Doll

Festivals. Air-breathing engines include:. . Theoretically, this should result in a better specific impulse than for rocket engines. Modern action figures, such as Action Man, are often marketing towards boys, and dolls towards girls. Air-breathing engines use atmospheric air to oxidise the fuel carried, rather than carrying an oxidiser, as in a rocket. Dolls are distinguished from action figures, which are generally of plastic or semi metallic construction and poseable to some extent, and exist largely for the purpose of marketing the television shows or films which feature the characters they are often modeled after. The 1970s and '80s saw an increased interest in improved fuel economy which brought in a return to smaller V-6 and four-cylinder layouts, with as many as five valves per cylinder to improve efficiency.

A doll or animal model of soft material is also called a plush toy or plushie. The smaller engines were commonly air-cooled and located at the rear of the vehicle; compression ratios were relatively low. A large model of hard material is called a statue. Overhead camshafts were frequently employed. The model is often a miniature, but a baby doll may be of true size. There were several V-type models and horizontally opposed two- and four-cylinder makes too. Archaeological evidence places dolls as foremost candidate for oldest known toy, having been found in Egyptian tombs which date to as early as 2000 BC. Several three-cylinder, two-stroke-cycle models were built while most engines had straight or in-line cylinders.

Others are for decoration or have some cultural significance, possibly for use in some ceremony or ritual, or as a physical representaion of a deity. Four cylinders and power ratings from 19 to 120 hp (14 to 90 kW) was followed in a majority of the models. Some dolls are intended as toys for children, usually girls, to play with. The automobile motor from Europe had a bigger range, varying from 1to12 cylinders with corresponding differences in overall size, weight, piston displacement, and cylinder bores. Sometimes, intended as keepsakes or collections for older children and adults, it could be made in wood, porcelain, bisque, celluloid or wax. Smaller cars brought about a return a to smaller engines, the four- and six-cylinder designs rated as low as 80 horsepower (60 kW), compared with the standard-size V-8 of large cylinder bore and relatively short piston stroke with power ratings in the range from 250 to 350 hp (190 to 260 kW). A doll is a model of a human (often a baby), a humanoid (like Bert and Ernie), an animal or a fictional character (like a Troll or a Smurf), usually made of cloth or plastic. In passenger cars, V-8 layouts were adopted for all piston displacements greater than 250 cubic inches (4 litres).

Corn husks. The higher forces and pressures created by these changes created engine vibration and size problems that led to stiffer, more compact engines with V and opposed cylinder layouts replacing longer straight-line arrangements. Wood. Design changes incorporated all known methods of raising engine capacity, including increasing the pressure in the cylinders to improve efficiency, increasing the size of the engine, and increasing the speed at which power is generated. Clay. The first half of the twentieth century saw a trend to increase engine power, particularly in the American models. Plastic. However, the gasoline engine, with its new emission-control devices to improve emission performance, has not yet been challenged significantly.

Paper. Although a few limited-production battery-powered electric vehicles have appeared from time to time, they have not proved to be competitive owing to costs and operating characteristics. Resin. This has created new interest in alternate power sources and internal-combustion engine refinements that were not economically feasible in prior years. Polymer-Clay. In today’s world, there has been a growing emphasis on the pollution producing features of automotive power systems. Felt. Also, the power developed for a given weight engine was reasonable; it could be produced by economical mass-production methods; and it used a readily available, moderately priced fuel--gasoline.

Wool. The internal combustion engine was originally selected for the automobile due to its flexibility over a wide range of speeds. Porcelain. This is especially evident with the popularity of diesel engines in Europe. Cloth (see also rag doll). This is partially due to the improvement of engine control systems (computers) and forced induction (turbos and superchargers), giving modern diesel engines the same power characteristics as gasoline engines. Reborn Dolls. However, in the twenty first century the diesel engine has been increasing in popularity with automobile owners.

The clown doll on Test Card F. The gasoline internal combustion engine, operating on a four-stroke Otto cycle, has traditionally been the most successful for automobiles, while diesel engines are widely used for trucks and buses. Chucky, a Good Guy doll in the horror film Child's Play. These include electric, steam, solar, turbine, rotary, and different types of piston-type internal combustion engines. Cartoon Dolls. Automotive production down the ages has required a wide range of energy-conversion systems. Worry dolls. For more conventional, reciprocating internal combustion engines the fundamental theory for two-stroke engines was established by Sadi Carnot, France, 1824, whilst the American Samuel Morey received a patent on April 1, 1826.

Voodoo doll. English inventor Sir Samuel Morland allegedly used gunpowder to drive water pumps in the 17th century. Matryoshka doll. Hero of Alexandria demonstrated both wind and steam powered machines in the 1st century, although it's not known if these were put to any practical use until much later. Kachina dolls. In a poem by Ausonius in the 4th century, he mentions a stone-cutting saw powered by water. Autopsy Babies. Some were quite complex, with aqueducts, dams, and sluices to maintain and channel the water, and systems of gears, or toothed-wheels made of wood with metal, used to regulate the speed of rotation.

Waldorf Doll. Use of water wheels in mills slowly spread through Europe over the next few centuries. Troll Doll. According to Strabo, a water powered mill was built in Kaberia in the kingdom of Mithridates in the 1st century BC. Teddy bear. By the 1st century AD, various breeds of cattle and horses were used in mills, using machines similar to those powered by humans in earlier times. Super Dollfie. The writers of those times, including Vitruvius, Frontinus and Pliny the Elder, treat these engines as commonplace, so their invention may be far more ancient.

Strawberry Shortcake. Early oared warships used human power augmented by the simple engine of the lever -- the oar itself. Société Française de Fabrication de Bébés et Jouets. These were commonly used in cranes and aboard ships during Ancient Greece, and in mines, water pumps and siege engines in Ancient Rome. Raggedy Ann and Andy. Human power was focused by the use of simple engines, such as the capstan, windlass or treadmill, and with ropes, pulleys, and block and tackle arrangements, this power was transmitted and multiplied. Pinocchio. Engines using human power, animal power, water power, wind power and even steam power date back to antiquity.

Paper Doll. While chemical and electrical engines of enormous power dominate the modern world, engines themselves are not new. Kewpie doll. Theoretically, this should result in a better specific impulse than for rocket engines. Jumeau Dolls. In the context of propulsion systems, an air breathing engine is one that uses atmospheric air to oxidise the fuel carried, rather than carrying an oxidiser, as in a rocket. Gigi. In most cases the work is supplied by exerting a torque, which is used to operate other machinery, generate electricity, pump water or compress gas.

Dollikins (also called Action Girl). In more recent usage, the term is typically used to describe devices that perform mechanical work, follow-ons to the original steam engine. Cindy Smart. The earliest mechanical computing device was called the difference engine; Military devices such as catapults are referred to as siege engines. Chatty Cathy. This form of the term has recently come into use once again in computer science, where terms like search engine, "3-D graphics rendering engine" and "text-to-speech engine" are common. Spice Girls Dolls. Practically every device from the industrial revolution was referred to as an engine, and this is where the steam engine gained its name.

Christina Aguilera Doll. The term "gin" in cotton gin is a short form of this usage. Britney Spears Doll. In original usage, an engine was any sort of mechanical device. Celebrity doll