Earthquake

A recently proposed theory suggests that some earthquakes may occur in a sort of earthquake storm, where one earthquake will trigger a series of earthquakes each triggered by the previous shifts on the fault lines, similar to aftershocks, but occurring years later. DeVille, Alexis Arquette, Maven Huffman, and Andrea Lowell. These oscillations of the earth are either due to the deformation of the Earth by tide caused by the Moon or the Sun, or other phenomena. Florence Henderson will guest star throughout the sixth season along with the regular cast members Tawny Kitaen, Sherman Hemsley, Steven Harwell, C.C. Another type of movement of the Earth is observed by terrestrial spectroscopy. Season six is scheduled to premiere in January 2006. Earthquakes such as these, that are caused by human activity, are referred to by the term induced seismicity. The was also the introduction of a second pet in the house: a three-legged dog named Lucky.

Thus scientists have been able to monitor, using the tools of seismology, nuclear weapons tests performed by governments that were not disclosing information about these tests along normal channels. The season featured an ongoing feud between Manigault and Dickinson. Finally, ground shaking can also result from the detonation of explosives. This season played up the show's namesake surreality by having the house decorated in a circus/carnival theme. Earthquakes have also been known to be caused by the removal of natural gas from subsurface deposits, for instance in the northern Netherlands. Season five (2005, twelve episodes) starred Omarosa Manigault ("Fear the Ultimate Reality Villain"), Janice Dickinson (Behold the World's First Supermodel"), José Canseco, Carey Hart ("Witness the Death-Defying Daredevil"), Sandra "Pepa" Denton ("Meet the Mystical Musician"), Bronson Pinchot ("Marvel at the Man from Mypos"), and Caprice Bourret (See Britain's Most Beautiful Woman"). Such earthquakes occur because the strength of the Earth's crust can be modified by fluid pressure. Like the previous season, each show featured opening credits:.

at certain geothermal power plants and at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal). Among notable moments include a feud between Da Brat and Jane Wiedlin, an agonizing relationship between Chyna and her celebrity wrestler boyfriend Sean Waltman, and Troyer getting drunk on his first day. A rare few earthquakes have been associated with the build-up of large masses of water behind dams, such as the Kariba Dam in Zambia, Africa, and with the injection or extraction of fluids into the Earth's crust (e.g. Like Strange Love, another romance-themed spinoff was developed on VH1 called My Fair Brady, documenting the romantic escapades of Knight and Curry. Some earthquakes are also caused by the movement of magma in volcanoes, and such quakes can be an early warning of volcanic eruptions. The fourth season (2005, ten episodes and a reunion) starred Da Brat, Chyna Doll, Jane Wiedlin, Christopher Knight, Verne Troyer, Marcus Schenkenberg, and Adrianne Curry. Deep focus earthquakes, at depths of 100's km, are possibly generated as subducted lithospheric material catastrophically undergoes a phase transition since at the pressures and temperatures present at such depth elastic strain cannot be supported. Following the second season, the credits feature each cast member briefly introducing themselves:.

Eventually when enough stress accumulates, the plates move, causing an earthquake. Among some of the notable moments include a speed dating night between housemates, an agonizing recording session for the group to produce an original song and Flavor's insistence that he drive the group's RV despite not having a license. Where these plates meet stress accumulates. This was also the introduction of a pet into the house: a Golden Retriever puppy. The Earth is made up of tectonic plates driven by the heat in the Earth's mantle and core. During the shooting, Brigitte and Flav became a couple, and starred in their own spin-off reality show Strange Love. Most earthquakes are powered by the release of the elastic strain that accumulate over time, typically, at the boundaries of the plates that make up the Earth's lithosphere via a process called Elastic-rebound theory. The show's third season (2004, ten episodes) starred Charo, Dave Coulier, Flavor Flav, Jordan Knight, Brigitte Nielsen, and Ryan Starr.

For example it has been calculated that the average recurrence for the United Kingdom can be described as follows:. Among other notable moments include Vanilla Ice's constant outbursts, the group's surprise stop at a nudist colony and the haywire production of a children's play, directed by Jeremy. Larger earthquakes occur less frequently than smaller earthquakes, the relationship being exponential, ie roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than 4 occur in a particular time period than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. Cantella almost walked off the show but her castmates prevented her from doing so. As a result the moment magnitude (M_W) scale was introduced by Hiroo Kanamori, which is comparable to the other magnitude scales but will not saturate at higher values. Raphael made some unflattering remarks to cast member Cannatella by calling her a slut. The values of moments for different earthquakes ranges over several order of magnitude. This also introduced Dirty Laundry, a talk show set in the Surreal Life household, hosted by Sally Jessy Raphael that has become a staple on the show ever since.

The seismic moment is calculated from seismograms but can also by obtained from geologic estimates of the size of the fault rupture and the displacement. Gary Coleman also had a memorable cameo when he was hired to be a manager of a diner where the roommates were all assigned to work for a day. Seismologists now favor a measure called the seismic moment, related to the concept of moment in physics, to measure the size of a seismic source. Some of the more memorable episodes involve Ron Jeremy's porn-star pool party and Tammy Faye's book signing. They are still useful however as they can be rapidly calculated, there are catalogues of them dating back many years and are they are familiar to the public. They all lived in a Hollywood mansion for a two-week period and were subjected to a nudist colony. However as each is also based on the measurement of one part of the seismogram they do not measure the overall power of the source and can suffer from saturation at higher magnitude values (larger events fail to produce higher magnitude values).These scales are also empirical and as such there is no physical meaning to the values. Danny Bonaduce was supposed to be a celebrity houseguest in the second season, but he dropped out before filming began.

Each of these is scaled to gives values similar to the values given by the Richter scale. The second season (2004, six episodes) starred Vanilla Ice, Ron Jeremy, Erik Estrada, Trishelle Cannatella, Tammy Faye Messner, and Traci Bingham. Other more recent Magnitude measurements include: body wave magnitude (m_b), surface wave magnitude (M_s) and duration magnitude (M_D). Former Facts of Life star Mindy Cohn was to be a houseguest, but she dropped out before filming began. It is obtained by measuring the maximum amplitude of a recording on a Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer (or one calibrated to it) at a distance of 600km from the earthquake. Among memorable incidents include a Survivor-inspired camping trip, a drama-creating Feldman who would clash with many of his roommates, and a fun loving trip to Las Vegas. This is known as the “Richter scale”, “Richter Magnitude” or “Local Magnitude” (M_L). The first season (2003, six episodes) starred MC Hammer, Corey Feldman, Gabrielle Carteris, Brande Roderick, Vince Neil, Jerri Manthey, and Emmanuel Lewis.

Richter devised a simple numerical scale (which he called the magnitude) to describe the relative sizes of earthquakes in Southern California. . In the 1930s, a California seismologist named Charles F. Its first two seasons aired in the US on The WB, and it moved to VH1 for its third and subsequent seasons. The first attempt to qualitatively define one value to describe the size of earthquakes was the magnitude scale (the name being taking from similar formed scales used on the brightness of stars). The Surreal Life is a reality television series that takes a handful of out-of-the-spotlight celebrities and showcases them in an household environment similar to The Real World or Big Brother. If you feel an earthquake in the US you can report the effects to the USGS. Similarly, Maven Huffman is the second pro wrestler to appear on the show, following in the footsteps of Season 4's Chyna Doll.

For some tasks related to engineering and local planning it is still useful for the very same reasons and thus still collected. Florence Henderson will be the second ex-"Brady" to star in a season, after Christopher Knight starred in Season 4. The problem with these scales is the measurement is subjective, often based on the worst damage in an area and influenced by local effects like site conditions that make it a poor measure for the relative size of different events in different places. No bitches here; just pure diva". No structural damage. Omarosa: "Most people see me as a villain from The Apprentice. Damage is slight in poorly built buildings. I like to do whatever I've been told not to do".

Trees and bushes shake. Bronson Pinchot: "You know me as Balki from Perfect Strangers. Plaster in walls might crack. I used to hate the fact that people would sterotype me, but now i try to use it to my advantage". Furniture moves. Caprice: "I am an International model. Pictures fall off walls. People expect me to be this wild, crazy Evel Kneivel, but I'm a really mellow person".

Objects fall from shelves. Carey Hart: "I ride bikes and break bones for a living. People have trouble walking. You can push it, but you betta not push me". Everyone feels movement. Sandy "Pepa" Denton: "You know me as Pepa from Salt-n-Pepa. The value 6 (normally denoted "VI") in the MM scale for example is:. Jose Canseco: "I brought steroids into baseball, and you either love me or hate me; theres no inbetween with me".

These assign a numeric value (different for each scale) to a location based on the size of the shaking experienced there. Janice Dickinson: "I am the world's first supermodel, and I'm one angry bitch sometimes". In the United States the Mercalli (or Modified Mercalli, MM) scale is commonly used, while Japan (shindo) and the EU (European Macroseismic Scale) each have their own scales. Da Brat: ". The first method of quantifying earthquakes was intensity scales. The biggest misconception is that I'm not fourteen years old". Earthquakes that occur below sea level and have large vertical displacements can give rise to tsunamis, either as a direct result of the deformation of the sea bed due to the earthquake or as a result of submarine landslips or "slides" directly or indirectly triggered by it. Christopher Knight: "I'm probably only known as Peter Brady.

Just as a large loudspeaker can produce a greater volume of sound than a smaller one, large faults are capable of higher magnitude earthquakes than smaller faults are. We were just punk-rock chicks, and then all of a sudden, we were ground-breakers and pioneers". The total size of the fault that slips, the rupture zone, can be as large as 1000 km, for the biggest earthquakes. Jane Wiedlin: "I was in The Go-Gos. The location on the surface directly above the hypocenter is known as the "epicenter". Calvin Klein was my big break". That point is called its "focus" or "hypocenter" and usually proves to be the point at which the fault slip was initiated. Marcus Schenkenberg: "I was considered the first male supermodel.

Using such ground motion records from around the world it is possible to identify a point from which the earthquake's seismic waves appear to originate. I won America's Next Top Model; I have no shame". The Rayleigh waves from the Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake of 2004 caused ground motion of over 1 cm even at the seismometers that were located far from it, although this displacement was abnormally large. Adrianne Curry: "I am a reality TV whore. Ground motions caused by very distant earthquakes are called teleseisms. Joanie "Chyna" Laurer: "I was a professional wrestler, and then it was gone, overnight". The power of an earthquake is distributed over a significant area, but in the case of large earthquakes, it can spread over the entire planet. Verne Troyer: "Most people know me from Austin Powers playing Mini-Me, but if I get irritated, I'll be an angry dwarf".

While almost all earthquakes have aftershocks, foreshocks are far less common occurring in only about 10% of events. If someone's a jerk, I'll turn on the bitch switch". Most large earthquakes are accompanied by other, smaller ones, that can occur either before or after the principal quake — these are known as foreshocks or aftershocks, respectively. Ryan Starr: "I was on the first season of American Idol. S-waves (secondary or shear waves) and the two types of surfaces waves (Love waves and Rayleigh waves) are responsible for the shaking hazard. Dave Coulier:. There are four types of seismic waves that are all generated simultaneously and can be felt on the ground. Charo:.

In a particular earthquake, any of these agents of damage can dominate, and historically each has caused major damage and great loss of life, but for most of the earthquakes shaking is the dominant and most widespread cause of damage. I don't like doing stuff like this; I feel like a prostitute". liquefaction, landslide), and fire or a release of hazardous materials. Jordan Knight: "I was fourteen when I joined New Kids on the Block. Large earthquakes can cause serious destruction and massive loss of life through a variety of agents of damage, including fault rupture, vibratory ground motion (i.e., shaking), inundation (e.g., tsunami, seiche, dam failure), various kinds of permanent ground failure (e.g. Brigitte Nielsen: "I became famous when I married Sylvester Stallone, and I became even more famous when I got divorced". Some deep earthquakes may be due to the transition of olivine to spinel, which is more stable in the deep mantle. Flavor Flav: "I am the greatest hype-man in the business".

At subduction zones where plates descend into the mantle, earthquakes have been recorded to a depth of 600 km, although these deep earthquakes are caused by different mechanisms than the more common shallow events. Where the crust is thicker and colder they will occur at greater depths and the opposite in areas that are hot. Most earthquakes occur in narrow regions around plate boundaries down to depths of a few tens of kilometres where the crust is rigid enough to support the elastic strain. Large numbers of earthquakes occur on a daily basis on Earth, but the majority of them are detected only by seismometers and cause no damage .

. Seismic waves including some strong enough to be felt by humans can also be caused by explosions (chemical or nuclear), landslides, and collapse of old mine shafts, though these sources are not strictly earthquakes. Most earthquakes are tectonic, but they also occur in volcanic regions and as the result of a number of anthropogenic sources, such as reservoir induced seismicity, mining and the removal or injection of fluids into the crust. Earthquakes related to plate tectonics are called tectonic earthquakes.

Events located at plate boundaries are called interplate earthquakes; the less frequent events that occur in the interior of the lithospheric plates are called intraplate earthquakes (see, for example, New Madrid Seismic Zone). The highest stress (and possible weakest zones) are most often found at the boundaries of the tectonic plates and hence these locations are where the majority of earthquakes occur. Earthquakes occur where the stress resulting from the differential motion of these plates exceeds the strength of the crust. The Earth's lithosphere is a patch work of plates in slow but constant motion (see plate tectonics).

The word earthquake is also widely used to indicate the source region itself. Earthquakes typically result from the movement of faults, planar zones of deformation within the Earth's upper crust. Earthquakes result from the dynamic release of elastic strain energy that radiates seismic waves. An earthquake is a sudden and sometimes catastrophic movement of a part of the Earth's surface.

Lake Tanganyika earthquake (2005). Many more at risk from the Kashmiri winter. Killed over 79,000 people. Kashmir earthquake (2005).

Fukuoka earthquake (2005). Sumatran Earthquake (2005). Triggered a tsunami which caused nearly 300,000 deaths spanning several countries. Epicenter off the coast of the Indonesian island Sumatra.

One of the largest earthquakes ever recorded at 9.0. Indian Ocean Earthquake (2004). Chuetsu Earthquake (2004). Not large (6.0), but the most anticipated and intensely instrumented earthquake ever recorded and likely to offer insights into predicting future earthquakes elsewhere on similar slip-strike fault structures.

Parkfield, California earthquake (2004). Bam Earthquake (2003). Dudley Earthquake (2002). Gujarat Earthquake (2001).

Nisqually Earthquake (2001). Chi-Chi earthquake (1999). Düzce earthquake (1999). İzmit earthquake (1999) Killed over 17,000 in northwestern Turkey.

Killed over 6,400 people in and around Kobe, Japan. Great Hanshin earthquake (1995). Damage showed seismic resistance deficiencies in modern low-rise apartment construction. Northridge, California earthquake (1994).

Revealed necessity of accelerated seismic retrofit of road and bridge structures. Severely affecting Santa Cruz, San Francisco and Oakland in California. Loma Prieta earthquake (1989). Killed over 25,000.

Armenian earthquake (1988). Whittier Narrows earthquake (1987). 8.1 on the Richter Scale, killed over 6,500 people (though it is believed as many as 30,000 may have died, due to missing people never reappearing.). Great Mexican Earthquake (1985).

The official death toll was 255,000, but many experts believe that two or three times that number died. The most destructive earthquake of modern times. Tangshan earthquake (1976). Caused great and unexpected destruction of freeway bridges and flyways in the San Fernando Valley, leading to the first major seismic retrofits of these types of structures, but not at a sufficient pace to avoid the next California freeway collapse in 1989.

Sylmar earthquake (1971). Caused a landslide that buried the town of Yungay, Peru; killed over 40,000 people. Ancash earthquake (1970). Good Friday Earthquake (1964) Alaskan earthquake.

Biggest earthquake ever recorded, 9.5 on Moment magnitude scale. Great Chilean Earthquake (1960). Kamchatka earthquakes (1952 and 1737). On the Japanese island of Honshu, killing over 140,000 in Tokyo and environs.

Great Kanto earthquake (1923). San Francisco Earthquake (1906). Largest earthquake in the Southeast and killed 100. Charleston earthquake (1886).

Fort Tejon Earthquake (1857). New Madrid Earthquake (1811). Lisbon earthquake (1755). Kamchatka earthquakes (1737 and 1952).

Cascadia Earthquake (1700). Deadliest known earthquake in history, estimated to have killed 830,000 in China. Shaanxi Earthquake (1556). San Andreas Fault.

New Madrid Fault Zone. North Anatolian Fault Zone. Hayward Fault Zone. Calaveras Fault.

Alpine Fault. Earthquake prediction. Seismic retrofit. Household seismic safety.

Emergency preparedness. an earthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years. an earthquake of 4.7 or larger every 10 years. an earthquake of 3.7 or larger every 1 year.