Drum

In the Sachs-Hornbostel scheme of musical instrument classification, drums belong to the membranophone class. Unicode provides the following ligatures of f, l and i: ff, fi, fl, ffi and ffl (U+fb00 through U+fb04).
. Some examples of drums from different origins. In formal typography, particularly for serifed fonts, minuscule f is one of the most commonly ligated letters. . The numeric character references in HTML and XML are "F" and "f" for upper and lower case respectively. - see drum (communication). The EBCDIC code for capital F is 198 and for lowercase f is 134.

In the past, drums were used as a means of communication and not just for their musical qualities. The ASCII code for capital F is 70 and for lowercase f is 102; or in binary 01000110 and 01100110, correspondingly. Drums are also played by percussionists whose skills can be called for in all areas of music from Classical to Heavy Rock & all areas in between. In Unicode the capital F is codepoint U+0046 and the lowercase f is U+0066. In lots of popular music and jazz, drums usually refers to a drum kit or set of drums, and drummer to the band member or person who plays them. Different digraphs can also be used, such as "pf" in German for the affricate formed by [p] and [f]. The sound of a drum depends on several variables including shell shape, size, thickness of shell, materials of the shell, type of drumhead, tension of the drumhead, position of the drum, location, and how it is struck. In other languages, F can take on different values, such as [ɸ] (voiceless bilabial fricative) in Romanized Japanese or [v] in Welsh (which uses the "ff" digraph for IPA [f]).

The membrane is struck, either with the hand or with a drumstick, and the shell forms a resonating chamber for the resulting sound. Both initial and final F are commonly used with other discrete consonants. This gives a louder and longer ring to the notes of the drum, so drums with two heads covering both ends of a tubular shell often have a small hole halfway between the 2 drumheads. The digraph "ff", pronounced [f], is often used at the end of words (and, in rare personal or placenames, at the beginning). It is usual for a drum to have some sort of hole in to let air move through the drum when it is struck. In English, F represents the voiceless labiodental fricative ([f] in IPA), although in certain words, such as "of", it can be a voiced labiodental fricative ([v] in IPA). Sometimes they have a solid shell with no holes in at all though this is rare. The use of the long s died out by the end of the 19th century, largely to prevent confusion with f.

Drums with cylindrical shells can be open at one end (as in the timbales) or, more commonly in the Western tradition, they can have another drum head. For example, "sinfulness" is rendered as "ſinfulneſs" using the long s. Other shapes include truncated cones (bongo drums) and joined truncated cones (talking drum). The minuscule f is not to be confused with ſ, the archaic long s (or medial s). In the western musical tradition, the most usual shape is a cylinder, although timpani for example use bowl-shaped shells. In Etruscan, F also stood for /w/; however, they came up with the innovation of using the digraph FH to represent the sound /f/, and the letter acquired this sound on its own when the Romans picked it up (since they had already borrowed U independently from Greek upsilon to stand for /w/). The shell almost invariably has a circular opening over which the drumhead is stretched, but the shape of the remainder of the shell varies widely. (In later Greek, this phoneme disappeared, resulting in digamma being used as a numeral only).

Drums are among the world's oldest and most ubiquitous musical instruments, and the basic design has been virtually unchanged for hundreds of years. The Phoenician form of the letter was adopted into Greek as a vowel, upsilon (which resembled its descendant, Y, but was also ancestor to our letters U, V, and W); and with another form, as a consonant, digamma, which resembled our letter F, but was pronounced /w/, as in Phoenician. Drums consist of at least one membrane, called a drumhead or drumskin, that is stretched over a shell and struck, either directly with parts of a player's body, or with some sort of implement such as a drumstick, to produce sound. The origin of F is the Semitic letter wâw that represented the sound /w/, and originally probably represented a "hook" or a "club". A drum is a musical instrument in the percussion family , technically classified as a membranophone. . For other kinds of drums, see drum (disambiguation).. All other keys can be found with their relative positions around these two keys as the index finger normally rests on F and J keys (or the middle finger in the case of D and K).

taiko. On alphanumeric keyboards, often the F and J keys (or occasionally the D and K keys) have a raised dot or bar on their surface, perceptible to the touch, to assist in typing, especially for the blind. tapan. Its name in English is ef, spelled eff when used as a verb. doyra. The letter F is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet. davul. The circled F (Unicode U+24bb and U+24d5, Ⓕ and ⓕ).

goblet drum. The parenthesized small F (Unicode U+24a1, ⒡). bodhrán. (There's no "turned small f" because were no minuscule letters at that time.). daf. The turned capital F (Unicode U+2132, Ⅎ), which is a letter that the Roman Emperor Claudius attempted to add to the Latin alphabet, the "digamma inversum". tonbak. There also exists: