Disc jockey

Aside from the many online community forums, there are now annual conventions, regional conferences, and many local seminars for mobile disc jockeys to attend. Purportedly drunk elephants raided yet another Indian village again on December 2002 [5]. The number of resources available for mobile DJs has also expanded. An attack on another Indian village occurred in October 1999, and again locals believed the reason was drunkenness, but the theory was not widely accepted [4]. These responsibilities include emceeing, event coordination, lighting direction, and sound engineering. Although locals reported that nearby elephants had recently been observed drinking beer which rendered them "unpredictable", officials considered it the least likely explanation for the attack [3]. While there are still many conventional, "human jukebox" mobile DJs, many others have assumed more reponsibilities to ensure the success of the events where they perform. In December 1998, a herd of elephants overran a village in India.

In the 21st Century, the role of the mobile disc jockey has expanded. At least a few elephants have been suspected to be drunk during their attacks. CODJA cofounder Glenn Miller became the first licensed MP3 DJ under new music licensing agreement that was introduced to Canada in 2000 by the AVLA, and had already pioneered online networking for mobile disc jockeys by starting the first bulletin board system for mobile DJs from all over North America (and eventually the world).[1]. Since male elephants are ostracized from their herds when they become sexually mature, their sex hormones can lead to aggressive behaviour. Professor Jam, a Tampa Bay, Florida disc jockey already known in the industry for having performed for many celebrities and television networks, became one of the first mobile DJs in the United States to regularly use computer technology to play music at his shows, and was the first professionally endorsed computer disc jockey internationally. There is also one other cause of elephant rage that is not the result of human activity. In the mid-1990s, computers and the Internet had a profound impact on the mobile DJ industry. They cite the following reasons:.

This is also the era when mobile disc jockeys became the top entertainment choice for most private parties including wedding receptions. Humans have mistreated elephants for the past century, and they are suffering from a kind of Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome. These publications helped to spread the word about the emerging technologies and published informational articles that were helpful to the mobile disc jockey. So many elephants have been killed just because of human cruelty and greed. Dedicated mobile disc jockey trade publications such as DJ Times magazine and Mobile Beat magazine were founded in this era. In the last ten minutes of the episode Explorer: Elephant Rage, the scientists formed this theory:. Many equipment manufacturers realized the potential market that existed for mobile DJs and raced to make equipment that was smaller, easier to use, and of better quality. To sum up the episode, scientists discover that elephants kill 300-400 humans per year, and they set out to find why.

Compact disc collections were becoming the standard to play music from. The National Geographic Society¹ aired a program describing a disturbing trend of elephants killing humans on the National Geographic Channel on Sunday, June 5, 2005. As the late 1980s turned into the 1990s, new technologies emerged. A common adage is that "Elephants never forget", and later scientific evidence seems to support they have good memories. Both associations thrive today, with an estimated 5,000 members combined as of November 2005. To break free all the elephant has to do is erase that limiting thought for in fact he is free to go.". In 1996, after being removed from the ADJA Board from a financial dispute, Keslar then went on to form the for-profit National Association of Mobile Entertainers (NAME), based in the Philadelphia area. Abiding to this conditioning the elephant is trapped for life.

The original Board of Directors were Bruce Keslar, Maureen Keslar, John Roberts, and Lori Jesse. Yet the trainer continues to tie the elephant to the tree with the same rope he’s always used, for the simple reason that the elephant has the concept in his mind that the rope is stronger than him. United States Disc Jockeys were reluctant to form anything similar until 1992 when the American Disc Jockey Association (ADJA) was incorporated. A couple of years pass and the elephant is now an adult weighing several tons. It was joined by a much broader online association called the Canadian Online Disc Jockey Association (CODJA), founded by Canadian mobile DJs Glenn Miller (not the famous bandleader) and Dennis Hampson. Learning that, the elephant doesn’t try to escape and accepts his confinement. The Canadian Disc Jockey Association (CDJA) was one of the original associations formed in 1976 as a not-for-profit trade association for disc jockeys across Canada. The young elephant tries his hardest to escape, he pulls and wriggles and jumps and crawls yet the rope just tightens and to the tree it remains tied.

Some tried to improve this image by forming professional associations. "From when an elephant is a baby they tie him for certain periods with a rope to a tree. These "Weekend Warriors", as they are called by many, helped enhance the negative stereotype of the mobile DJ; many of the same complaints from the earlier era continued. The following is taken from a newsletter. Because of the high demand for mobile DJs, many people from all facets of life jumped into the industry, hoping to make a few extra dollars on the weekends. It is called the "elephant trap". The equipment used in this era was enormous and usually required roadies (similar to those who work for bands) to set up. Another more effective method is practiced in the Indian Subcontinent which is far less physical and brutal and more mental.

Top mobile DJs in this era would have hundreds of vinyl records and/or cassette tapes to play from. Corea's elephants are also used to entertain tourists and haul logs. During the Disco era of the 1970s, demand for mobile DJs (called mobile discos in the UK) soared. African elephants are now being used for (photo) safaris. However, a few companies of this era did establish themselves as competent businesses and thrived; some even still exist today. Because of their more sensitive temperaments, they require different training methods than Asian elephants and must be trained from infancy hence Corea worked with orphaned elephants. Mobile DJs companies came and went. African elephants are more temperamental than Asian elephants, but are easier to train.

Even so, in the early years, the mobile DJ industry was seen as a last-resort choice for entertainment, as the DJs were reputed to frequently be unreliable and unprofessional. In Botswana, Uttum Corea has been working with African elephants and has several young tame elephants near Gaborone. Bands had long dominated the wedding entertainment industry, but with the advent of the less expensive mobile DJ, the demand for live performers dwindled. African elephants have long been reputed to not be domesticable, but some entrepreneurs have succeeded by bringing Asian mahouts from Sri Lanka to Africa. The definition and responsibilities of a mobile disc jockey have changed since Bob Casey's first two-turntable system for continuous playback was utilized for sock-hops in 1955. Elephants have also been used as mounts for safari-type hunting, especially Indian shikar (mainly on tigers), and as ceremonial mounts for royal and religious occasions, whilst Asian elephants have been used for transport and entertainment, and are common to circuses around the world. Unlike many club/rave DJs, mobile DJs often play more mainstream selections of music from multiple genres, they often take requests, and for mobile DJs, producing a continuous, beat-matched mix is rarely a priority. Throughout Siam, India, and most of South Asia elephants were used in the military for heavy labor, especially for uprooting trees and moving logs, and were also commonly used as executioners to crush the condemned underfoot.

Mobile DJs tend to work for hire at private functions such as wedding receptions, bar and bat mitzvah receptions, school dances, and so on, but they can occasionally be seen in bars, nightclubs, or even block parties. A large elephant in full charge could cause tremendous damage to infantry, and cavalry horses would be afraid of them (see Battle of Hydaspes). Mobile DJs travel or tour with their own sound systems and play from an extensive collection of pre-recorded music, on various media, for a targeted audience. The Carthaginian general Hannibal took elephants across the Alps when he was fighting the Romans, but brought too few elephants to be of much military use, although his horse cavalry was quite successful; he probably used a now-extinct third African (sub)species, the North African (Forest) elephant, smaller than its two southern cousins, and presumably easier to domesticate. Although it is often perceived this way, there are many mobile DJs around the world that use this as their primary career. This use was adopted by Hellenistic armies after Alexander the Great experienced their worth against king Poros, notably in the Ptolemaic and Seleucid diadoch empires. Unlike their radio counterparts, mobile DJing is primarily seen as a part-time or second career. War elephants were used by armies in the Indian sub-continent, and later by the Persian empire.

Mobile disc jockeys are an extension of the original radio disc jockeys. It is generally more economical to capture wild young elephants and tame them than breeding them in captivity. See also: Category:Hip hop DJs. Therefore elephants used by humans have typically been female, war elephants being an exception, however: as female elephants in battle will run from a male, only males could be used in war. A hip hop disc jockey is one that selects, plays and creates music as a hip hop artist and/or performer, often backing up one or more MCs. However, elephants have never been truly domesticated: the male elephant in his periodic condition of musth is dangerous and difficult to control. See also: Category:Club DJs. Seals found in the Indus Valley suggest that the elephant was first domesticated in ancient India.

The setting can range anywhere from a small club, a neighborhood party, a disco, a rave, or even a stadium. Elephants have been working animals used in various capacities by humans. A club/rave disc jockey is one that selects and plays music in a club setting. [2]. See also: Category:Radio DJs. Without tusks, elephant behavior could change dramatically. A radio disc jockey is one that selects and plays music that is broadcast across radio waves. Elephants use their tusks to root around in the ground for necessary minerals, tear apart vegetation, and spar with one another for mating rights.

The following is a list of the most common types of disc jockeys, along with notable examples of each, listed in chronological order by birth. The effect of tuskless elephants on the environment, and on the elephants themselves, could be dramatic. The selected music, the audience, the setting, the preferred medium, and the level of sophistication of sound manipulation are factors that create a number of different types of deejays. [1] It is possible, if unlikely, that continued selection pressure could bring about a complete absence of tusks in African elephants, a development normally requiring thousands of years of evolution. By definition, the role of selecting and playing prerecorded music for an intended audience is the same for every disc jockey. Tusklessness, once a very rare genetic abnormality, has become a widespread hereditary trait. College radio stations and other public radio outlets are the most common places for freeform playlists in the U.S. The propagation of the absent-tusk gene has resulted in the birth of large numbers of tuskless elephants, now approaching 30% in some populations (compare with a rate of about 1% in 1930).

However, music aficionados look upon such practices with disgust and either seek out freeform stations that put the DJs back in control, or end up dumping terrestrial radio in favor of satellite radio services or portable music players like iPods. African ivory hunters, by killing only tusked elephants, have given a much larger chance of mating to elephants with small tusks or no tusks at all. Economically, this formula has been successful across the country. The harvest of elephants, both legal and illegal, has had some unexpected consequences on elephant anatomy as well. Even song requests are sometimes co-opted into this system—a song might be announced as a request by a DJ even though it was already set to appear in the playlist. As scientists learn more about nature and the environment, it becomes very clear that these parks may be the elephant's last hope against the rapidly changing world around them. The songs to be played are usually determined by computerized algorithms, and automation techniques such as voice tracking have allowed single DJs to send announcements across many stations. Today there are still many problems associated with these parks and reserves, but there is now little question as to whether or not they are necessary.

Playlists are very tightly regulated, and the DJ is often not allowed to make any changes or additions. When confined to small territories, elephants can inflict an enormous amount of damge to the local landscapes. Today, very few DJs in the United States have any control over what is played on the air. The more often an elephant wandered off its reserve, the more trouble it got into, and the more chance it had of being shot by an angry farmer. The Top 40 format also emerged, where popular songs are played repeatedly. This did little to belie their image as a crop-raiding pest. Part of the fallout from that payola scandal was tighter control of the music by station management. Some animals died as a result, while some, like the elephants, just trampled through the fences.

Throughout the 1950s, payola was an ongoing problem. Once a fence was erected, many animals found themselves cut off from their winter feeding grounds or spring breeding areas.
. however, when most parks were created, the boundaries were drawn at the man-made borders of individual countries. These include audio mixing, cueing, slip-cueing, phrasing, cutting, beat juggling, scratching, beatmatching, needle drops, phase shifting, and more. For example, elephants range through a wide tract of land with little regard for national borders. There are several techniques that can be applied by the disc jockey as a means to manipulate the prerecorded music. Of course, there were many problems in establishing these reserves.

Other types of equipment can also be added, including samplers, drum machines, effects processors, slipmats, and Computerized Performance Systems. It was to be the first of many. The addition of a mixer (used to mix the sound of the two playback devices), a microphone (used to amplify the human voice), and headphones (used to listen to one recording while the other is playing, without outputting the sound to the audience) is strongly recommended, but not required. It was deproclaimed and reproclaimed several times before it was renamed and granted national park status in 1926. portable audio system, radio wave broadcaster). Kruger National Park in South Africa first became a reserve against great opposition in 1898 (then Sabi Reserve). a sound system for amplification of the recordings (eg. Africa's first official reserve eventually became one of the world's most famous and successful national parks.

record players, compact disc players, mp3 players) 3. The increased number of herbivores ravage the local trees, shrubs, and grasses. at least two devices for playback of sound recordings, for the purpose of alternating back and forth to create continuous playback (eg. As large predators are hunted, the local small grazer populations (the elephant's food competitors) find themselves on the rise. vinyl records, compact discs, mp3s) 2. An elephant needs an average of three hundred pounds of vegetation a day to survive. sound recordings in preferred medium (eg. They cannot hide, and it takes many years for an elephant to grow and reproduce.

The most basic equipment that is necessary for a standard disc jockey to perform consists of the following: 1. Larger, long-lived, slow-breeding animals, like the elephant, are more susceptible to overhunting, than other animals. The physical act of selecting and playing sound recordings is called deejaying, or DJing, and ranges in sophistication from simply playing a series of recordings (referred to as programming, or composing a playlist), to the manipulating of recordings, using techniques such as audio mixing, cueing, phrasing, cutting, scratching, and beatmatching, often to the point of creating original musical compositions. As forests are reduced to small pockets, elephants become part of the problem, quickly destroying all the vegetation in an area, eliminating all their resources. Today there are a number of factors, including the selected music, the intended audience, the performance setting, the preferred medium, and the development of sound manipulation, that have led to different types of deejays. Elephants need massive tracts of land because, much like the slash-and-burn farmers, they are used to crashing through the forest, tearing down trees and shrubs for food and then cycling back later on, when the area has regrown. These records, also called discs by those in the industry were jockeyed by the radio announcers, hence the name disc jockey and soon to be known as DJs or deejays. Floods and massive erosion are common results of deforestation.

The term was first used to describe radio announcers who would introduce and play popular gramophone records. The trees are responsible for anchoring soil and absorbing water runoff. . As larger patches of forest disappear, the ecosystem is affected in profound ways. A disc jockey (also called DJ, or deejay) is an individual who selects and plays prerecorded music for an intended audience. Lacking the massive tusks of its African cousins, the Asian elephant's demise can be attributed mostly to loss of its habitat. ISBN 0822331985. Another threat to elephant's survival in general is the ongoing cultivation of their habitats with increasing risk of conflicts of interest with human cohabitants.

Duke University Press. The threat to the African elephant presented by the ivory trade is unique to the species. Love Saves the Day: A History of American Dance Music Culture, 1970-1979 . Elephants' foraging activities help to maintain the areas in which they live:. Lawrence, Tim (2004). During this season, known as musth, a bull will fight with almost any other male it encounters, and it will spend most of its time hovering around the female herds, trying to find a receptive mate. edition).
. However, during the breeding season, the battles can get extremely aggressive, and the occasional elephant is injured.

ISBN 0-747-26230-6 (U.K. Ordinarily, the smaller, younger, and less confident animal will back off before any real damage can be done. London: Headline. Most of the bouts are in the form of aggressive displays and bluffs. ISBN 0-8021-3688-5 (North American edition). The dominance battles between males can look very fierce, but typically they inflict very little injury. New York: Grove Press. It is usually the older bulls, forty to fifty years old, that do most of the breeding.

Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey. The less dominant ones must wait their turn. Brewster, Bill & Broughton, Frank (2000). Only the most dominant males will be permitted to breed with cycling females. ISBN 0-704-38098-6. The males spend much more time than the females fighting for dominance with each other. London: Quartet Books. These groups are called bachelor herds.

DJ Culture. While males do live primarily solitary, lives, they will occasionally form loose associations with other males. Poschardt, Ulf (1998). Eventually, days become weeks, and somewhere around the age of fourteen, the mature male, or bull, sets out from his natal group for good. Hosted by Professor Jam and originally developed as a social gathering in 2001, it was the first dedicated computer disc jockey industry event. As he gets older, he begins to spend more time at the edge of the herd, gradually going off on his own for hours or days at a time. 2005 - Computerized Performance System Disc Jockey Summit is launched. The life of the adult male is very different.

CPS mixing culture begins to emerge and organize. They remain very aware of which local herds are relatives and which are not. 2001 - late 2001 - Atlanta, Georgia, The fist Computerized Performance System Disc Jockey gathering was scheduled and organized during the small DJ3 convention. When a group gets too big, a few of the elder daughters will break off and form their own small group. First appearing in certain East London clubs, and spreading to other music scenes, including New York City, this new DJ scene allows the average music fan to bring two iPods to an "iPod Night", plug in to the mixer, and program a playlist without the skill and equipment demanded by a more traditional DJ setup. Most immediate family groups range from five to fifteen adults, as well as a number of immature males and females. The convenience and popularity of the iPod spawns a new type of DJ, the self-penned "MP3J". In addition to encountering the local males that live on the fringes of one or more groups, the female's life also involves interaction with other families, clans, and subpopulations.

2001 - Apple Computer's iPod is introduced and quickly becomes the highest selling brand of portable digital mp3 audio player. The social circle of the female elephant does not end with the small family unit. DJs can now apply for a license giving them the right to burn their own compilation CDs of "useable tracks," instead of having to cart their whole CD collections around to their gigs. Adult males, on the other hand, live mostly solitary lives. Administered by the Canadian Recording Industry Association. These groups are led by the eldest female, or matriarch. 1999 - late 1999 - AVLA (Audio Video Licensing Agency) of Canada announces MP3 DJing license. the females spend their entire lives in tightly knit family groups made up of mothers, daughters, sisters, and aunts.

1999 - Shawn Fanning releases Napster, the first of the massively popular peer-to-peer file sharing systems. The social lives of male and female elephants are very different. Final Scratch was later bought by Stanton Magnetics, and its software development is now handled by Native Instruments. Elephants live in a very structured social order. Pinky, and Mixvibes). 60% of that food leaves the elephant's body undigested. This was the first product of it's kind, and later spawned a slew of competing products (including Serato Scratch Live, Ms. An adult elephant can consume 300 to 600 pounds (140 to 270 kg) of food a day.

This program "mapped" digital music files onto timecoded vinyl records that were then played on a traditional DJ setup. Because elephants only digest 40% of what they eat, they have to make up for their digestive system's lack of efficiency in volume. 1998 - Final Scratch is announced by Amsterdam based N2IT. Their diet is at least 50% grasses, supplemented with leaves, twigs, bark, roots, and small amounts of fruits, seeds and flowers. 1998 - The first MP3 digital audio player is released, the Eiger Labs MPMan F10. Elephants are herbivores, spending 16 hours a day collecting plant food. late 1990s - Various DJ and Video_jockey VJ_software VJ software programs are developed, allowing personal computer users to deejay or veejay using his or her personal music or video files. There are unconfirmed rumours of three other hybrid elephants born in zoos or circuses, all of were said to have been deformed and did not survive.

This new subgenre of alternative rock bears some influence from hip-hop, because rhythmic innovation and syncopation are primary, often featuring DJs as bandmembers. It is preserved as a mounted specimen at the British Natural History Museum, London. late 1990s - Nu metal bands such as KoЯn, Limp Bizkit, and Linkin Park reach the height of popularity. Sadly the calf died of infection 12 days later. 1995 - The first full-time, Internet-only radio station, Radio HK, begins broadcasting the music of independent bands. The body was African in type, but had an Asian-type centre hump and an African-type rear hump. This makes it a popular service for both amateur and professional disc jockeys operating from a personal computer. The forehead was sloping with one dome and two smaller domes behind it.

Because the radio signal is relayed over the Internet, it is possible to access internet radio stations from anywhere in the world. The wrinkled trunk was like an African elephant. 1993 - The first Internet "radio station", Internet Talk Radio, was developed by Carl Malamud. "Motty", the resulting hybrid male calf, had an African elephant's cheek, ears (large with pointed lobes) and legs (longer and slimmer), but the toenail numbers, (5 front, 4 hind) and the single trunk finger of an Asian elephant. MPEG-1 Layer-3 popularly known as MP3 (a Lossy format) will revolutionize the digital music domain. The pair had mated several times, but pregnancy was believed to be impossible. 1992 - MPEG which stands for the "Moving Pictures Experts Groups, releases The MPEG-1 standard, designed to produce reasonable sound at low bit rates. Although hybrids between different animal genera are usually impossible, in 1978, an Asian elephant cow gave birth to a hybrid calf sired by an African elephant bull (the old terms are used here as this pre-dates current classifications).

Trance was central to the success of commercial dance music and superstar DJs such as Paul Oakenfold. Many captive African elephants are probably generic African elephants as the recognition of separate species has occurred relatively recently. mid-1990s - Trance music emerges as a result of producers who wanted to transform repetitive, instrumental rave music into commercially accessible pop songs with vocals. The Forest elephant and the Savannah elephant can hybridise successfully, though their preference for different terrains reduces the opportunities to hybridise. early 1990s - The compact disc surpasses the gramophone record in popularity, but gramophone records continue to be made (although in very limited quantities) into the 21st century, particularly for club DJs and for local acts recording on small regional labels. There's also a potential danger in that if the forest elephant isn't explicitly listed as an endangered species, poachers and smugglers might thus be able to evade the law forbidding trade in endangered animals and their body parts. The innovative marketing surrounding the rave scene created the first superstar DJs. This reclassification has important implications for conservation, because it means where there were thought to be two small populations of a single endangered species, there may in fact be two separate species, each of which is even more severely endangered.

The rave scene forever changed dance music, the image of DJs, and the nature of promoting. There are two populations of African elephants, Savannah and Forest, and recent genetic studies have led to a reclassification of these as separate species, the forest population now being called Loxodonta cyclotis, and the Savannah (or Bush) population termed Loxodonta africana. The notion of "trainspotting," for example, derives from Northern Soul's emphasis on researching and collecting rare & obscure records; while preventing other DJs from stealing titles via "white labels". African elephants have a dipped back, smooth forehead and two "fingers" at the tip of their trunks, as compared with the Asian species which have an arched back, two humps on the forehead and have only one "finger" at the tip of their trunks. Many elements of the rave scene, such as baggy pants and breakdancing, appear to be inherited from the Northern Soul scene of the UK approximately 15 years earlier. Male and female African elephants have long tusks, while male and female Asian Elephants have shorter tusks, with tusks in females being almost non-existent. early 1990s - The rave scene grows out of the acid-house scene. African elephants tend to be larger than the Asian species (up to 4 m high and 7500 kg) and have bigger ears.

Originally called "acid parties" for a select few, the events grew in size and popularity, eventually spreading throughout England, Europe, the United States, and the rest of the world. It has long been known that the African and Asian elephants are separate species. 1988 - The acid house scene emerges in the UK. In the past, there was a much wider variety of elephant genera, including the mammoths, stegodons and deinotheria. This song is the first exposure of hip hop music, as well as the concept of the disc jockey as band member and artist, to many mainstream audiences. Modern elephants have retained this ability and are known to swim in that manner for up to 6 hours and 50 km. 1986 - "Walk This Way", a rap-rock collaboration by Run DMC and Aerosmith, becomes the first hip hop song to reach the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100. One theory suggests that these animals spent most of their time under water, using their trunks like snorkels for breathing.

1985 - The Winter Music Conference starts in Fort Lauderdale Florida and becomes the premier electronic music conference for dance music disc jockeys. In the distant past, members of the hyrax family grew to large sizes, and it seems likely that the common ancestor of all three modern families was some kind of amphibious hyracoid. Techno distanced itself from disco's roots by becoming almost purely electronic with synthesized beats. Although the fossil evidence is uncertain, some scientists believe there is genetic evidence that the elephant family shares distant ancestry with the Sirenians (sea cows) and the hyraxes. Being geographically located between Chicago and New York, Detroit techno combined elements of Chicago house and New York garage along with European imports. Walking at a normal pace an elephant covers about 2 to 4 miles an hour (3 to 6 km/h) but they can reach 24 miles an hour (40 km/h) at full speed. mid-1980s - Techno music emerges from the Detroit club scene. Joyce Poole, a well-known elephant researcher, has theorized that the males will fan their ears in an effort to help propel this "elephant cologne" great distances.

The style was a result of the club DJs who would unsuccessfully try to duplicate the Chicago house sound, for example, leaving out the accentuated high-hats. During the breeding season, males give off an odor from a gland located behind their eyes. mid-1980s - New York Garage emerges at DJ Larry Levan's Paradise Garage nightclub in New York. If an elephant wants to intimidate a predator or rival, it will spread its ears out wide to make itself look more massive and imposing. 1983 - Jesse Saunders releases the first house music track, "On & On". The ears are also used in certain displays of aggression and during the males' mating period. The common element of most house music is a 4/4 beat generated by a drum machine or other electronic means (such as a sampler), together with a solid (usually also electronically generated) bassline. Asians live farther north, in slightly cooler climates, and thus have smaller ears.

House music is essentially disco music with electronic beats. Therefore, they have bigger ears. The name was derived from the Warehouse club in Chicago, where the resident DJ, Frankie Knuckles, mixed old disco classics and Eurosynth pop. Africans originated and stayed near the equator, where it is warmer. 1983 - House music emerges. Differences in the ear sizes of African and Asian elephants can be explained, in part, by their geographical distribution. This event is often seen as the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The hot blood entering the ears can be cooled as much as ten degrees Fahrenheit before returning to the body.

1982 - The compact disc reached the public market in Asia and early the following year in other markets. This breeze cools the surface blood vessels, and then the cooler blood gets circulated to the rest of the animal's body. The song melded electronic hip hop beats with the melody from Kraftwerk's "Trans-Europe Express". On hot days, elephants will flap their ears constantly, creating a slight breeze. 1982 - "Planet Rock" by DJ Afrika Bambaataa is the first hip hop song to feature synthesizers. Elephant ears are made of a very thin layer of skin stretched over cartilage and a rich network of blood vessels. 1982 - The demise of disco in the mainstream by the summer of 1982 forces many nightclubs to either close or to change entertainment styles, such as by providing MTV style video dancing or live bands. The large flapping ears of an elephant are also very important for temperature regulation.

The term "video jockey", or VJ, was used to describe the fresh faced youth who introduced the music videos. Since wild elephants live in very hot climates, they must have other means of getting rid of excess heat.The elephants skin is very delicate. 1981 - Cable television network MTV is launched, originally devoted to music videos, especially popular rock music. Elephants have even been observed lifting up their legs to expose the soles of their feet, presumably in an effort to expose more skin to the air. This is considered to be the year that disco "died", although the music remained popular for several more years, particularly in underground clubs and in Europe, where the subgenres Euro Disco and Italo Disco were created. The ratio of an elephant's mass to the surface area of its skin is many times that of a human. 1979 - An anti-disco protest in Chicago's Comiskey Park marks the major backlash against disco amongst rock music fans, who preferred guitars and live drums over electronically generated sounds and beats. They have a very difficult time releasing heat through the skin because, in proportion to their body size, they have very little of it.

It was also the first real breakthrough for sampling, as the bassline of Chic's "Good Times" laid the foundation for the song. Elephants spend every day fighting an uphill battle to stay cool. 1979 - The Sugar Hill Gang release "Rapper's Delight", the first hip hop record to become a hit. Wallowing also aids the skin in regulating body temperatures. In the same year, the motion picture Saturday Night Fever popularizes discotheques and becomes one of the top-10 grossing films in history (at the time). As elephants are limited to smaller and smaller areas, there is less water available, and local herds will often come too close over the right to use these limited resources. 1977 - New York's Studio 54 nightclub grosses $7 million in its first year of business (which is roughly $21 million in today's dollars after adjusting for inflation). After bathing, the elephant will usually use its trunk to blow dirt on its body to help dry and bake on its new protective coat.

1977 - Hip hop DJ Grand Wizard Theodore invents the scratching technique by accident. Without regular mud baths to protect it from burning, as well as from insect bites and moisture loss, an elephant's skin would suffer serious damage. 1976 - American DJ and producer Walter Gibbons remixes and releases "Ten Percent" by Double Exposure, the world's first 12" single (aka "maxi-single"). Though tough, an elephant's skin is very sensitive. 1975 - Record pools begin, enabling disc jockeys access to newer music from the industry in an efficient method. Not only is it important for socialization, but the mud acts as a sunscreen, protecting their skin from harsh ultraviolet radiation. 1975 - Disco music takes off in the mainstream pop charts in the United States and Europe, causing discotheques to experience a rebirth. Wallowing is actually a very important behaviour in elephant society.

The four main elements of hip hop culture are MCing (rapping), DJing, graffiti, and breakdancing. Both species of elephants are typically grayish in colour, but the Africans very often appear brown or reddish from wallowing in mud holes of coloured soil. mid 1970s - Hip hop music and culture begins to emerge, originating among urban African Americans and Latinos in New York City. As they get older, this hair darkens and becomes more sparse, but it will always remain on their heads and tails. Years later, Kraftwerk would become a significant influence on hip hop artists such as Afrika Bambaataa and house music pioneer Frankie Knuckles. Asian calves are usually covered with a thick coat of brownish red fuzz. 1974 - German electronic music band Kraftwerk releases the 22-minute single "Autobahn", which is the precursor to the 12" single. This is most noticeable in the young.

1974 - Technics releases the first SL-1200 turntable, which evolves into the SL-1200 MK2 in 1979, currently the industry standard for deejaying. Normally, the skin of an Asian is covered with more hair than its African counterpart. Turntablism, the art of using turntables not only to play music, but to manipulate sound and create original music, is considered to begin at this time. However, the skin around the mouth and inside of the ear is paper thin. He would mix back and forth between two identical records to extend the rhythmic instrumental segment, or break. An elephant's skin is extremely tough around most parts of its body. 1974 - Jamaican-born DJ Kool Herc - who is widely regarded as the "godfather of hip hop culture" - develops a technique called breakbeat while performing block parties in his Bronx neighborhood. Another name for an elephant is pachyderm, which means "thick skin".

It should also be noted that electronics company Technics released a series of direct-drive DJ turntables during this period. However, as more habitat is destroyed, the elephants' living space becomes smaller and smaller; the elderly no longer have the opportunity to roam in search of more appropriate food and will, consequently, die of starvation at an earlier age. The total number of clubs and DJs dropped substantially, and most of the dance clubs were underground gay discos. Eventually, when the final teeth fall out, the animal will be unable to eat and will die. early 1970s - The Vietnam War, oil crisis, and economic recession has a negative impact on dance clubs and disc jockeys. Very elderly elephants often spend their final years exclusively in marshy areas where they can feed on soft wet grasses. Neighborhood block parties that are modeled after Jamaican sound systems gain popularity in Europe and in the boroughs of New York City. When an elephant becomes very old, the last set of teeth become brittle, and it must rely on softer foods to chew.

late 1960s - Most American discos either closed or were transformed into clubs featuring live bands. New teeth grow in at the back of the mouth, pushing older teeth toward the front, where they become brittle and fall out, making room for more teeth. Grasso also perfected slip-cueing, the technique of holding a record still while the turntable is revolving underneath, releasing it at the desired moment to create a sudden transition from the previous record. Instead, they have a horizontal progression, like a conveyor belt. Beatmatching is the technique of creating seamless transitions between back-to-back records with matching beats, or tempos. The teeth don't emerge from the jaws vertically like humans' do with new teeth replacing old ones from above or below. 1969 - American club DJ Francis Grasso popularizes beatmatching at New York's Sanctuary nightclub. After one year the tusks are permanent, but the other teeth are replaced six times in an elephant's life.

However, by 1968, the number of dance clubs started to decline. Unlike most mammals, which grow baby teeth and then replace them with a permanent set of adult teeth, elephants have cycles of tooth rotation throughout their entire life. mid-1960s - Nightclubs and discotheques continue to grow in Europe and the United States. Over their lives they have 26 teeth, including two upper incisors (tusks), 12 premolars, and 12 molars. These parties quickly became profitable for the promoters, who would sell admission, food and alcohol, leading to fierce competition between DJs for the biggest sound systems and newest records. Elephants' teeth are very different from those of most other mammals. Promotors, who called themselves DJs, would throw large parties in the streets that centered around the disc jockey, called the "selector". The desire for elephant ivory has been one of the major factors in the dramatic decline of the world's elephant population.

late 1950s - Jamaican sound systems, a new form of public entertainment, are developed in the ghettos of Kingston, Jamaica. As a piece of living tissue, it is relatively soft (compared with other minerals such as rock), and the tusk, also known as ivory, is strongly favoured by artisans for its carvability. 1955 - Bob Casey, a well-known sock hop DJ, introduces the first two-turntable system for the purpose of alternating back and forth between records, creating continuous playback. the tusk of both species is mostly made of calcium and phosphate. In some cases, a live drummer was hired to play beats between songs to maintain the dance floor. Asian males can have tusks as long as the much larger Africans, but they are usually much slimmer and lighter (the heaviest recorded was only 86 pounds). They would usually play 45-rpm records featuring hit singles on one turntable, while talking between songs. Female Asians have tusks which are very small or absent altogether.

1950s - American radio DJs would appear live at "sock hops" and "platter parties" and assume the role of a human jukebox. In the Asian species, only the males have large tusks. late 1940s to early 1950s - The introduction of television erodes the popularity of radio's early format, causing it to take on the general form it has today, with a strong focus on music, news and sports. Both male and female African elephants have large, impressive tusks that can reach over ten feet in length and weigh over two hundred pounds. Discos began appearing across Europe and the United States. The dominant tusk, called the master tusk, is generally shorter and more rounded at the tip from wear. 1947 - The "Whiskey-A-Go-Go" nightclub opens in Paris, France, considered to be the world's first discothèque, or disco (deriving its name from the French word, meaning a nightclub where the featured entertainment is recorded music rather than an on-stage band). Like humans who are typically right- or left-handed, elephants are usually right- or left-tusked.

in 1947 he paid a local metal worker to weld two domestic record decks together and became the first DJ to use twin turntables for continuous play. In addition, they are used for marking trees to establish territory and occasionally as weapons. 1943 - Jimmy Savile launches the world's first DJ dance party by playing jazz records in the upstairs function room of the Loyal Order of Ancient Shepherd's in Otley, England. They are used primarily to dig for water, salt, and roots; to debark trees, in order to get at the tasty pulp inside; and to move downed trees and branches when clearing a path. This is the first occurrence of sampling. Tusks are indispensable to an elephant. 1940s - Musique concrète composers utilize portions of sound recordings to create new compositions. An adult male's tusks will grow about seven inches a year.

The show, which he called Make Believe Ballroom, was an instant hit. The tusks of an elephant are upper incisors that are continuously growing. While his audience was awaiting developments in the Lindbergh kidnapping, Block played records and created the illusion that he was broadcasting from a ballroom, with the nation’s top dance bands performing live. Raising the trunk up in the air and swiveling it from side to side, like a periscope, it can determine the location of friends, enemies, and food sources. 1934 - American commentator Walter Winchell coins the term "disc jockey" (the combination of "disc", referring to the disc records, and "jockey", which is an operator of a machine) as a description of radio announcer Martin Block, the first announcer to become a star in his own right. An elephant also relies on its trunk for its highly developed sense of smell. 1929 - Thomas Edison ceases phonograph cylinder manufacture, ending the disc and cylinder rivalry. Elephants can defend themselves very well by flailing their trunk at unwanted intruders or by grasping and flinging them.

1927 - Christopher Stone becomes the first radio announcer and programmer in the United Kingdom, on the BBC radio station. They also use them while play-wrestling, caressing during courtship, and for dominance displays - a raised trunk can be a warning or threat, while a lowered trunk can be a sign of submission. 1920s - "Juke-joints" become popular as a place for dancing and drinking to jukebox music. Familiar elephants will greet each other by entwining their trunks, much like a handshake. The on-air announcers and programmers would later be known as disc jockeys. This appendage also plays a key role in many social interactions. In the early radio age, content typically includes comedy, drama, news, music, and sports reporting. On top of this watery coating, the animal will then spray dirt and mud, which act as a protective sunscreen.

1910s - Regular radio broadcasting begins, using "live" as well as prerecorded sound. Elephants also inhale water to spray on their body during bathing. 1906 - Reginald Fessenden transmits the first audio radio broadcast in history when he plays Christmas music from Brant Rock, Massachusetts. Elephants suck water up into the trunk (up to fifteen quarts [14.2 liters] at a time) and then blow it into their mouth. The disc system gradually becomes more popular due to its cheaper price and better marketing. The trunk is also used for drinking. mid-1890s to early 1920s - Cylinder and disc recordings, and the machines to play them on, are widely mass marketed and sold. If the desired food item is too high up, the elephant will wrap its trunk around the tree or branch and shake its food loose or sometimes simply knock the tree down altogether.

1892 - Emile Berliner begins commercial production of his gramophone records, the first disc record to be offered to the public. They will graze on grass or reach up into trees to grasp leaves, fruit, or entire branches. The earliest versions played only a single record, but multiple record devices, called jukeboxes, were soon developed. However, except for the very young or infirm, elephants always use their trunks to tear up their food and then place it in their mouth. 1889 - Coin-slot phonograph machines, the general public's first encounter with recorded sound, begin to be mass produced. Most herbivores (plant eaters, like the elephant) are adapted with teeth for cutting and tearing off plant materials. 1887 - German-American Emile Berliner invents the gramophone, a lateral disc device to record and playback sound. According to biologists, the elephant's trunk is said to have over forty thousand individual muscles in it, making it sensitive enough to pick up a single blade of grass, yet strong enough to rip the branches off a tree.

1877 - Thomas Alva Edison invents the phonograph cylinder, the first device to playback recorded sound, in the United States. To facilitate this, African elephants are equipped with two fingerlike projections at the tip of their trunk, while Asians have only one. 1857 - Leon Scott invents the phonoautograph, the first device to record arbitrary sound, in France. The trunk is basically used to manipulate objects. In 1955, Bob Casey (born 1941), a well-known sock hop DJ, introduced the first two-turntable system for the purpose of alternating back and forth between records, creating continuous playback. It is a fusion of the nose and upper lip, elongated and specialized to become the elephant's most important and versatile appendage. DJ Jazzy Jeff (born 1965), of DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince (also backed Will Smith on his solo efforts). The proboscis, or trunk, is perhaps the elephant's most distinctive feature.

Mix Master Mike (born 1970), skilled DJ of hip hop group Beastie Boys, three-time winner of the International DMC Turntablism Award. So, the more allomothers, the better the calf's chances of survival. DJ Qbert (born 1969), founding member of the turntablism group the Invisibl Skratch Piklz and three-time winner of the International DMC Award. Providing a calf with nutritious milk means the mother has to eat more nutritious food herself. Terminator X (born 1966), DJ of the highly infuential hip hop group Public Enemy. The more allomothers a baby has, the more free time its mother has to feed herself. & Rakim, popularized the James Brown-sampled funky hip hop of the late 1980s. They walk with the young as the herd travels, helping the calves along if they fall or get stuck in the mud.

(born 1965), one half of duo Eric B. According to Cynthia Moss, a well-known researcher, these allomothes will help in all aspects of raising the calf. Eric B. After the initial excitement dies down, the mother will usually select several full-time baby-sitters, or "allomothers", from her group. Jam Master Jay (1965-2002), founder and DJ of Run-DMC, one of the most innovative hip hop groups of all time. The baby is born nearly blind and at first relies, almost completely, on its trunk to discover the world around it. Created first hip hop track to feature synthesizers; "The godfather of Hip Hop". All the adults and most of the other young will gather around the newborn, touching and caressing it with their trunks.

Afrika Bambaataa (born 1960), instrumental in the development of hip hop from its birth in the South Bronx to its international success. In fact, a new calf is usually the center of attention for all herd members. Created the Quick Mix Technique which allowed a DJ to precisely extend a break using two copies of the same record; essentially invented modern turntablism. Since everyone in these herds is related, there is never a shortage of baby-sitters. Grandmaster Flash (born 1958), one of the early pioneers of hip-hop DJing, cutting, and scratching. All members of the tightly knit female group participate in the care and protection of the young. DJ Kool Herc (born 1955), inventor of breakbeat technique, "the father of hip hop culture". Today, however, the pressures humans have put on the wild elephant populations, from poaching to habitat destruction, mean that the elderly often die at a younger age, leaving fewer teachers for the young.

Keoki (born 1969), famous techno musician, portrayed in the 2003 film Party Monster. The ability to pass on information and knowledge to their young has always been a major asset in the elephant's struggle to survive. 1 DJ in the World' for the third consecutive year in 2004. Instead, they must rely on their elders to teach them the things they need to know. Tiesto (born 1969), one of world's leading trance music DJs, voted DJ Magazine's 'No. They are born with fewer survival instincts than many other animals. Paul Oakenfold (born 1963), British record producer, remixer, and one of the best-known DJs worldwide, referred to as a Superstar DJ. Elephants have a very long childhood.

Frankie Knuckles (born 1955), the godfather of house music. and stand over 2½ feet tall. Larry Levan (1954-1992), leader of New York Garage music. After a twenty-two-month pregnancy, the mother will give birth to a calf that will weigh about 250 lbs. Francis Grasso (1948-2001), popularized several new disc jockey techniques, including beatmatching and slip-cueing. In this way, they are assuring that their offspring will have the best possible chance of survival. David Mancuso (born 1944), founder of New York City's first underground party called the Loft. Females want to breed with the bigger, stronger, and, most importantly, older males.

Jim Ladd (born 1948), the last remaining freeform rock DJ in United States commercial radio. The word fitness, in an ecological sense, means the animal best suited to survive in its environment and pass on its genes. John Peel (1939-2004), one of the original DJs of UK's Radio 1 in 1967, known for the extraordinary range of his taste in music, and for championing unknown musical artists. A female will usually be ready to breed around the age of thirteen, at which time she will seek out the most "fit" male to mate with. Wolfman Jack (1938-1995), drew upon his love of horror movies and rock and roll to create his raspy-voiced, howling persona, one of radio’s most distinctive voices. Elephant social life, in many ways, revolves around breeding and raising of the calves. Also the voice of Shaggy in the Scooby-Doo cartoon series. An enormous animal nonetheless, it is considerably smaller than its other Asian (and African) cousins and exists only on the island of Sumatra, usually in forested regions and partially wooded habitats.

Casey Kasem (born 1932), disc jockey and music historian, host of the long-running radio series American Top 40. Mature Sumatrans will usually only measure about 10 feet at the shoulder and weigh less than nine thousand pounds. Dick Clark (born 1929), host of American Bandstand, television's longest-running music/variety program, as well as a number of nationally syndicated radio shows. It is very light gray and has less depigmentation than the other Asians, with pink spots only on the ears. In 1947 he was the first ever DJ to use twin turntables for continuous play after he paid a local metal worker to weld two domestic record decks together. Population estimates for this group range from 33,000 to 53,000 individuals. Jimmy Savile (born 1926), British DJ and television personality, best known for his BBC television show Jim'll Fix It where he made the wishes of members of the public (mainly children) come true. The smallest of all the elephants is the Sumatran Asian elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus).

Murray "The K" Kaufman (1922-1982), influential rock and roll disc jockey, for a time was billed as the "Fifth Beatle". It prefers forested areas and transitional zones, between forests and grasslands, where greater food variety is available. Alan Freed (1922-1965), became internationally known for promoting African-American Rhythm and Blues music in the United States and Europe under the name of Rock and Roll. The mainland Asian can be found in 12 Asian countries, from india to Indonesia. Martin Block (1901-1967), the first radio disc jockey to become a star, inspired the term "disc jockey". Large males will ordinarily weigh only about 11,000 pounds but are as tall as the Sri Lankan. Christopher Stone (1882–1965), became the first disc jockey in the United Kingdom in 1927. Numbering approximately 36,000, these elephants are lighter gray in colour, with depigmentation only on the ears and trunk.

Another subspecies, the mainland Asian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) makes up the bulk of the Asian elephant population. This program plays a large role to protect the Sri Lankan Elephant from extinction. There is an Orphanage for Elephants in Pinnawala Sri Lanka, which gives shelter to disabled, injured Elephants. typically their ears, face, trunk, and belly have large concentrations of pink-speckled skin.

Sri Lankan males have very large cranial bulges, and both sexes have more areas of depigmentation than are found in the other Asians. Large males can weigh upward to 12,000 pounds and stand over 11 feet tall. There are an estimated total of only 3,000-4,500 members of this subspecies left today in the wild, although no accurate census has been carried out in the recent past. Found only on the island of Sri Lanka, a small country off the southeast coast of India, it is the largest of the Asians.

The first subspecies is the Sri Lankan Asian elephant (Elephas maximus maximus). An Asian elephant can also be distinguished by the large bulges of depigmentation on the skin. It has smaller ears, shaped like the subcontinent of India, and typically only the males have large external tusks. In general, the Asian elephant is smaller than the African.

As with the Loxodonta, there are distinct subspecies of Elephas maximus. The causes of this decline are much the same as that of the African. Perhaps the Asian elephants' decline has been less noticeable because it has been more gradual. Today scientists estimate the world population of Asian elephants, or Elephas maximus, to be approximately 40,000, less than one-tenth the number of African elephants.

Normally they inhabit the dense forests of central and western Africa, though occasionally they do inhabit the edges of forests and overlap territories with bush elephants. Much less is known about these animals than their savanna cousins because environmental and political obstacles make them very difficult to study. The Forest Elephant can weigh up to 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) and stand about 10 feet (3 m) tall. Compared with the Savanna Elephant, its ears are usually smaller and rounder, and its tusks are also thinner and straighter.

The other, less numerous species is the Forest Elephant, recently reclassified as Loxodonta cyclotis. They range over most of Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Most often, Savanna Elephants are found in open grasslands, marshes, and lakeshores. In fact, it is the largest land animal in the world, standing on average 13 feet (4 meters) at the shoulder and weighing approximately 15,400 pounds (7,000 kilograms).

Today, Loxodonta africana refers specifically to the Savanna Elephant, the largest of all the elephants. Recent DNA analysis has led scientists to reclassify the two races as distinct species. Until the late 20th century, scientists recognized one species of African elephants, Loxodonta africana, and two subspecies, or races, within the species. Both males and females have external tusks and are usually less hairy than their Asian cousins.

The African elephant is typically larger than the Asian and has a concave back. Africans' ears are much larger and are shaped like the continent of their origin. The most noticeable difference is the ears. African elephants are distinguished from Asians in several ways.

This decline is attributed primarily to poaching, or illegal hunting, and habitat loss. One decade later, only around 600,000 remain. As recently as 1979 there were an estimated 1.3 million African elephants. Others argue that while elephants are locally overabundant in certain areas, it is impossible to ignore the fact that the overall population has dropped by a staggering amount.

Some believe this represents a stable population and that measures to protect them are unnecessary. Today there are approximately 600,000 African elephants in the world. In recent years, Loxodonta has received the attention of the world because of its dwindling numbers. The mammals of the genus Loxodonta, often known collectively as African elephants, are found in several regions throughout the continent after which they are named.

. The elephant is now a protected animal, and keeping one as a pet is prohibited around the world. Recent findings of animal remains in central China show Prehistoric elephants ate humans. Their scattered skulls, featuring a single large trunk-hole at the front, formed the basis of belief in existence of cyclops, one-eyed giants, which are featured in Homer's Odyssey.

The smallest elephants, about the size of a calf or a large pig, were a pre-historic variant that lived on the island of Crete until 5000 BC, possibly 3000 BC. It was male and weighed 12,000 kilograms (26,400 lb). The largest elephant ever recorded was shot in Angola in 1974. An elephant may live as long as 70 years.

It takes 20 to 22 months for a baby elephant to mature to birth, the longest gestation period of any land animal. At birth it is common for an elephant calf to weigh 120 kg (265 lb). Elephants are the largest land animals and largest land mammals alive today. Other species have become extinct since the last ice age, which ended about 10,000 years ago.

Elephantidae has three living species: the Savannah Elephant and Forest Elephant (which were collectively known as the African Elephant) and the Asian Elephant (formerly known as the Indian Elephant). Elephantidae (the elephants) is a family of animals, and the only remaining family in the order Proboscidea. As a defense against their tusked counterparts, these elephants typically learn to be far more aggressive and sometimes willing to attack unprovoked. Tuskless elephants are becoming increasingly more common, particularly in Asia where they may rank as high as 40%.

Elephants used for work can be pushed too far, and they lash out from the stress at their handlers. When a herd was found eating crops from the farmers crop field, they attempted to drive them away by shooting above their heads and tossing sticks that they lit on fire. Humans are slowly destroying the food source of elephants by human development.