Earthquake

A recently proposed theory suggests that some earthquakes may occur in a sort of earthquake storm, where one earthquake will trigger a series of earthquakes each triggered by the previous shifts on the fault lines, similar to aftershocks, but occurring years later. [year of launch]. These oscillations of the earth are either due to the deformation of the Earth by tide caused by the Moon or the Sun, or other phenomena. of New York bought up the fragrance licensing agreements from Unilever. Another type of movement of the Earth is observed by terrestrial spectroscopy. Their perfumes and the corresponding fragrance lines used to be maintained by Calvin Klein Cosmetics Company (CKCC), a Unilever company, until recently when in May 2005 cosmetics giant Coty, Inc. Earthquakes such as these, that are caused by human activity, are referred to by the term induced seismicity. Calvin Klein is famous for the label's various lines of perfumes and colognes.

Thus scientists have been able to monitor, using the tools of seismology, nuclear weapons tests performed by governments that were not disclosing information about these tests along normal channels. Licenses are in effect for the most of the above mentioned brands’ jeans, kids clothing, underwear, swimwear, sleepwear, hosiery and socks, watches, fragrance, eyewear and home lines/collections. Finally, ground shaking can also result from the detonation of explosives. The most visible brand names include:. Earthquakes have also been known to be caused by the removal of natural gas from subsurface deposits, for instance in the northern Netherlands. Their current office space in the building is about 143,000-sqf with lease costs probably figuring at around $30 per sq in that area. Such earthquakes occur because the strength of the Earth's crust can be modified by fluid pressure. With the fall 2006 Collection runway presentations in New York City, CKI will inaugurate an 8,600-sqf show room space that can seat up to 600 people on the ground floor of 205 West 39th Street, in Times Square South where Calvin Klein has been headquartered since 1978.

at certain geothermal power plants and at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal). Apart from Calvin Klein Underwear boutiques, there are also several Calvin Klein Outlet stores in the US that sell the sportswear and cK lines at reduced prices but do not carry the Collection lines. A rare few earthquakes have been associated with the build-up of large masses of water behind dams, such as the Kariba Dam in Zambia, Africa, and with the injection or extraction of fluids into the Earth's crust (e.g. The Warnaco Group, in addition, maintains Calvin Klein Jeans and corresponding outlet stores. Some earthquakes are also caused by the movement of magma in volcanoes, and such quakes can be an early warning of volcanic eruptions. In Asia, there are also signature cK stores that only carry the cK sportswear line. Deep focus earthquakes, at depths of 100's km, are possibly generated as subducted lithospheric material catastrophically undergoes a phase transition since at the pressures and temperatures present at such depth elastic strain cannot be supported. The sportswear and cK lines are mainly sold through North American department stores and in Europe through high-end retail stores.

Eventually when enough stress accumulates, the plates move, causing an earthquake. The New York store, which serves as the company’s flagship store at 654 Madison Ave., remains open till today. Where these plates meet stress accumulates. Out of the two Calvin Klein Collection stores that existed in the US, the Dallas location in Highland Park Village which had been open for 20 years was closed in mid-2005. The Earth is made up of tectonic plates driven by the heat in the Earth's mantle and core. The stores in Moscow, Barcelona, Rome, Dubai (two locations), Seoul, Singapore and Taipei are maintained by partners. Most earthquakes are powered by the release of the elastic strain that accumulate over time, typically, at the boundaries of the plates that make up the Earth's lithosphere via a process called Elastic-rebound theory. As of today, there are Calvin Klein Collection stores operated by CKI in New York, Milan and Paris.

For example it has been calculated that the average recurrence for the United Kingdom can be described as follows:. In the late 1990s the company opened elegant Calvin Klein Collection stores in Paris, Seoul, and Taipei and ultra-fancy cK Calvin Klein stores in Hong Kong, Milan and Kuwait City. Larger earthquakes occur less frequently than smaller earthquakes, the relationship being exponential, ie roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than 4 occur in a particular time period than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. Italo Zucchelli, a former Jil Sander and Romeo Gigli designer, had collaborated with Calvin Klein for six seasons before he became head designer of the Calvin Klein Collection menswear line in spring 2004. As a result the moment magnitude (M_W) scale was introduced by Hiroo Kanamori, which is comparable to the other magnitude scales but will not saturate at higher values. Klein directly before the founder’s departure from the company. The values of moments for different earthquakes ranges over several order of magnitude. The current creative director for Calvin Klein Collection for women is Brazilian-born Francisco Costa who had already worked with Mr.

The seismic moment is calculated from seismograms but can also by obtained from geologic estimates of the size of the fault rupture and the displacement. for the Calvin Klein women's better sportswear line and with GAV for the ck Calvin Klein bridge sportswear business. Seismologists now favor a measure called the seismic moment, related to the concept of moment in physics, to measure the size of a seismic source. The deal will have no impact on the existing US licenses with Kellwood Corp. They are still useful however as they can be rapidly calculated, there are catalogues of them dating back many years and are they are familiar to the public. Fusco remaining in charge after the completion of the deal. However as each is also based on the measurement of one part of the seismogram they do not measure the overall power of the source and can suffer from saturation at higher magnitude values (larger events fail to produce higher magnitude values).These scales are also empirical and as such there is no physical meaning to the values. Additionally, beginning in 2008 and continuing through December 2013, Warnaco will assume the license for Calvin Klein Collection men's and women's apparel and accessories worldwide from Fingen, with Mr.

Each of these is scaled to gives values similar to the values given by the Richter scale. Fingen, a company controlled by the Italian Fratini family, had held a 90% share in the European Calvin Klein business – which was managed by Fabio Fusco – since 1995 with CKI owning the remaining 10%. Other more recent Magnitude measurements include: body wave magnitude (m_b), surface wave magnitude (M_s) and duration magnitude (M_D). Just recently (December 2005), the Warnaco Group announced that in 2006 they would acquire 100% of the shares of the companies that operate the licenses and related wholesale and retail businesses of Calvin Klein Jeans and accessories in Europe and Asia as well as the cK Calvin Klein bridge line of sportswear and accessories in Europe from Fingen SpA, a Florentine holding company, and Euro Cormar SpA for €240 million. It is obtained by measuring the maximum amplitude of a recording on a Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer (or one calibrated to it) at a distance of 600km from the earthquake. A better sportswear line for men has been designed and developed in-house at CKI and PVH since spring 2004. This is known as the “Richter scale”, “Richter Magnitude” or “Local Magnitude” (M_L). The cooperation between Kellwood and GAV was ended on friendly terms in September 2005 with Kellwood being left solely responsible for the womens sportswear line while the other parties could focus on their ck Calvin Klein bridge business.

Richter devised a simple numerical scale (which he called the magnitude) to describe the relative sizes of earthquakes in Southern California. GAV, a Manhattan based company, already then designed and manufactured for ck Calvin Klein and Emanuel Ungaro. In the 1930s, a California seismologist named Charles F. Under the terms of the arrangement, Kellwood collaborated with Andrew Grossman and Alexander Vreeland, two seasoned Giorgio Armani executives, who had formed a new business venture named GAV with Jay Schottenstein, chairman and CEO of Schottenstein Stores Corp., to help develop and launch the line in terms of marketing, design and advertising. The first attempt to qualitatively define one value to describe the size of earthquakes was the magnitude scale (the name being taking from similar formed scales used on the brightness of stars). of Chesterfield, Missouri had been selected as a strategic licensing partner to produce, source and distribute a Calvin Klein women’s better sportswear line to launch in North, Central and South America in late 2004. If you feel an earthquake in the US you can report the effects to the USGS. In June 2003, CKI announced that Kellwood Corp.

For some tasks related to engineering and local planning it is still useful for the very same reasons and thus still collected. In early 2003, it was announced that Vestimenta SpA of Italy would be entrusted with the manufacture and distribution of Calvin Klein Collection for men and women – the label’s pricey high-end haute couture designer line which these days is shown on runways during the fashion weeks in New York and Milan – while design, marketing, advertising and public relations as well as control over the distribution of the line remained with CKI. The problem with these scales is the measurement is subjective, often based on the worst damage in an area and influenced by local effects like site conditions that make it a poor measure for the relative size of different events in different places. The current President and COO of the CKI division within PVH is Tom Murry, who had filled this position already before the acquisition. No structural damage. Barry Schwartz was said to concentrate on his role as chairman of the New York Racing Association, a horse-racing club. Damage is slight in poorly built buildings. Klein has appeared in the news from time to time since then when his name was associated with drug abuse, withdrawal treatments and public nuisance.

Trees and bushes shake. Mr. Plaster in walls might crack. Klein himself, who was included as a person in the 15-year contract he had signed with PVH, remained creative head of the collections but then continued as an advisor (consulting creative director) to the new company from 2003 on and has since more and more withdrawn from the business. Furniture moves. In the beginning, Mr. Pictures fall off walls. CKI thus became a wholly owned subsidiary of PVH.

Objects fall from shelves. The transaction between Calvin Klein and PVH was financially supported by Apax Partners Inc., a New York private equity firm, which is said to have made a $250 million equity investment in PVH convertible preferred stock, as well as a $125 million, two-year secured note, all in exchange for seats on the board of PVH. People have trouble walking. It is said that talks between Calvin Klein and PVH had began as early as 2000. Everyone feels movement. The industry feared that PVH had taken on too much with the acquisition. The value 6 (normally denoted "VI") in the MM scale for example is:. In reaction to the announcement of the deal, Phillips-Van Heusen shares closed down 14 cents at $12.54 on the New York Stock Exchange on December 17, 2002.

These assign a numeric value (different for each scale) to a location based on the size of the shaking experienced there. Klein himself had considered Linda Wachner, then CEO of Warnaco Group, a personal enemy. In the United States the Mercalli (or Modified Mercalli, MM) scale is commonly used, while Japan (shindo) and the EU (European Macroseismic Scale) each have their own scales. Mr. The first method of quantifying earthquakes was intensity scales. Unable to pay debts from acquisitions and licensing agreements and due to bad publicity by a later dismissed lawsuit with Calvin Klein over selling license products to retailers other than agreed upon with Calvin Klein, Warnaco had filed for chapter 11 protection in mid-2001 but eventually emerged from bankruptcy in February of 2003. Earthquakes that occur below sea level and have large vertical displacements can give rise to tsunamis, either as a direct result of the deformation of the sea bed due to the earthquake or as a result of submarine landslips or "slides" directly or indirectly triggered by it. The deal with PVH did not include these businesses, they remained with Warnaco.

Just as a large loudspeaker can produce a greater volume of sound than a smaller one, large faults are capable of higher magnitude earthquakes than smaller faults are. PVH outcompeted VF Corp., the maker of Lee and Wrangler jeans, which had also been interested in the jeans, underwear and swimwear business of CK that had been controlled by Warnaco Group, maker of Speedo swimwear, since 1997. The total size of the fault that slips, the rupture zone, can be as large as 1000 km, for the biggest earthquakes. Klein based on future sales of the Calvin Klein brand. The location on the surface directly above the hypocenter is known as the "epicenter". The sale also included an ongoing personal financial incentive for Mr. That point is called its "focus" or "hypocenter" and usually proves to be the point at which the fault slip was initiated. (CKI) was finally sold to shirt maker Phillips Van Heusen Corp., whose then CEO Bruce Klatsky was the driving force behind the deal, for about $400 million in cash, $30 million in stock as well as licensing rights and royalties linked to revenues over the following 15 years that were estimated at $200 to $300 million.

Using such ground motion records from around the world it is possible to identify a point from which the earthquake's seismic waves appear to originate. In mid-December 2002, Calvin Klein Inc. The Rayleigh waves from the Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake of 2004 caused ground motion of over 1 cm even at the seismometers that were located far from it, although this displacement was abnormally large. Klein's plan once. Ground motions caused by very distant earthquakes are called teleseisms. The company should never manage to go public which had supposedly been Mr. The power of an earthquake is distributed over a significant area, but in the case of large earthquakes, it can spread over the entire planet. Klein announced that his empire was not on the market anymore.

While almost all earthquakes have aftershocks, foreshocks are far less common occurring in only about 10% of events. After seven months and no potential buyer, Mr. Most large earthquakes are accompanied by other, smaller ones, that can occur either before or after the principal quake — these are known as foreshocks or aftershocks, respectively. and Italy's Holding di Partecipazioni proved to be similar disappointments because of CKI's steep price tag of supposedly $1 billion. S-waves (secondary or shear waves) and the two types of surfaces waves (Love waves and Rayleigh waves) are responsible for the shaking hazard. Other potentials like Tommy Hilfiger Corp. There are four types of seismic waves that are all generated simultaneously and can be felt on the ground. Planning to expand its business, the company had been approached by two luxury goods companies, LVMH and Pinault Printemps Redoute, to join Calvin Klein but nothing resulted.

In a particular earthquake, any of these agents of damage can dominate, and historically each has caused major damage and great loss of life, but for most of the earthquakes shaking is the dominant and most widespread cause of damage. Klein was named “America’s Best Designer” for his minimalist all-American designs in 1993, and thus it came as a shocking surprise when in 1999 it was announced again that CKI was up for sale. liquefaction, landslide), and fire or a release of hazardous materials. Mr. Large earthquakes can cause serious destruction and massive loss of life through a variety of agents of damage, including fault rupture, vibratory ground motion (i.e., shaking), inundation (e.g., tsunami, seiche, dam failure), various kinds of permanent ground failure (e.g. Although the company almost faced bankruptcy in 1992, Calvin Klein managed to regain and increase the profitability of his empire throughout the later 90s, mainly through the success of its highly popular underwear and fragrance lines as well as the cK sportswear line. Some deep earthquakes may be due to the transition of olivine to spinel, which is more stable in the deep mantle. And indeed, in late 1987, it was said that the sale of the company to Triangle Industries, a container manufacturer, had only failed because of the crashing stock market.

At subduction zones where plates descend into the mantle, earthquakes have been recorded to a depth of 600 km, although these deep earthquakes are caused by different mechanisms than the more common shallow events. Financial problems, increased pressure from all sides, disagreements with the licensee of the menswear line and its disappointing sales as well as an enormous employee turnover both within Calvin Klein and its licensing partners led to the first rumors that Calvin Klein Industries, as the company had been known by then, was up for sale. Where the crust is thicker and colder they will occur at greater depths and the opposite in areas that are hot. His annual income passed $12,000,000. Most earthquakes occur in narrow regions around plate boundaries down to depths of a few tens of kilometres where the crust is rigid enough to support the elastic strain. Klein’s clothes were sold through 12,000 stores in the United States and were available in six other countries. Large numbers of earthquakes occur on a daily basis on Earth, but the majority of them are detected only by seismometers and cause no damage . That year, worldwide retail sales were estimated at more than $600 million.

. The licensing program, which brought in $24,000 when it was initiated in 1974, had royalty income of $7.3 million ten years later. Seismic waves including some strong enough to be felt by humans can also be caused by explosions (chemical or nuclear), landslides, and collapse of old mine shafts, though these sources are not strictly earthquakes. The stunning growth continued through the early eighties. Most earthquakes are tectonic, but they also occur in volcanic regions and as the result of a number of anthropogenic sources, such as reservoir induced seismicity, mining and the removal or injection of fluids into the crust. Calvin Klein’s underwear business, promoted later in the 1990s with giant billboards of pop singer Mark "Marky Mark" Wahlberg, was so successful that his underpants became generally known as ‘Calvins’. Earthquakes related to plate tectonics are called tectonic earthquakes. In the 1980s, as the designer-jeans frenzy reached its all-time high, Calvin Klein introduced a highly successful line of boxer shorts for women and a men’s underwear collection which would later gross $70 million in a single year.

Events located at plate boundaries are called interplate earthquakes; the less frequent events that occur in the interior of the lithospheric plates are called intraplate earthquakes (see, for example, New Madrid Seismic Zone). In the late 1970s, the company also made attempts to set up their own fragrance and cosmetics business but soon learned that they were not able to do it alone and withdrew from the market with big financial losses. The highest stress (and possible weakest zones) are most often found at the boundaries of the tectonic plates and hence these locations are where the majority of earthquakes occur. The jeans were famously advertised with a commercial featuring a 15-year-old Brooke Shields cooing in 1979/80 that "nothing comes between me and my Calvins" and “I’ve got seven Calvins in my closet, and if they could talk, I’d be ruined.” Controversial advertising, including a series of ads featuring adolescents in sexually evocative poses, has been a recurring theme for the company. Earthquakes occur where the stress resulting from the differential motion of these plates exceeds the strength of the crust. In the mid-1970s, he had created a designer-jeans craze by putting his name on the back pocket. The Earth's lithosphere is a patch work of plates in slow but constant motion (see plate tectonics). By 1981, Fortune magazine figured Klein’s annual income at $8.5 million a year.

The word earthquake is also widely used to indicate the source region itself. In 1978, Klein claimed sales of 200,000 pairs of his famous jeans the first week they were on the market. Earthquakes typically result from the movement of faults, planar zones of deformation within the Earth's upper crust. After the company signed licenses for cosmetics, jeans, and menswear, Klein’s annual retail volume was estimated at $100 million. Earthquakes result from the dynamic release of elastic strain energy that radiates seismic waves. Klein and Schwartz were making $4 million each. An earthquake is a sudden and sometimes catastrophic movement of a part of the Earth's surface. By 1977, annual revenues had jumped to $30 million, and he had licenses for scarves, shoes, belts, furs, sunglasses, and sheets.

Lake Tanganyika earthquake (2005). In 1973 he was awarded the Coty Award for the first time (again in 1974 and 1975) for his 74-piece womenswear collection. Many more at risk from the Kashmiri winter. By 1971, sportswear, classic blazers and pant suits as well as lingerie were added to his womens collection portfolio. Killed over 79,000 people. Klein, who was later described as “the supreme master of minimalism”, appeared on the cover of Vogue magazine. Kashmir earthquake (2005). In 1969, Mr.

Fukuoka earthquake (2005). Hence, the first Calvin Klein collection was a line of men’s and women’s coats at New York retailer Bonwit Teller. Sumatran Earthquake (2005). It is more likely though, that Klein showed his work to Bonwit Teller staff. Triggered a tsunami which caused nearly 300,000 deaths spanning several countries. Legend has it that a year later a buyer from Bonwit Teller (a then New York based department store similar to today’s Lord & Taylor) got off the elevator on the wrong floor, and ended up placing a $50,000 order. Epicenter off the coast of the Indonesian island Sumatra. In 1968, Klein and his childhood friend Barry Schwartz, who was to manage the business, then initially founded Calvin Klein Ltd., a coat shop on one of the floors of the York Hotel, in New York City with $10,000.

One of the largest earthquakes ever recorded at 9.0. Calvin Klein attended the 'High School of Industrial Art' and after graduating at 20 from New York's Fashion Institute of Technology in 1962, he apprenticed at an oldline cloak-and-suit manufacturer and spent five years designing at other New York shops. Indian Ocean Earthquake (2004). . Chuetsu Earthquake (2004). [1]. Not large (6.0), but the most anticipated and intensely instrumented earthquake ever recorded and likely to offer insights into predicting future earthquakes elsewhere on similar slip-strike fault structures. Klein was the victim of a pieing in 2001 at a fashion premier at New York's Lincoln Center.

Parkfield, California earthquake (2004). Swatch manufactures watches under the Calvin Klein brand. Bam Earthquake (2003). In addition to clothing, Calvin Klein also gave his name to a range of perfumes, including CK One and CK Be (fragrances for everyone, regardless of gender), now owned by "Coty Inc.". Dudley Earthquake (2002). It is noted by many conservative organizations for its use of seemingly-underage models in pseudo-provocative poses. Gujarat Earthquake (2001). The Calvin Klein company, like many in the fashion industry, is known for its eye-catching advertising.

Nisqually Earthquake (2001). Speaking in an interview with Bianca Jagger and Andy Warhol for Interview magazine, published not long after the Baron's death Klein said:—. Chi-Chi earthquake (1999). He was hailed as the new Yves Saint-Laurent, and was noted for his clean lines and strait cuts on coats and suits. Düzce earthquake (1999). Calvin Klein was immediately recognised for his talent after his first major showing at New York Fashion Week. İzmit earthquake (1999) Killed over 17,000 in northwestern Turkey. Calvin Klein was a protegé of Baron de Gunzburg through whose introductions he became the toast of the New York elite fashion scene before he had his first mainstream success with the launch of his first jeans line.

Killed over 6,400 people in and around Kobe, Japan. Calvin Klein was raised in the Jewish immigrant community in the Bronx, New York. Great Hanshin earthquake (1995). His name is also a brand name of clothing marketed by his clothing company, which was launched in 1968. Damage showed seismic resistance deficiencies in modern low-rise apartment construction. Calvin Klein (born November 19, 1942, The Bronx, New York City, United States as Richard Klein), is a well-known fashion designer. Northridge, California earthquake (1994). Though the mailing lists were discontinued in 2002, the campaign has inspired similar marketing tactics for movies and other retail products.

Revealed necessity of accelerated seismic retrofit of road and bridge structures. These mails came at unpredictable intervals, and were supposed to give readers the feeling that they had some connection with these characters. Severely affecting Santa Cruz, San Francisco and Oakland in California. When these teens mailed these addresses, they would be placed on a mailing list that sent them mails with vague details about the models' lives, with fake details meant to make them more relatable. Loma Prieta earthquake (1989). When advertising cKone perfume in 1999, they employed a very unusual and groundbreaking campaign that displayed e-mail addresses in print advertisements, targeted at teenagers (such as anna@ckone.com or nick@ckone.com). Killed over 25,000. They also play with emerging technologies.

Armenian earthquake (1988). Another Hollywood star owing his respectable career to the Calvin Klein advertisements is Antonio Sabato Jr.. Whittier Narrows earthquake (1987). One of his male underwear models, Mark Wahlberg, went on to fame as hip hop star 'Marky Mark', launching himself into the Hollywood scene as well. 8.1 on the Richter Scale, killed over 6,500 people (though it is believed as many as 30,000 may have died, due to missing people never reappearing.). Calvin Klein's advertising campaigns are frequently controversial, but prove this can be very successful - to the point of making a blitz career. Great Mexican Earthquake (1985). Euphoria (women) [2005].

The official death toll was 255,000, but many experts believe that two or three times that number died. Obsession Night (men and women) [2005]. The most destructive earthquake of modern times. Eternity Moment (women) [2004]. Tangshan earthquake (1976). Eternity Purple Orchid (women) [2003]. Caused great and unexpected destruction of freeway bridges and flyways in the San Fernando Valley, leading to the first major seismic retrofits of these types of structures, but not at a sufficient pace to avoid the next California freeway collapse in 1989. Crave (men) [2002].

Sylmar earthquake (1971). Truth (men and women) [men 2002, women 2000]. Caused a landslide that buried the town of Yungay, Peru; killed over 40,000 people. Contradiction (men and women) [men 1998, women 1997]. Ancash earthquake (1970). cK be (unisex) [1996]. Good Friday Earthquake (1964) Alaskan earthquake. cK one (unisex) [1994, ‘Red Hot’ edition 2000, ‘Graffiti’ art edition 2003].

Biggest earthquake ever recorded, 9.5 on Moment magnitude scale. Escape (men and women) [men 1993, women 1991]. Great Chilean Earthquake (1960). Eternity (men and women) [1989]. Kamchatka earthquakes (1952 and 1737). Obsession (men and women) [men 1986, women 1985]. On the Japanese island of Honshu, killing over 140,000 in Tokyo and environs. Calvin (men) [1981].

Great Kanto earthquake (1923). Calvin Klein Jeans. San Francisco Earthquake (1906). cK. Largest earthquake in the Southeast and killed 100. Calvin Klein. Charleston earthquake (1886). Calvin Klein Collection.

Fort Tejon Earthquake (1857). New Madrid Earthquake (1811). Lisbon earthquake (1755). Kamchatka earthquakes (1737 and 1952).

Cascadia Earthquake (1700). Deadliest known earthquake in history, estimated to have killed 830,000 in China. Shaanxi Earthquake (1556). San Andreas Fault.

New Madrid Fault Zone. North Anatolian Fault Zone. Hayward Fault Zone. Calaveras Fault.

Alpine Fault. Earthquake prediction. Seismic retrofit. Household seismic safety.

Emergency preparedness. an earthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years. an earthquake of 4.7 or larger every 10 years. an earthquake of 3.7 or larger every 1 year.