Dolce

Dolce ( 'sweet' in Italian) may refer to:. Air-breathing engines include:. Dolce & Gabbana - a fashion design house. Theoretically, this should result in a better specific impulse than for rocket engines. DOLCE - a top level ontology developed by a (mostly) Italian research group. Air-breathing engines use atmospheric air to oxidise the fuel carried, rather than carrying an oxidiser, as in a rocket. Dolce, a restaurant co-owned by Ashton Kutcher, Danny Masterson and Wilmer Valderrama. The 1970s and '80s saw an increased interest in improved fuel economy which brought in a return to smaller V-6 and four-cylinder layouts, with as many as five valves per cylinder to improve efficiency.

Joe Dolce - Musician and Composer. The smaller engines were commonly air-cooled and located at the rear of the vehicle; compression ratios were relatively low. Dolce, a wine making term used to label wines whose level of residual sugar makes them sweeter than an amabile (medium-sweetness) wine. Overhead camshafts were frequently employed. Dolce, a musical term indicates that the performer should sing or play sweetly. There were several V-type models and horizontally opposed two- and four-cylinder makes too. Several three-cylinder, two-stroke-cycle models were built while most engines had straight or in-line cylinders.

Four cylinders and power ratings from 19 to 120 hp (14 to 90 kW) was followed in a majority of the models. The automobile motor from Europe had a bigger range, varying from 1to12 cylinders with corresponding differences in overall size, weight, piston displacement, and cylinder bores. Smaller cars brought about a return a to smaller engines, the four- and six-cylinder designs rated as low as 80 horsepower (60 kW), compared with the standard-size V-8 of large cylinder bore and relatively short piston stroke with power ratings in the range from 250 to 350 hp (190 to 260 kW). In passenger cars, V-8 layouts were adopted for all piston displacements greater than 250 cubic inches (4 litres).

The higher forces and pressures created by these changes created engine vibration and size problems that led to stiffer, more compact engines with V and opposed cylinder layouts replacing longer straight-line arrangements. Design changes incorporated all known methods of raising engine capacity, including increasing the pressure in the cylinders to improve efficiency, increasing the size of the engine, and increasing the speed at which power is generated. The first half of the twentieth century saw a trend to increase engine power, particularly in the American models. However, the gasoline engine, with its new emission-control devices to improve emission performance, has not yet been challenged significantly.

Although a few limited-production battery-powered electric vehicles have appeared from time to time, they have not proved to be competitive owing to costs and operating characteristics. This has created new interest in alternate power sources and internal-combustion engine refinements that were not economically feasible in prior years. In today’s world, there has been a growing emphasis on the pollution producing features of automotive power systems. Also, the power developed for a given weight engine was reasonable; it could be produced by economical mass-production methods; and it used a readily available, moderately priced fuel--gasoline.

The internal combustion engine was originally selected for the automobile due to its flexibility over a wide range of speeds. This is especially evident with the popularity of diesel engines in Europe. This is partially due to the improvement of engine control systems (computers) and forced induction (turbos and superchargers), giving modern diesel engines the same power characteristics as gasoline engines. However, in the twenty first century the diesel engine has been increasing in popularity with automobile owners.

The gasoline internal combustion engine, operating on a four-stroke Otto cycle, has traditionally been the most successful for automobiles, while diesel engines are widely used for trucks and buses. These include electric, steam, solar, turbine, rotary, and different types of piston-type internal combustion engines. Automotive production down the ages has required a wide range of energy-conversion systems. For more conventional, reciprocating internal combustion engines the fundamental theory for two-stroke engines was established by Sadi Carnot, France, 1824, whilst the American Samuel Morey received a patent on April 1, 1826.

English inventor Sir Samuel Morland allegedly used gunpowder to drive water pumps in the 17th century. Hero of Alexandria demonstrated both wind and steam powered machines in the 1st century, although it's not known if these were put to any practical use until much later. In a poem by Ausonius in the 4th century, he mentions a stone-cutting saw powered by water. Some were quite complex, with aqueducts, dams, and sluices to maintain and channel the water, and systems of gears, or toothed-wheels made of wood with metal, used to regulate the speed of rotation.

Use of water wheels in mills slowly spread through Europe over the next few centuries. According to Strabo, a water powered mill was built in Kaberia in the kingdom of Mithridates in the 1st century BC. By the 1st century AD, various breeds of cattle and horses were used in mills, using machines similar to those powered by humans in earlier times. The writers of those times, including Vitruvius, Frontinus and Pliny the Elder, treat these engines as commonplace, so their invention may be far more ancient.

Early oared warships used human power augmented by the simple engine of the lever -- the oar itself. These were commonly used in cranes and aboard ships during Ancient Greece, and in mines, water pumps and siege engines in Ancient Rome. Human power was focused by the use of simple engines, such as the capstan, windlass or treadmill, and with ropes, pulleys, and block and tackle arrangements, this power was transmitted and multiplied. Engines using human power, animal power, water power, wind power and even steam power date back to antiquity.

While chemical and electrical engines of enormous power dominate the modern world, engines themselves are not new. Theoretically, this should result in a better specific impulse than for rocket engines. In the context of propulsion systems, an air breathing engine is one that uses atmospheric air to oxidise the fuel carried, rather than carrying an oxidiser, as in a rocket. In most cases the work is supplied by exerting a torque, which is used to operate other machinery, generate electricity, pump water or compress gas.

In more recent usage, the term is typically used to describe devices that perform mechanical work, follow-ons to the original steam engine. The earliest mechanical computing device was called the difference engine; Military devices such as catapults are referred to as siege engines. This form of the term has recently come into use once again in computer science, where terms like search engine, "3-D graphics rendering engine" and "text-to-speech engine" are common. Practically every device from the industrial revolution was referred to as an engine, and this is where the steam engine gained its name.

The term "gin" in cotton gin is a short form of this usage. In original usage, an engine was any sort of mechanical device. . There is an overlap in English between two meanings of the word "engineer": 'those who operate engines' and 'those who design and construct new items'.

The origin of engineering was the working of engines. An engine is something that produces some effect from a given input. Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World, ISBN 0520041275. G.

J. Liquid air cycle engine/SABRE. Pulse jet. Pulse detonation engine.

Scramjet. Ramjet. Jet engine. Internal combustion engine.