Edwin Hubble

Named for him. states are named after Grant: Grant County, Arkansas; Grant County, Kansas; Grant County, Minnesota; Grant County, Nebraska; Grant County, New Mexico; Grant County, North Dakota; Grant County, Oklahoma; Grant County, Washington; and Grant County, West Virginia. Awards. Counties in nine U.S. Unfortunately this occurred in 1953 - Hubble died before he could be given the prize, or even informed that he would receive it (his wife was informed after his death). S." Grant suggesting "Uncle Sam"), The Great Captain and, in his youth, Ulys, Lyss and Useless. Finally the Nobel Prize Committee decided that astronomy should fall under the description of physics. Grant's nicknames included: The Hero of Appomattox, "Unconditional Surrender" Grant, Sam Grant (originating at West Point, from "U.

This campaign was long unsuccessful and it appeared that Hubble's great achievements would remain unrewarded. Grant Bridge over the Ohio River at Portsmouth, Ohio. He did this largely so that astronomers could be recognized by the Nobel Prize Committee for their valuable contributions to astrophysics. There is a U.S. Hubble spent much of the later part of his career attempting to have astronomy considered an area of physics, instead of being its own science. Grant Memorial, located on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C., honors Grant. He also wrote The Observational Approach to Cosmology and The Realm of the Nebulae around this time. The Ulysses S.

Hubble discovered the asteroid 1373 Cincinnati on August 30, 1935. $50 bill. When Einstein heard of Hubble's discovery, he said that changing his equations was "the biggest blunder of my life".³. Grant's portrait appears on the U.S. Unable to believe what his own equations were telling him, Einstein introduced a cosmological constant (a "fudge factor") to the equations to avoid this "problem". In World War II, the British Army produced an armored vehicle known as the Grant tank (a version of the American M3 model, which was ironically nicknamed the "Lee"). Earlier, in 1917, Albert Einstein had found that his newly developed General Theory of Relatively indicated that the universe must be either expanding or contracting. His body lies in New York City, beside that of his wife, in Grant's Tomb, the largest mausoleum in North America.

This discovery later resulted in the formulation of the Big Bang theory. on Thursday July 23, 1885, at Mount McGregor, Saratoga County, New York. The law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater their relative speed of separation. Grant died at 8:06 a.m. This led to the concept of the expanding universe. Ulysses S. In 1929 Hubble and Milton Humason formulated the empirical Redshift Distance Law of galaxies, nowadays known as Hubble's law, which, once the redshift is interpreted as a measure of recession speed, is consistent with the solutions of Einstein’s General Relativity Equations for an homogeneous, isotropic expanding space. Twain called the memoirs "the most remarkable work of its kind since the Commentaries of Julius Caesar," and they are widely regarded as among the finest memoirs ever written.

Hubble was generally credited with discovering² the redshift of galaxies. The memoirs succeeded, selling over 300,000 copies and earning the Grant family over $450,000 ($9,500,000 in 2005 dollars). Hubble also devised a classification system for galaxies, grouping them according to their content, distance, shape, size and brightness. Although wracked with pain and unable to speak at the end, he triumphed, finishing them just a few days before his death. He announced this discovery on December 30, 1924. Now, terminally ill and in what many historian's believe was his greatest struggle, Grant fought to finish his memoirs. Hubble's observations in 1923–1924 with the Hooker Telescope established beyond doubt that the fuzzy "nebulae" seen earlier with less powerful telescopes were not part of our galaxy, as had been thought, but were galaxies themselves, outside the Milky Way. Grant accepted Twain's offer.

Hubble's arrival at Mount Wilson in 1919 coincided roughly with the completion of the 100-inch Hooker Telescope, then the world's most powerful telescope. He rightly realized that Grant was, at that time, the most significant American alive, and he offered Grant a generous contract, including 75% of the book's sales as royalties. As of 2005, the whereabouts of his remains are unknown. Twain, who was suspicious of publishers, was appalled by the magazine's offer. His wife, Grace, did not have a funeral for him and never revealed what was done with his body - it was apparently Hubble's wish to have no funeral service and be buried in an unmarked grave. Independently of the magazine publishers, the famous author, Mark Twain, approached Grant. He died of a heart attack on September 28, 1953, in San Marino, California. It was a standard contract, one which they issued to most any new writer.

Shortly before his death, Palomar's 200-inch Hale Telescope was completed; Hubble was the first to use it. Afterwards, the publishers made Grant an offer to write his memoirs. He also served in the US army during World War II. He first wrote a couple of articles for The Century magazine, which were warmly received. In 1919 Hubble was offered a staff position by George Ellery Hale, the founder and director of Carnegie Institution's Mount Wilson Observatory, near Pasadena, California, where he remained until his death. Only upon his family's future financial independence becoming in doubt, did he agree to write anything at all. in 1917. Grant's Memoirs are considered a masterpiece, both for their writing style and their historical content, and until Grant bankrupted, he steadfastly refused to write them.

He returned to astronomy at the Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago, where he earned a Ph.D. In one of the most ironic twists in all history, Ward's treachery led directly to a great gift to posterity. He served in World War I and quickly became Major. Presidents were given pensions). degree, after which he returned to the United States as a high school teacher and a basketball coach in New Albany, Indiana. Grant and his family were left destitute (this was before the era in which retired U.S. He spent the next three years as one of Oxford's first Rhodes Scholars, where he studied in the field of law and received the M.A. And to make matters worse, Grant found out at the same time that he was suffering from throat cancer.

degree in 1910. In this case, Ward swindled Grant in 1884, bankrupted the company, Grant and Ward, and fled. His studies at the University of Chicago concentrated on mathematics and astronomy which led to a B.S. McClellan, failure was in the wings. That year he also set a state record for high jump in Illinois. Ward was known as the "Young Napoleon of Finance." Perhaps Grant should have taken that name seriously; as with the other Young Napoleon, George B. In his younger days, he was noted more for his athletic abilities rather than his intellectual genius: he won seven first places¹ and a third placing in a single high school meet in 1906. In 1881, Grant placed almost all of his financial assets into an investment banking partnership with Ferdinand Ward, as suggested by Grant's son Buck (Ulysses, Jr.), who was having success on Wall Street.

Hubble was born to an insurance executive in Marshfield, Missouri and moved to Wheaton, Illinois in 1898. In 1883, Grant was elected the eighth president of the National Rifle Association. . He decided that Japan's claim to the islands was stronger and ruled in Japan's favor. He was one of the leading astronomers of modern times and laid down the foundation upon which physical cosmology now rests. China objected, and Grant was asked to arbitrate the matter. Edwin Hubble was one of the first to argue that the red shift of distant galaxies is due to the Doppler effect induced by the expansion of the universe. In 1879, the Meiji government of Japan announced the annexation of the Ryukyu Islands.

Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer, noted for his discovery of galaxies beyond the Milky Way and the cosmic red shift. In the Shibakoen section of Tokyo, a tree still stands that Grant planted during his stay. Note 3: PBS Cosmological Constant. Grant also visited Japan. Note 2: This had actually been observed by Vesto Slipher in the 1910s, but the world was largely unaware. He visited Sunderland, where he opened the first free municipal public library in England. The third-placing was for broad jump. After the end of his second term, Grant spent two years traveling around the world.

Note 1: For the record, these were discus, hammer throw, pole vault, standing and running high jump, shot put, mile-relay. Grant appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:. Orbiting Hubble Space Telescope.
. Hubble crater on the Moon. He referred to the people who approached him in the lobby as "those damn lobbyists," possibly giving rise to the modern term lobbyist. Asteroid 2069 Hubble. Grant was known to visit the Willard Hotel to escape the stress of the White House.

Medal of Merit for outstanding contribution to ballistics research in 1946--ARP. In 1876 Grant helped to calm the nation over the Hayes-Tilden election controversy by appointing a federal commission that helped to settle the election. Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1940. In foreign affairs the greatest achievement of the Grant administration was the Treaty of Washington negotiated by Grant's best appointment, Secretary of State Hamilton Fish, in 1871. Bruce Medal in 1938. In 1876, Colorado was admitted into the Union. A number of government agencies were instituted during the Grant administration:.

The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, establishing voting rights, was ratified in (1870). In 1869 and 1871, Grant signed bills promoting voting rights and prosecuting Klan leaders. He favored a limited number of troops to be stationed in the South—sufficient numbers to protect rights of southern blacks and suppress the violent tactics of the Ku Klux Klan; not so many that would harbor resentment in the general population. The most tumultuous was the continuing process of Reconstruction.

history. Despite all the scandals, Grant's administration presided over significant events in U.S. His failure to establish adequate political allies was a factor in the scandals getting out of control. He alienated party leaders by giving many posts to his friends and political contributors, rather than listen to their recommendations.

He was weak in his selection of subordinates. Although there is no evidence that Grant himself profited from corruption among his subordinates, he did not take a firm stance against malefactors and failed to react strongly even after their guilt was established. Belknap, was involved in an investigation that revealed that he had taken bribes in exchange for the sale of Native American trading posts. After the Whiskey Ring, Grant's Secretary of War, William W.

Babcock, the private secretary to the President, was indicted as a member of the ring and escaped conviction only because of a presidential pardon. Orville E. The most famous scandal was the Whiskey Ring fraud in which over $3 million in taxes were taken from the federal government. Scofield.

Attorney Cyrus I. Grant's presidency was plagued with scandals, such as the Sanborn Incident at the Treasury and problems with U.S. In the general election that year, he won with a majority of 3,012,833 out of a total of 5,716,082 votes cast. He was chosen as the Republican presidential candidate at the Republican National Convention in Chicago, Illinois on May 20, 1868, with no real opposition.

Grant was the 18th President of the United States and served two terms from March 4, 1869, to March 4, 1877. He was appointed as such by President Andrew Johnson on July 25, 1866. After the war, Congress authorized Grant the newly created rank of General of the Army (the equivalent of a four-star, "full" general rank in the modern Army). Grant.

He fights." It was a two-word description that completely caught the essence of Ulysses S. Lincoln had been quoted after the massive losses at Shiloh, "I can't spare this general. Immediately after Lee's surrender, Grant had the sad honor of serving as a pallbearer at the funeral of his greatest champion, Abraham Lincoln. Within a few weeks, the American Civil War was effectively over, although minor actions would continue until Kirby Smith surrendered his forces in the Trans-Mississippi Department on June 2, 1865.

There, Grant offered generous terms that did much to ease the tensions between the armies and preserve some semblance of Southern pride, which would be needed to reconcile the warring sides. At the beginning of April of 1865, Grant's relentless pressure finally forced Lee to evacuate Richmond and after a nine-day retreat, Lee surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. Sheridan and Sherman both followed Grant's strategy of total war by destroying the economic infrastructures of the Valley and a large swath of Georgia and the Carolinas. Later in November, Sherman began his March to the Sea.

It became clear the North was winning the war, and Lincoln was reelected by a wide margin. Then, Grant dispatched Philip Sheridan to the Shenandoah Valley to deal with Early. First, Sherman took Atlanta. In early September the efforts of Grant's coordinated strategy finally bore fruit.

Abraham Lincoln's reelection prospects looked bleak. Early reached the outskirts of Washington, D.C., and, threatening the city's inhabitants, embarrassed the Administration. Early to invade north through the Shenandoah Valley, hoping that Grant would disengage some of his forces to pursue him. To make matters worse for Abraham Lincoln, Lee detached a small army under the command of Major General Jubal A.

There was a presidential election in the fall, and the citizens of the North had difficulty seeing any progress in the war effort. With Grant's and Sherman's armies, respectively stalled in Virginia and Georgia, politics took center stage. Faced with fully manned trenches in front of him, Grant was left with no alternative but to settle down to a siege. “Baldy” Smith.

Arriving at Petersburg, Virginia, first, Grant should have captured the rail junction city, but he failed because of an overly cautious subordinate, William F. He stole a march on Lee, slipping his troops across the James River. Even after suffering horrific casualties at the Battle of Cold Harbor, Grant kept up the pressure. Grant wrested the initiative from Lee, and it became clear that Lee would never have the ability to invade the North again.

Now, he was forced to continually fight on the defensive and his army was prevented from reinforcing and reprovisioning. Most of Lee's great victories had been won on the offensive, employing surprise movements and fierce assaults. In spite of mounting Union casualties, the contest's dynamics changed in Grant's favor. These words summed up his attitude about the fighting, and the very next day, May 12, he ordered a massive assault that nearly broke Lee's lines.

On May 11, Grant wrote a famous dispatch containing the line "I propose to fight it out along this line if it takes all summer". The Battle of Spotsylvania Court House lasted 14 days. The campaign continued and Lee, anticipating Grant's move, beat him to Spotsylvania, Virginia, where, on May 8, the fighting resumed. Grant, ignoring the setback, declined the offer and ordered an advance around Lee's flank to the southeast.

Lee backed off, permitting Grant to do what all of Grant's predecessors, as commanders of the Army of the Potomac, had done in this situation and that was retreat. With the pause in the fighting, there came one of those rare moments when the course of history fell upon the decision of a single man. Grant was leading a campaign that, in order to win the war, had to destroy the Confederacy's ability to make war. In spite of there being no clear winner, it was an inauspicious start for the Union.

The Battle of the Wilderness was a stubborn, bloody two-day fight. It was a terrible place to fight, but Lee sent in his Army of Northern Virginia anyway because he wanted to catch Grant off guard. It began early in May of 1864 when the Army of the Potomac crossed the Rapidan River, marching into an area of scrubby undergrowth and second growth trees known as the Wilderness. Lee in an epic contest.

It pitted Grant against the great commander Robert E. The Overland Campaign was the thrust needed by the Union to defeat the Confederacy. Grant was the first general to attempt such a coordinated strategy in the war and the first to understand the concepts of total war, in which the destruction of an enemy's economic infrastructure that supplied its armies was as important as tactical victories on the battlefield. Averell to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia; Nathaniel Banks to capture Mobile, Alabama.

Johnston, and capture Atlanta; George Crook and William W. Meade, and Benjamin Franklin Butler against Lee near Richmond; Franz Sigel in the Shenandoah Valley; Sherman to invade Georgia, defeat Joseph E. He devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the heart of the Confederacy from multiple directions: Grant, George G. Sherman in immediate command of all forces in the West and moved his headquarters to Virginia where he turned his attention to the long-frustrated Union effort to destroy the army of Lee; his secondary objective was to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, but Grant knew that the latter would happen automatically once the former was accomplished.

In March 1864, Grant put Major General William T. Grant has been described as a "butcher" for his strategy, particularly in 1864, but he was able to achieve objectives that his predecessor generals had not, even though they suffered similar casualties over time. Such tactics often resulted in heavy casualties for Grant's men, but they wore down the Confederate forces proportionately even more and inflicted irreplaceable losses. Once an offensive or a siege began, Grant refused to stop the attack until the enemy surrendered or was driven from the field.

Lee), Grant was not afraid to order direct assaults or tight sieges against Confederate forces, often when the Confederates were themselves launching offensives against him. Although a master of combat by out-maneuvering his opponent (such as at Vicksburg and in the Overland Campaign against Robert E. Grant's fighting style was what one fellow general called "that of a bulldog". On March 12, Grant became general-in-chief of all the armies of the United States.

Congress with Grant in mind—on March 2, 1864. Grant's willingness to fight and ability to win impressed President Abraham Lincoln, who appointed him lieutenant general—a new rank recently authorized by the U.S. The assaulting wave sent the Confederates into a head-long retreat, opening the way for the Union to invade Atlanta, Georgia, and the heart of the Confederacy. Instead, exceeding their orders, Thomas's men made a spectacular charge straight up Missionary Ridge and broke the fortified center of the Confederate line.

In response, Grant ordered Thomas to conduct a minor attack in the center as a diversion. Determined Confederate resistance stymied Union attacks on the right and left. The Battle of Chattanooga started out as a stalemate. In late November, they went on the offensive.

Upon reprovisioning and reinforcing, the morale of Union troops lifted. Greatly alarmed by what he saw, Grant quickly devised a plan and, with the help of reinforcements, successfully carried it out, opening a supply line. They were cut off from receiving supplies and on reduced rations. Upon his arrival in Chattanooga on October 23, Grant found the troops in a deplorable state.

Thomas. He immediately relieved Rosecrans and replaced him with George H. On October 17, Grant was placed in overall charge of the besieged forces. They took up positions on the hillsides, overlooking the city and surrounding the Federals.

The victorious Confederate forces, led by Braxton Bragg, followed closely behind. Afterwards, the defeated Union forces under William Rosecrans retreated to the city of Chattanooga, Tennessee. In September of 1863, the Confederates won the Battle of Chickamauga. It was the second time Grant captured a Confederate army in its entirety.

It was a devastating defeat for the Southern cause, effectively splitting the Confederacy in two, and, in conjunction with the Union victory at Gettysburg the previous day, is widely considered the turning point of the war. Cut off and with no possibility of relief, Pemberton surrendered to Grant on July 4, 1863. Finding that assaults against the impregnable breastworks were futile, he settled in for a six-week siege. The defeated Confederates retreated inside their fortifications at Vicksburg, and Grant promptly surrounded the city.

Knowing that the Confederates could no longer send reinforcements to the Vicksburg garrison, Grant turned west and won at Champion Hill. Living off the land, Grant's army went eastward, captured the city of Jackson, Mississippi and severed the rail line to Vicksburg. Pemberton, an opportunity to concentrate their forces against him. Operating in enemy territory, Grant moved swiftly, never giving the Confederates, under the command of John C.

(This was the largest amphibious operation in American military history and would hold that record until the Battle of Normandy in World War II.) Grant moved inland and, in a daring move, defying conventional military principles, cut loose from most of his supply lines. Navy ships that had run the guns at Vicksburg. Grant marched his troops down the west bank of the Mississippi and crossed the river by using the U.S. The resulting operation is considered one of the most masterful in military history.

Then in the spring of 1863, Grant launched his real plan for taking the city. Never really expecting any of them to succeed, because of the geographic and logistical obstacles, he carried them out anyway because they kept the soldiers busy. In the campaign to capture the Mississippi River fortress of Vicksburg, Mississippi, Grant spent the winter of 1862–63 conducting a series of operations, attempting to gain access to the city, through the region's bayous. When Halleck was promoted to general-in-chief of the Union Army, Grant resumed his position as commander of the Army of the Tennessee.

Sherman, did Grant remain. Only by the intervention of his subordinate and good friend, William T. Removed from planning strategy, Grant decided to resign. In response, Halleck took command of the Army in the field himself and put Grant on the shelf.

As a military theoritician, Halleck considered the battle as nothing more than a fight between two armed mobs. Halleck, Grant's theater commander, was upset by Grant being surprised and the disorganised nature of the fighting. Henry W. Despite Shiloh being a Union victory, it came at a high price; it was the bloodiest battle in United States history up until then, with over 23,000 casualties.

Then, on the second day, with the help of timely reinforcements, Grant counterattacked, turning a serious reverse into a victory. With grim determination, he stabilized his line. Nevertheless, Grant refused to retreat. The sheer violence of the Confederate attack sent the Union forces reeling.

Albert Sidney Johnston at the Battle of Shiloh. In early April of 1862, he was surprised by Gen. I propose to move immediately upon your works". It was at Fort Donelson that he not only captured a entire Confederate army, but he electrified the Northern people with his famous demand, "No terms except an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted.

In February of 1862, Grant gave the Union cause its first major victory of the war by capturing Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee. On August 7, Grant was appointed a brigadier general of volunteers. The governor felt that a West Point man could be put to better use and appointed him colonel of the 21st Illinois Infantry (effective June 17, 1861). On April 24, 1861, ten days after the fall of Fort Sumter, Captain Grant arrived in Springfield, Illinois, with a company of men he had raised.

Louis, and finally an assistant in the leather shop owned by his father and brother in Galena, Illinois. Seven years of civilian life followed, in which he was a farmer, a real estate agent in St. After the Mexican war ended in 1848, he remained in the army until resigning on July 31, 1854. He was twice brevetted for bravery: at Molino del Rey and Chapultepec.

Grant served in the Mexican-American War under Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott, taking part in the battles of Resaca de la Palma, Palo Alto, Monterrey, and Veracruz. (Buck) Grant, Jr., Ellen (Nellie) Grant, and Jesse Root Grant. They had four children: Frederick Dent Grant, Ulysses S. Grant married Julia Boggs Dent (1826–1902) on August 22, 1848.

Grant drank distilled liquor and smoked huge numbers of cigars (one story had it that he smoked over 10,000 in five years) which may have contributed to his throat cancer of later life. At the academy, he established a reputation as a fearless and expert horseman. He graduated from West Point in 1843, ranking 21st in a class of 39. Upon graduation, Grant adopted the form of his new name with middle initial only, never acknowledging that the "S" stood for Simpson.

Hamer erroneously nominated him as Ulysses Simpson Grant, and although Grant protested the change, it was difficult to resist the bureaucracy. Hamer. Congressman, Thomas L. At the age of 17, Grant received a cadetship to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, through his U.S.

In the fall of 1823 they moved to the village of Georgetown in Brown County, Ohio, where Grant spent most of his time until he was 17. His father, a tanner, and his mother were born in Pennsylvania. Grant was born Hiram Ulysses Grant in Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio, 25 miles (40 km) north of Cincinnati on the Ohio River, to Jesse Grant and Hannah Simpson. .

His support for the legal rights of blacks to vote and hold public office were unpopular at the time, but have gained him more respect in modern times. More recent treatments have emphasized the accomplishments of his administration, including his struggle to preserve Reconstruction. He is instead mostly criticized for not taking a strong stance against the corruption, and not acting to stop it. They agree that Grant was not personally corrupt; it was his subordinates in the executive branch who were at fault.

Although Grant was a successful general, he is considered by historians to be one of America's least successful presidents, who led an administration plagued by scandal and corruption. Fuller as "the greatest general of his age and one of the greatest strategists of any age." He won many important battles, rose to become general-in-chief of all Union armies, and is credited with winning the war. C. F.

Grant has been described by military historian J. Grant (April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was a Union general in the American Civil War and the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877). Ulysses S. Colorado – August 1, 1876.