he is most admired today, including The Cat in the Hat, If I Ran the Circus, and On Beyond Zebra. The term false fruit (pseudocarp, accessory fruit) is sometimes applied to a fruit like the fig (a multiple-accessory fruit; see below) or to a plant structure that resembles a fruit but is not derived from a flower or flowers. Seuss completed How the Grinch Stole Christmas in 1957. However, a great many common vegetables, as well as nuts and grains, are the fruit of the plant species they come from. The book has been adapted to other media, also discussed below. In cuisine, when discussing fruit as food, the term usually refers to just those plant fruits that are sweet and fleshy, examples of which include plum, apple and orange. It is written in rhymed verse, with illustrations by the author. Botanical terminology for fruits is inexact and will remain so. Seuss. No one terminology really fits the enormous variety that is found among plant fruits. How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is one of the best-known children's books by Dr. Evolution has led plants to adopt certain basic mechanisms, seemingly without close regard to the tissues involved. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1997, ISBN 0865164193. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants disseminate seeds. Tunberg. In many species, the fruit incorporates the ripened ovary and surrounding tissues. Translated by Jennifer Morrish Tunberg with the assistance of Terence O. In botany, a fruit is the ripened ovary—together with seeds—of a flowering plant. Quomodo Invidiosulus Nomine Grinchus Christi Natalem Abrogaverit: How the Grinch Stole Christmas in Latin. Stone fruit drupe (plum, cherry, peach, olive). Seuss (Theodor Seuss Geisel). berry - (tomato, avocado). Dr. utricle. silique - (radish). schizocarp - (carrot). samara - (elm, ash, maple key). nut - (hazelnut, beech, oak acorn). loment. legume - (pea, bean, peanut). follicle - (milkweed). fibrous drupe - (coconut, walnut). caryopsis - (wheat). capsule - (Brazil nut). achene - (buttercup). Multiple fruit. Aggregate fruit. Simple fruit. |