This page will contain additional articles about Eleanor Roosevelt, as they become available.Eleanor RooseveltEleanor RooseveltAnna Eleanor Roosevelt (October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was an American human rights activist, diplomat and as the wife of President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, the longest serving First Lady of the United States from 1933-1945. An active First Lady, she traveled around the United States promoting the New Deal and visited troops at the frontlines during World War II. She was a first-wave Feminist and an active supporter of the American Civil Rights Movement. Mrs. Roosevelt was active in the formations of numerous institutions most notably the United Nations, United Nations Association and Freedom House. She chaired the committee that drafted and approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. President Harry S. Truman called her the First Lady of the World, in honor of her extensive travels to promote human rights. Early LifeMrs. Roosevelt was the eldest child of Elliott Roosevelt and Anna Hall Roosevelt and was a favorite niece of Theodore Roosevelt. Following her parents deaths, young Anna Eleanor was raised by her maternal grandmother, an emotionally cold woman, in an autocratic house. On St. Patrick's Day, 1905 she married Franklin D. Roosevelt; President Theodore Roosevelt took the place of his late brother in giving Eleanor's hand to her husband to be. Their marriage was blessed with six children, of which five survived infancy. However their marriage almost split over sexual explorations outside marriage by FDR (See FDR for more information.) Eleanor and Franklin were fifth cousins, once removed. They descended from Claes Martenszen van Rosenvelt who emigrated to New Amsterdam (Manhattan) from the Netherlands in the 1640s. His grandsons, Johannes and Jacobus, began the Oyster Bay and Hyde Park branches of the Roosevelt family. Eleanor is descended from the Johannes branch and Franklin is descended from the Jacobus branch. Although she was still in her Uncle Teddy's good graces, Eleanor found herself at odds with his eldest daughter, Alice Roosevelt Longworth who was enraged that the homely Eleanor not only snagged her cousin Franklin as a husband, but that Franklin, and now Eleanor, were members of the Democratic Party, which Alice viewed as an afront to Theodore Roosevelt's position as President. In 1928, Mrs. Roosevelt met Associated Press reporter Lorena Hickok, a White House correspondent. They would become close friends after Hickok conducted a series of interviews with Mrs. Roosevelt in 1932. For the rest of their lives they would be close friends, Hickok suggested the idea for what would eventually become Mrs. Roosevelt’s column My Day. After a few years away from Washington, Hickok returned and lived in the White House with the first family in 1940. Eleanor Roosevelt and Hickok maintained a personal correspondence in which Mrs. Roosevelt wrote to Hickok in 1933:
These letters have become the source of a theory that claims Eleanor Roosevelt was bisexual, though many historians continue to debate this controversial claim. Blanche Wiesen Cook, author of one of Mrs. Roosevelt's most extensive biographies, made a well-documented argument for the theory in her work. Doris Kearns Goodwin, who wrote a Pulitzer Prize winning biography of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, has publicly disputed Cook's assessment that Mrs. Roosevelt was bisexual. First LadyIn 1939, the opera singer Marian Anderson was refused permission to perform at Constitution Hall in Washington because of her skin color. Mrs. Roosevelt arranged for Anderson to perform from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, to a live audience of 70,000, and a nationwide radio audience. During Mr. Roosevelt's terms as President, Eleanor was very vocal about her support of the civil rights movement and African-American rights. However, her husband needed the support of Southern Democrats (notoriously racist) to advance other parts of his agenda. FDR therefore did not take on the cause of civil rights--one of the biggest stains on his legacy, along with Japanese internment and the court-packing scheme--and Eleanor became the connection to the African-American population and helped Mr. Roosevelt win a lot of their votes. Mrs. Roosevelt opposed her husband's decision to sign Executive Order 9066 which resulted in the internment of 110,000 Japanese nationals and American citizens of Japanese descent in internment camps on the U.S. West Coast. In 1943 Mrs. Roosevelt, along with Wendell Willkie and other Americans concerned about the mounting threats to peace and democracy during World War II, established Freedom House. Mrs. Roosevelt also accepted large amounts of money from her activities in advertising. The Pan-American Coffee Bureau, which was supported by tax revenues from eight foreign governments, paid Mrs. Roosevelt $1000 a week for advertising. When the State Department found out that the First Lady was being paid so handsomely by foreign governments they unsuccessfully tried to cancel the deal. Eleanor Roosevelt and Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 1943Life After the White HouseFollowing the death of her husband in 1945, Mrs. Roosevelt continued to live on the Hyde Park Estate. However, she did so at Val-Kill, the house that her husband Franklin remodeled for her near the mainhouse. Originally built as a small furniture factory, Val-Kill afforded Eleanor with a level of privacy that she had wanted for many years. Here she entertained her circle of friends in informal gatherings. The site is now the home of the Eleanor Roosevelt Center at Val-Kill, dedicated to "Eleanor Roosevelt's belief that people can enhance the quality of their lives through purposeful action based on sensitive discourse among people of diverse perspectives focusing on the varied needs of society." After World War II, she was instrumental along with John Peters Humphrey and others in formulating the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. On the night of December 10, 1948, Mrs. Roosevelt spoke on behalf of the Declaration calling it "the international Magna Carta of all mankind," and the Declaration was unanimously adopted by the General Assembly later that night. In 1954 Tammany Hall boss Carmine DeSapio campaigned against her son, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., in the New York Attorney General election and successfully defeated him. Mrs. Roosevelt held DeSapio responsible for her son's defeat and grew increasingly disgusted with his political conduct through the rest of the 1950s. Eventually, she would join with her old friends Herbert Lehman and Thomas Finletter to form the New York Committee for Democratic Voters, a group dedicated to enhancing the democratic process by opposing DeSapio's reincarnated Tammany. Eventually their efforts were successful, and in 1961 DeSapio was removed from power. Mrs. Roosevelt was a close friend of Adlai Stevenson and was a strong supporter of his candidacies in the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections. When President Truman backed New York Governor W. Averell Harriman, who was a close associate of Carmine DeSapio, for the Democratic presidential nomination, Mrs. Roosevelt was disappointed but continued to support Stevenson who ultimately won the nomination. She backed Stevenson once again in 1960 but John F. Kennedy received the presidential nomination instead. She was responsible for the establishment of the 2,800 acre (11 km2) Roosevelt Campobello International Park on Campobello Island, New Brunswick in 1964 following a gift of the Roosevelt summer estate to the Canadian and American governments. Mrs. Roosevelt was an accomplished archer, and one of the first modern women to participate in the sport of bowhunting. Her exploits as a 20th Century Diana are well documented in the writings of her male bowhunting contemporaries Fred Bear, Howard Hill and Saxton Pope. A close personal friendship with J.E. Davis, editor of Ye Sylvan Archer, which was a popular bowhunting magazine of the time, led to an invitation to author several articles for that publication. Mrs. Roosevelt's tales of her hunting excursions were well received, though they did not serve to further the cause of women's liberation: in keeping with the chauvinistic standards of the time, Roosevelt's stories were published under the masculine pseudonym "Chuck Painton" to avoid offending the magazine's overwhelmingly male readership. One of Mrs. Roosevelt's prized trophies, the taking of which was immortalized in her poignant 1937 account Outwitting the Rompala Buck (Ye Sylvan Archer, v2), for many years graced the mantle above the fireplace in her husband Franklin's presidential library. It is now held as one of the organizing artifacts of the Community Forum Collection of the Smithsonian Institution. After her death, her son Elliott Roosevelt wrote a series of best-selling fictional murder mysteries wherein she acted as a detective, helping the police solve the crime, while she was First Lady. They feature actual places and celebrities of the time. Eleanor Roosevelt is buried next to Franklin D. Roosevelt at their home in Hyde Park, New York.
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After her death, her son Elliott Roosevelt wrote a series of best-selling fictional murder mysteries wherein she acted as a detective, helping the police solve the crime, while she was First Lady. This campaign was long unsuccessful and it appeared that Hubble's great achievements would remain unrewarded. It is now held as one of the organizing artifacts of the Community Forum Collection of the Smithsonian Institution. He did this largely so that astronomers could be recognized by the Nobel Prize Committee for their valuable contributions to astrophysics. Roosevelt's prized trophies, the taking of which was immortalized in her poignant 1937 account Outwitting the Rompala Buck (Ye Sylvan Archer, v2), for many years graced the mantle above the fireplace in her husband Franklin's presidential library. Hubble spent much of the later part of his career attempting to have astronomy considered an area of physics, instead of being its own science. One of Mrs. He also wrote The Observational Approach to Cosmology and The Realm of the Nebulae around this time. Roosevelt's tales of her hunting excursions were well received, though they did not serve to further the cause of women's liberation: in keeping with the chauvinistic standards of the time, Roosevelt's stories were published under the masculine pseudonym "Chuck Painton" to avoid offending the magazine's overwhelmingly male readership. Hubble discovered the asteroid 1373 Cincinnati on August 30, 1935. Mrs. When Einstein heard of Hubble's discovery, he said that changing his equations was "the biggest blunder of my life".3. Davis, editor of Ye Sylvan Archer, which was a popular bowhunting magazine of the time, led to an invitation to author several articles for that publication. Unable to believe what his own equations were telling him, Einstein introduced a cosmological constant (a "fudge factor") to the equations to avoid this "problem". A close personal friendship with J.E. Earlier, in 1917, Albert Einstein had found that his newly developed General Theory of Relatively indicated that the universe must be either expanding or contracting. Her exploits as a 20th Century Diana are well documented in the writings of her male bowhunting contemporaries Fred Bear, Howard Hill and Saxton Pope. This discovery later resulted in the formulation of the Big Bang theory. Roosevelt was an accomplished archer, and one of the first modern women to participate in the sport of bowhunting. The law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater their relative speed of separation. Mrs. This led to the concept of the expanding universe. She was responsible for the establishment of the 2,800 acre (11 km2) Roosevelt Campobello International Park on Campobello Island, New Brunswick in 1964 following a gift of the Roosevelt summer estate to the Canadian and American governments. In 1929 Hubble and Milton Humason formulated the empirical Redshift Distance Law of galaxies, nowadays known as Hubble's law, which, once the redshift is interpreted as a measure of recession speed, is consistent with the solutions of Einstein’s General Relativity Equations for an homogeneous, isotropic expanding space. Kennedy received the presidential nomination instead. Hubble was generally credited with discovering2 the redshift of galaxies. She backed Stevenson once again in 1960 but John F. Hubble also devised a classification system for galaxies, grouping them according to their content, distance, shape, size and brightness. Roosevelt was disappointed but continued to support Stevenson who ultimately won the nomination. He announced this discovery on December 30, 1924. Averell Harriman, who was a close associate of Carmine DeSapio, for the Democratic presidential nomination, Mrs. Hubble's observations in 1923–1924 with the Hooker Telescope established beyond doubt that the fuzzy "nebulae" seen earlier with less powerful telescopes were not part of our galaxy, as had been thought, but were galaxies themselves, outside the Milky Way. When President Truman backed New York Governor W. Hubble's arrival at Mount Wilson in 1919 coincided roughly with the completion of the 100-inch Hooker Telescope, then the world's most powerful telescope. Roosevelt was a close friend of Adlai Stevenson and was a strong supporter of his candidacies in the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections. As of 2005, the whereabouts of his remains are unknown. Mrs. His wife, Grace, did not have a funeral for him and never revealed what was done with his body - it was apparently Hubble's wish to have no funeral service and be buried in an unmarked grave. Eventually their efforts were successful, and in 1961 DeSapio was removed from power. He died of a heart attack on September 28, 1953, in San Marino, California. Eventually, she would join with her old friends Herbert Lehman and Thomas Finletter to form the New York Committee for Democratic Voters, a group dedicated to enhancing the democratic process by opposing DeSapio's reincarnated Tammany. Shortly before his death, Palomar's 200-inch Hale Telescope was completed; Hubble was the first to use it. Roosevelt held DeSapio responsible for her son's defeat and grew increasingly disgusted with his political conduct through the rest of the 1950s. He also served in the US army during World War II. Mrs. In 1919 Hubble was offered a staff position by George Ellery Hale, the founder and director of Carnegie Institution's Mount Wilson Observatory, near Pasadena, California, where he remained until his death. Roosevelt, Jr., in the New York Attorney General election and successfully defeated him. in 1917. In 1954 Tammany Hall boss Carmine DeSapio campaigned against her son, Franklin D. He returned to astronomy at the Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago, where he earned a Ph.D. Roosevelt spoke on behalf of the Declaration calling it "the international Magna Carta of all mankind," and the Declaration was unanimously adopted by the General Assembly later that night. He served in World War I and quickly became Major. On the night of December 10, 1948, Mrs. degree, after which he returned to the United States as a high school teacher and a basketball coach in New Albany, Indiana. After World War II, she was instrumental along with John Peters Humphrey and others in formulating the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. He spent the next three years as one of Oxford's first Rhodes Scholars, where he studied in the field of law and received the M.A. The site is now the home of the Eleanor Roosevelt Center at Val-Kill, dedicated to "Eleanor Roosevelt's belief that people can enhance the quality of their lives through purposeful action based on sensitive discourse among people of diverse perspectives focusing on the varied needs of society.". degree in 1910. Here she entertained her circle of friends in informal gatherings. His studies at the University of Chicago concentrated on mathematics and astronomy which led to a B.S. Originally built as a small furniture factory, Val-Kill afforded Eleanor with a level of privacy that she had wanted for many years. That year he also set a state record for high jump in Illinois. However, she did so at Val-Kill, the house that her husband Franklin remodeled for her near the mainhouse. In his younger days, he was noted more for his athletic abilities rather than his intellectual genius: he won seven first places1 and a third placing in a single high school meet in 1906. Roosevelt continued to live on the Hyde Park Estate. Hubble was born to an insurance executive in Marshfield, Missouri and moved to Wheaton, Illinois in 1898. Following the death of her husband in 1945, Mrs. . When the State Department found out that the First Lady was being paid so handsomely by foreign governments they unsuccessfully tried to cancel the deal. He was one of the leading astronomers of modern times and laid down the foundation upon which physical cosmology now rests. Roosevelt $1000 a week for advertising. Edwin Hubble was one of the first to argue that the red shift of distant galaxies is due to the Doppler effect induced by the expansion of the universe. The Pan-American Coffee Bureau, which was supported by tax revenues from eight foreign governments, paid Mrs. Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer, noted for his discovery of galaxies beyond the Milky Way and the cosmic red shift. Roosevelt also accepted large amounts of money from her activities in advertising. Note 3: PBS Cosmological Constant. Mrs. Note 2: This had actually been observed by Vesto Slipher in the 1910s, but the world was largely unaware. Roosevelt, along with Wendell Willkie and other Americans concerned about the mounting threats to peace and democracy during World War II, established Freedom House. The third-placing was for broad jump. In 1943 Mrs. Note 1: For the record, these were discus, hammer throw, pole vault, standing and running high jump, shot put, mile-relay. West Coast. Orbiting Hubble Space Telescope. Roosevelt opposed her husband's decision to sign Executive Order 9066 which resulted in the internment of 110,000 Japanese nationals and American citizens of Japanese descent in internment camps on the U.S. Hubble crater on the Moon. Mrs. Asteroid 2069 Hubble. Roosevelt win a lot of their votes. Medal of Merit for outstanding contribution to ballistics research in 1946--ARP. FDR therefore did not take on the cause of civil rights--one of the biggest stains on his legacy, along with Japanese internment and the court-packing scheme--and Eleanor became the connection to the African-American population and helped Mr. Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1940. However, her husband needed the support of Southern Democrats (notoriously racist) to advance other parts of his agenda. Bruce Medal in 1938. Roosevelt's terms as President, Eleanor was very vocal about her support of the civil rights movement and African-American rights. During Mr. Roosevelt arranged for Anderson to perform from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, to a live audience of 70,000, and a nationwide radio audience. Mrs. In 1939, the opera singer Marian Anderson was refused permission to perform at Constitution Hall in Washington because of her skin color. Roosevelt was bisexual. Doris Kearns Goodwin, who wrote a Pulitzer Prize winning biography of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, has publicly disputed Cook's assessment that Mrs. Roosevelt's most extensive biographies, made a well-documented argument for the theory in her work. Blanche Wiesen Cook, author of one of Mrs. These letters have become the source of a theory that claims Eleanor Roosevelt was bisexual, though many historians continue to debate this controversial claim. Roosevelt wrote to Hickok in 1933:. Eleanor Roosevelt and Hickok maintained a personal correspondence in which Mrs. After a few years away from Washington, Hickok returned and lived in the White House with the first family in 1940. Roosevelt’s column My Day. For the rest of their lives they would be close friends, Hickok suggested the idea for what would eventually become Mrs. Roosevelt in 1932. They would become close friends after Hickok conducted a series of interviews with Mrs. Roosevelt met Associated Press reporter Lorena Hickok, a White House correspondent. In 1928, Mrs. Although she was still in her Uncle Teddy's good graces, Eleanor found herself at odds with his eldest daughter, Alice Roosevelt Longworth who was enraged that the homely Eleanor not only snagged her cousin Franklin as a husband, but that Franklin, and now Eleanor, were members of the Democratic Party, which Alice viewed as an afront to Theodore Roosevelt's position as President. Eleanor is descended from the Johannes branch and Franklin is descended from the Jacobus branch. His grandsons, Johannes and Jacobus, began the Oyster Bay and Hyde Park branches of the Roosevelt family. They descended from Claes Martenszen van Rosenvelt who emigrated to New Amsterdam (Manhattan) from the Netherlands in the 1640s. Eleanor and Franklin were fifth cousins, once removed. However their marriage almost split over sexual explorations outside marriage by FDR (See FDR for more information.). Their marriage was blessed with six children, of which five survived infancy. Roosevelt; President Theodore Roosevelt took the place of his late brother in giving Eleanor's hand to her husband to be. Patrick's Day, 1905 she married Franklin D. On St. Following her parents deaths, young Anna Eleanor was raised by her maternal grandmother, an emotionally cold woman, in an autocratic house. Roosevelt was the eldest child of Elliott Roosevelt and Anna Hall Roosevelt and was a favorite niece of Theodore Roosevelt. Mrs. . Truman called her the First Lady of the World, in honor of her extensive travels to promote human rights. President Harry S. She chaired the committee that drafted and approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Roosevelt was active in the formations of numerous institutions most notably the United Nations, United Nations Association and Freedom House. Mrs. She was a first-wave Feminist and an active supporter of the American Civil Rights Movement. An active First Lady, she traveled around the United States promoting the New Deal and visited troops at the frontlines during World War II. Roosevelt, the longest serving First Lady of the United States from 1933-1945. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was an American human rights activist, diplomat and as the wife of President of the United States Franklin D. |