This page will contain images about Edwin Hubble, as they become available.

Edwin Hubble

Edwin Hubble

Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer, noted for his discovery of galaxies beyond the Milky Way and the cosmic red shift. Edwin Hubble was one of the first to argue that the red shift of distant galaxies is due to the Doppler effect induced by the expansion of the universe. He was one of the leading astronomers of modern times and laid down the foundation upon which physical cosmology now rests.

Biography

Hubble was born to an insurance executive in Marshfield, Missouri and moved to Wheaton, Illinois in 1898. In his younger days, he was noted more for his athletic abilities rather than his intellectual genius: he won seven first places1 and a third placing in a single high school meet in 1906. That year he also set a state record for high jump in Illinois.

His studies at the University of Chicago concentrated on mathematics and astronomy which led to a B.S. degree in 1910. He spent the next three years as one of Oxford's first Rhodes Scholars, where he studied in the field of law and received the M.A. degree, after which he returned to the United States as a high school teacher and a basketball coach in New Albany, Indiana.

He served in World War I and quickly became Major. He returned to astronomy at the Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago, where he earned a Ph.D. in 1917. In 1919 Hubble was offered a staff position by George Ellery Hale, the founder and director of Carnegie Institution's Mount Wilson Observatory, near Pasadena, California, where he remained until his death. He also served in the US army during World War II. Shortly before his death, Palomar's 200-inch Hale Telescope was completed; Hubble was the first to use it.

He died of a heart attack on September 28, 1953, in San Marino, California. His wife, Grace, did not have a funeral for him and never revealed what was done with his body - it was apparently Hubble's wish to have no funeral service and be buried in an unmarked grave. As of 2005, the whereabouts of his remains are unknown.

Discoveries

Galaxies exist beyond the Milky Way

Hubble's arrival at Mount Wilson in 1919 coincided roughly with the completion of the 100-inch Hooker Telescope, then the world's most powerful telescope. Hubble's observations in 1923–1924 with the Hooker Telescope established beyond doubt that the fuzzy "nebulae" seen earlier with less powerful telescopes were not part of our galaxy, as had been thought, but were galaxies themselves, outside the Milky Way. He announced this discovery on December 30, 1924.

Hubble also devised a classification system for galaxies, grouping them according to their content, distance, shape, size and brightness.

The universe is expanding

The 100 inch Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory that Hubble used to measure galaxy redshifts and discover the general expansion of the universe.

Hubble was generally credited with discovering2 the redshift of galaxies. In 1929 Hubble and Milton Humason formulated the empirical Redshift Distance Law of galaxies, nowadays known as Hubble's law, which, once the redshift is interpreted as a measure of recession speed, is consistent with the solutions of Einstein’s General Relativity Equations for an homogeneous, isotropic expanding space. This led to the concept of the expanding universe. The law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater their relative speed of separation.

This discovery later resulted in the formulation of the Big Bang theory.

Earlier, in 1917, Albert Einstein had found that his newly developed General Theory of Relatively indicated that the universe must be either expanding or contracting. Unable to believe what his own equations were telling him, Einstein introduced a cosmological constant (a "fudge factor") to the equations to avoid this "problem". When Einstein heard of Hubble's discovery, he said that changing his equations was "the biggest blunder of my life".3

Other discoveries

Hubble discovered the asteroid 1373 Cincinnati on August 30, 1935. He also wrote The Observational Approach to Cosmology and The Realm of the Nebulae around this time.

Nobel Prize

Hubble spent much of the later part of his career attempting to have astronomy considered an area of physics, instead of being its own science. He did this largely so that astronomers could be recognized by the Nobel Prize Committee for their valuable contributions to astrophysics. This campaign was long unsuccessful and it appeared that Hubble's great achievements would remain unrewarded. Finally the Nobel Prize Committee decided that astronomy should fall under the description of physics. Unfortunately this occurred in 1953 - Hubble died before he could be given the prize, or even informed that he would receive it (his wife was informed after his death).

Honors

Awards

  • Bruce Medal in 1938.
  • Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1940.
  • Medal of Merit for outstanding contribution to ballistics research in 1946--ARP

Named for him

  • Asteroid 2069 Hubble.
  • Hubble crater on the Moon.
  • Orbiting Hubble Space Telescope.

Footnotes

  • Note 1: For the record, these were discus, hammer throw, pole vault, standing and running high jump, shot put, mile-relay. The third-placing was for broad jump.
  • Note 2: This had actually been observed by Vesto Slipher in the 1910s, but the world was largely unaware.
The world is also largely unaware that Hubble never believed that the expanding universe model was the correct one:
"… if redshift are not primarily due to velocity shift … the velocity-distance relation is linear, the distribution of the nebula is uniform, there is no evidence of expansion, no trace of curvature, no restriction of the time scale … and we find ourselves in the presence of one of the principle of nature that is still unknown to us today … whereas, if redshifts are velocity shifts which measure the rate of expansion, the expanding models are definitely inconsistent with the observations that have been made … expanding models are a forced interpretation of the observational results" (E. Hubble, Ap. J., 84, 517, 1936.)
"[If the redshifts are a Doppler shift] … the observations as they stand lead to the anomaly of a closed universe, curiously small and dense, and, it may be added, suspiciously young. On the other hand, if redshifts are not Doppler effects, these anomalies disappear and the region observed appears as a small, homogeneous, but insignificant portion of a universe extended indefinitely both in space and time." (Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices, 17, 506, 1937).
  • Note 3: PBS Cosmological Constant.

This page about Edwin Hubble includes information from a Wikipedia article.
Additional articles about Edwin Hubble
News stories about Edwin Hubble
External links for Edwin Hubble
Videos for Edwin Hubble
Wikis about Edwin Hubble
Discussion Groups about Edwin Hubble
Blogs about Edwin Hubble
Images of Edwin Hubble

Named for him. Interment was in the Andrew Johnson National Cemetery, Greeneville, Tennessee. Awards. He was elected as a Democrat to the Senate and served from March 4, 1875, until his death near Elizabethton, Tennessee, on July 31, 1875. Unfortunately this occurred in 1953 - Hubble died before he could be given the prize, or even informed that he would receive it (his wife was informed after his death). Johnson was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States Senate in 1868 and to the House of Representatives in 1872. Finally the Nobel Prize Committee decided that astronomy should fall under the description of physics. Johnson was the first President to be impeached, and the only one until the impeachment of Bill Clinton on December 19, 1998.

This campaign was long unsuccessful and it appeared that Hubble's great achievements would remain unrewarded. There were two votes in the Senate: one on May 16, 1868 for the 11th article, and another on May 26 for the other 10. He did this largely so that astronomers could be recognized by the Nobel Prize Committee for their valuable contributions to astrophysics. He had avoided removal from office by a single vote. Hubble spent much of the later part of his career attempting to have astronomy considered an area of physics, instead of being its own science. Johnson was acquitted by a vote of thirty-five for conviction to nineteen for acquittal. He also wrote The Observational Approach to Cosmology and The Realm of the Nebulae around this time. Since Lincoln had appointed Stanton, it was claimed, the applicability of the Act had already run its course.

Hubble discovered the asteroid 1373 Cincinnati on August 30, 1935. Johnson's defense was based on a clause in the Tenure-of-Office Act stating that the then-current Secretaries would hold their posts throughout the term of the President who appointed them. When Einstein heard of Hubble's discovery, he said that changing his equations was "the biggest blunder of my life".3. Eleven articles were set out in the resolution and the trial before the Senate lasted three months. Unable to believe what his own equations were telling him, Einstein introduced a cosmological constant (a "fudge factor") to the equations to avoid this "problem". Evarts served as his counsel. Earlier, in 1917, Albert Einstein had found that his newly developed General Theory of Relatively indicated that the universe must be either expanding or contracting. William M.

This discovery later resulted in the formulation of the Big Bang theory. On March 5, 1868 a court of impeachment was organized in the Senate to hear charges against the President. The law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater their relative speed of separation. Three days after Stanton's removal, the House passed a resolution to impeach Johnson for "high crimes and misdemeanors", specifically, for intentionally violating the Tenure-of-Office Act and thus violating the law of the land, which he had sworn an oath to enforce. This led to the concept of the expanding universe. Thomas attempted to move into the War office, for which Stanton had Thomas arrested. In 1929 Hubble and Milton Humason formulated the empirical Redshift Distance Law of galaxies, nowadays known as Hubble's law, which, once the redshift is interpreted as a measure of recession speed, is consistent with the solutions of Einstein’s General Relativity Equations for an homogeneous, isotropic expanding space. The Senate and House entered into hot debate.

Hubble was generally credited with discovering2 the redshift of galaxies. United States (1926), the Supreme Court ruled that such laws were indeed unconstitutional.). Hubble also devised a classification system for galaxies, grouping them according to their content, distance, shape, size and brightness. (Years later in Myers v. He announced this discovery on December 30, 1924. Johnson had previously vetoed the Act, claiming it was unconstitutional, and subsequently Congress had passed the Act again by the required two-thirds majority to make it law, over the objection of the President. Hubble's observations in 1923–1924 with the Hooker Telescope established beyond doubt that the fuzzy "nebulae" seen earlier with less powerful telescopes were not part of our galaxy, as had been thought, but were galaxies themselves, outside the Milky Way. shall be entitled to hold such office until a successor shall have been in like manner appointed and duly qualified," thus removing the President's previous unlimited power to fire any of his Cabinet members at will.

Hubble's arrival at Mount Wilson in 1919 coincided roughly with the completion of the 100-inch Hooker Telescope, then the world's most powerful telescope. The Act said, "...every person holding any civil office, to which he has been appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate .. As of 2005, the whereabouts of his remains are unknown. This was an apparent violation of the Tenure-of-Office Act, made law in March of 1867, which was a law that Congress had specifically designed to protect Stanton. His wife, Grace, did not have a funeral for him and never revealed what was done with his body - it was apparently Hubble's wish to have no funeral service and be buried in an unmarked grave. On February 21, 1868, Johnson notified Congress that he had removed Edwin Stanton as Secretary of War, and was replacing him in the interim with Adjutant-General Lorenzo Thomas. He died of a heart attack on September 28, 1953, in San Marino, California. Johnson's public criticisms of Congress provoked much talk of impeachment over the months.

Shortly before his death, Palomar's 200-inch Hale Telescope was completed; Hubble was the first to use it. However, "Congressional Reconstruction", enforced by repeated acts passed over Johnson's veto, provided for provisional state governments run by the military and ensuring the local passage of civil rights laws and otherwise imposing the will of the United States Congress — which, of course, was run by the North. He also served in the US army during World War II. Johnson favored a very quick restoration of all rights and privileges of other states. In 1919 Hubble was offered a staff position by George Ellery Hale, the founder and director of Carnegie Institution's Mount Wilson Observatory, near Pasadena, California, where he remained until his death. Congress and Johnson argued in an increasingly public way about Reconstruction: the manner in which the Southern secessionist states would be readmitted to the Union. in 1917.
.

He returned to astronomy at the Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago, where he earned a Ph.D. Presidency upon the assassination of a President and the third to succeed upon the death of a President. He served in World War I and quickly became Major. He was the first Vice President to succeed to the U.S. degree, after which he returned to the United States as a high school teacher and a basketball coach in New Albany, Indiana. He became President of the United States on April 15, 1865, upon the death of Lincoln. He spent the next three years as one of Oxford's first Rhodes Scholars, where he studied in the field of law and received the M.A. He was elected Vice President of the United States on the National Union ticket headed by Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1864 and was inaugurated March 4, 1865.

degree in 1910. Johnson was then appointed by President Abraham Lincoln as Military Governor of Tennessee in 1862. His studies at the University of Chicago concentrated on mathematics and astronomy which led to a B.S. At the time of secession of the Confederacy, Johnson was the only Senator from the seceded states to continue participation in Congress. That year he also set a state record for high jump in Illinois. He was chairman of the Committee to Audit and Control the Contingent Expense (Thirty-sixth Congress). In his younger days, he was noted more for his athletic abilities rather than his intellectual genius: he won seven first places1 and a third placing in a single high school meet in 1906. He was Governor of Tennessee from 1853 to 1857, and was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate and served from October 8, 1857 to March 4, 1862, when he resigned.

Hubble was born to an insurance executive in Marshfield, Missouri and moved to Wheaton, Illinois in 1898. Johnson did not seek renomination, having become a candidate for the governorship of Tennessee. . He was chairman of the Committee on Public Expenditures (Thirty-first and Thirty-second Congresses). He was one of the leading astronomers of modern times and laid down the foundation upon which physical cosmology now rests. He was elected to the State Senate in 1841, and elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-eighth and to the four succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1843 to March 3, 1853). Edwin Hubble was one of the first to argue that the red shift of distant galaxies is due to the Doppler effect induced by the expansion of the universe. He was a member of the State House of Representatives from 1835 to 1837 and 1839 to 1841.

Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer, noted for his discovery of galaxies beyond the Milky Way and the cosmic red shift. Johnson served as an alderman in Greeneville from 1828 to 1830 and mayor of Greeneville from 1834 to 1838. Note 3: PBS Cosmological Constant. He never attended any type of school; his wife has historically been credited with teaching him to read and write. Note 2: This had actually been observed by Vesto Slipher in the 1910s, but the world was largely unaware. At the age of 13 he was apprenticed to a tailor, but ran away to Greeneville, Tennessee in 1826, where he continued his employment as a tailor. The third-placing was for broad jump. At the age of 4 his father died.

Note 1: For the record, these were discus, hammer throw, pole vault, standing and running high jump, shot put, mile-relay. Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, to Jacob Johnson and Mary McDonough on December 29, 1808. Orbiting Hubble Space Telescope. . Hubble crater on the Moon. He was subsequently acquitted by a single vote in the Senate. Asteroid 2069 Hubble. Johnson presided over the Reconstruction of the United States following the American Civil War, and his conciliatory policies towards the defeated rebels and his vetoes of civil rights bills embroiled him in a bitter dispute with the Congressional Republicans, leading the House of Representatives to impeach him in 1868; he was the first President to be impeached.

Medal of Merit for outstanding contribution to ballistics research in 1946--ARP. Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the sixteenth Vice President (1865) and the seventeenth President of the United States (1865–1869), succeeding to the presidency upon the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1940. Nebraska – March 1, 1867. Bruce Medal in 1938.