Cleveland Browns

After the New England Patriots victory over the Philadelphia Eagles at the Super Bowl, Patriots' defensive coordinator Romeo Crennel signed on as the 11th head coach for the Browns and first African American coach in the team's history.
. Savage was previously an administrative member for the Baltimore Ravens and the Browns before 1995. ISBN 0-7868-8352-9. On January 6, 2005, it was announced that Phil Savage signed on as general manager. In 1977, Aljean Harmetz wrote The Making of The Wizard of Oz, a detailed description of the creation of the film based on interviews and research; it was updated in 1989. As Super Bowl XXXIX approached, there was much speculation over who would become the new head coach. It is also consistently in the top 100 on the IMDB Top 250 Films List.

Offensive Coordinator Terry Robiskie was named interim head coach for the remainder of the season. The film is #6 on the American Film Institute's 100 years, 100 movies list, and two songs from the film are on the 100 years, 100 songs list ("Ding, Dong, the Witch is Dead" was #82 and "Over the Rainbow" was #1). Despite a 2002 AFC Wild Card qualification, the team saw a dismal record during the next two seasons leading to Butch Davis' resignation in December 2004. The film has been deemed "culturally significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Palmer was suceeded by former University of Miami coach Butch Davis. For more detail about this, see Possible film and music synchronizations. To date though, the franchise has not lived up to its lofty early expectations, with Palmer being dismissed after the 2000 season and Policy leaving the team in 2003. There are also several coincidences between this movie and the Pink Floyd album, Dark Side of the Moon.

The team returned with high hopes and expectations, featuring solid ownership, solid general management in the form of former San Francisco 49ers president Carmen Policy, and head coach Chris Palmer. There is also a similar theory that portrays the elements of the story together as a populist allegory. In death he would turn over the team to his son, Randy. and, of course, on the side of the Allies. Lerner would usher in the team's rebirth in 1999, but would die in October 2002 - four years to the day he was awarded the new Browns franchise. And the seemingly "muddled" good witch, Glinda, appears to represent God: all-knowing, all-powerful.. In early 1998 the National Football League began its search for an owner for the reborn Browns, finding one later in the year in Al Lerner, a former limited partner of the original Browns and a friend of Art Modell. He is, in fact, the spirit of democracy.

Modell would in turn be granted a new franchise for Baltimore, the Baltimore Ravens, and the Browns' history, records, awards and archives would remain in Cleveland, to be given to the new franchise when awarded. He is both a supreme humanitarian and a misanthrope, in that he excels at detecting the weaknesses of others, because he knows his own so well. In early 1996, the National Football League announced that the team would be 'deactivated' for three years, and that a new stadium would be built for a new Cleveland Browns team that would begin play in 1999. The Wizard who encourages and profits from the defeat of the Western Witch turns out to be another version of the same flimflam man she met at home, a cynical politician who realizes that none of Dorothy's allies truly require anything that they didn't already have. Virtually all of the team's sponsors immediately pulled their support, leaving Cleveland Stadium devoid of advertising during the team's final weeks. Modell was forced to resign from the membership (and in many cases, leadership positions) of local civic and charitable organizations, and would literally be forced to leave the city - never to return. To defeat Fascism, she receives the aid of Britain (Glinda), the naive peasantry (the Scarecrow), the dehumanized Proletariat (the heartless Tin Man), and the emasculated nobility (Cowardly Lion). The announcement was met with unprecedented resistance from Browns fans, with over 100 lawsuits filed by fans, the city of Cleveland, and a host of others. She defeats Stalinism when her house falls upon the Eastern Witch early on, which suggests the overwhelming power of commercial capitalism and its precedence in Western Europe.

After seeing new stadiums built for other major teams, after years of complaining that a new stadium would be necessary to sustain the viability of the franchise, and despite years of sellouts and profitability, in November 1995, Modell announced he would relocate the Browns to Baltimore, Maryland for 1996. She enters a more colourful Europe (Munchkinland), threatened by the Wicked Witches of the East (Stalinism) and West (Fascism). Cleveland City Council offered Modell an indoor stadium that would seat 68,000. Modell was upset that the new stadium would be too small, so he decided to put his own money into renovation of the old Cleveland Stadium. Roosevelt's New Deal (the flimflam magician) for hope. Team owner Art Modell complained that he wanted a new stadium in the late 1980s. Such obscure and esoteric interpretations usually posit Dorothy as representing a depressed, monochrome America, turning to Franklin D. The AFC Championship games against the Broncos produced some famous moments, including The Drive(1987) and The Fumble(1988). Several film scholars have written interesting interpretations of the film, including several attempts by structuralist semiologists suggesting that the film was intended to prepare America for entry into war, although this ignores the fact that the Second World War had not yet started.

In 1986, 1987 and 1989 the Browns would come one step short of a Super Bowl appearance, in each case falling to the Denver Broncos in the AFC Championship Game. On May 24, 2000, a pair of ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in the film (with red sequins; seven pairs are believed to exist) sold at auction for $666,000. The 1980 team, known affectionately as the Kardiac Kids lost a heartbreaking AFC Semifinal to the Oakland Raiders. Wizard of Oz collectibles, such as autographs and props from the film, are among the most sought-after of all movie memorabilia. Though the team won division championships in 1971, 1980, 1985, 1986, 1987 and 1989, the team would fail to maintain their past success in winning league championships. Director John Boorman utilized aspects of the film in his 1974 science fiction classic Zardoz. While the realignment would greatly benefit the Steelers, the placement of the Browns into the AFC's Central Division would not be as good. The movie continues to generate a cult following, despite its age and original creative intent as a musical cinematic fable for children.

The 1970 AFL-NFL merger would see the Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers and Baltimore Colts (the original, AAFC Colts were disbanded in 1950, with a new franchise being awarded for 1953) in the new American Football Conference aligned with the 10 teams of the American Football League. After completion of the film, the coat was presented to Baum's widow who confirmed it was indeed his. Despite the change in leagues and what many football fans saw as a graduation to "the big league," the Browns simply resumed their dominant position among pro football teams, appearing in the next six NFL championship games, and capturing three championships during the 1950s. The inside pocket had his name on it. After the 1949 season the AAFC merged with the rival National Football League, with the Browns joining the San Francisco 49ers and Baltimore Colts as members of the older circuit. Frank Baum (the author of the Oz series of books). In either event, the Browns were extremely successful in the early part of their existence, dominating the new All-America Football Conference, winning all four of its championships including with a landmark 1948 season in which they went unbeaten and untied - 24 years before the 'first' perfect team, the 1972 Miami Dolphins. According to another story, which appears to be true, the coat Frank Morgan wore as Professor Marvel, which was handpicked from a second-hand clothing rack, once belonged to L.

Brown was uncomfortable with the idea of having the team named after him, stating publicly that the team was named after boxing champion Joe Louis who was known as the "Brown Bomber ". On a late-night talk show in the 1960s, seemingly a little "medicated" herself, the host started to ask about the little people, and she blurted out, "They were drunks!" The audience roared, and that episode fed fuel to the story. The team was to be named the Cleveland Panthers, but a semi-pro team was using that name and threatened to sue if the AAFC club used it as well. McBride then named the team after its first head coach, Paul Brown. This rumor was enhanced significantly by Judy Garland herself. The Cleveland Browns were founded in 1946 under owner Arthur McBride. Additionally, the large group of "little people" cast to play the Munchkins were rumored to have held wild drunken orgies, but these stories are likely to have been exaggerated. See the Franchise History entry below for full details of the move. The re-release of the movie to theaters for a time in the late 1990s settled this issue, as the picture was large enough to reveal the truth that the small TV screen had made to seem ambiguous.

Some, however, consider the 1996 Baltimore Ravens and the relocated 1995 Browns as one continuous entity, often using the term The Modell Franchise to denote it (after its long-time owner, Art Modell). It is in fact an animal handler recapturing an escaped bird. For that reason, official records and Pro Football Hall of Fame players are attributed to the Browns and not to the Ravens. This is not true. In an agreement between the city of Cleveland and the National Football League, the name, colors and history of the Browns were to remain in Cleveland, while the relocated club would technically be a new league franchise, the Baltimore Ravens. The most common of these, which refuses to die, claims that one of the cast or crew hanged himself on the set, and can be seen in the Enchanted Forest scene. In some accounts there may be confusion regarding the team's history due to unusual and unprecedented actions taken following the relocation of the original team to Baltimore, Maryland following the 1995 season. The Wizard of Oz has generated many rumors and stories, some of which have reached the level of urban legends.

The Cleveland Browns are a National Football League team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The movie is just vague enough on that point to leave the door open to such an explanation. Eric Turner. A counterargument to that complaint is that this was not necessarily an ordinary dream -- her uncle comments that "for awhile there we thought you were going to leave us" -- and that her experience might have been "real", but in another dimension. Vinny Testaverde. The main point of contention with Baum's fans is the ending, which they feel strongly goes against the nature of the original. In Baum's novel, there is no hint that Oz is anything but a real place, to which Dorothy returns repeatedly (she eventually moved to Oz permanently and was joined by her aunt and uncle) in the numerous sequels. Webster Slaughter. The fans who have this opinion generally tend to agree that Return to Oz, the 1985 semisequel to The Wizard of Oz, is much closer to the feel of the original books and blame The Wizard of Oz for spreading misconceptions of the book, and the unpopularity of the image of Oz Return to Oz portrays.

Brian Sipe. The trees then shake in pain and terror. Andre Rison. He also uses his axe to chop off all the limbs of anthropomorphized trees, which are not capable of speaking as in the movie. Michael Dean Perry. Some fans believe that the book tends to be a lot darker and in some places even gruesome, greatly diverging from the movie. For instance, in the book there is a scene in which the Tin Woodsmen chops the head off a tiger. Frank Minnifield. Also the Tin Woodsman's name is changed to simply the Tin Man.

Eric Metcalf. In the book, however, the Witch of the North's name is not given; and Dorothy must journey to visit Glinda, the Good Witch of the South, to learn how to use the silver shoes. Clay Matthews. In the movie, Glinda is the name of the Good Witch of the North who returns to show Dorothy how to use the Ruby Slippers to go home. Kevin Mack. This was changed to show off the film's sophisticated color technology. Bernie Kosar. It is also worth noting that in the original book the enchanted slippers were silver, not ruby.

Kelly Holcomb. Numerous other abridgments occur: for example, the mice have no involvement with the band's escape from the poppies in the movie; a blizzard is used instead. Leroy Hoard. The book featured several sub-plots (including a confrontation with the belligerent Hammer-Heads and a visit to a town with inhabitants and structures constructed of china) that, though relevant, weren't integral to the main plot. Robert Griffith. Baum originally provided complex back stories for all the characters and locations, which are largely omitted in the film. Bob Golic. The film's basic plot is not very different from the original novel, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, but quite a bit less detailed.

Hanford Dixon. The movie ends with Dorothy hugging Toto and exclaiming to her Aunt Em that there really is no place like home. Tim Couch. She tells them about her journey, and they tell her it was all a bad dream. Ernest Byner. Dorothy and Toto say goodbye to their friends, and Glinda instructs her to click her heels together and repeat the words, "There's no place like home." She awakens in her Kansas house surrounded by her family and friends. 76 Lou Groza. When asked what she has learned, a tearful Dorothy replies that, if she can't find what she's looking for in her own backyard, then she never really lost it to begin with.

46 Don Fleming. both herself and "Toto too!" She didn't tell her at first, though, because Dorothy had to learn a lesson. 45 Ernie Davis. She tells Dorothy that she can use the ruby slippers to return home.. 32 Jim Brown. Just as Dorothy is resigning herself to spending the rest of her life in Oz, Glinda appears. 14 Otto Graham. ("I can't come back! I don't know how it works!").

Gary Baxter. Dorothy goes after him, and the Wizard accidentally takes off, unable to get back to the ground. Kellen Winslow Jr. Just before takeoff, though, Toto jumps out of the balloon's basket to chase a cat. Lee Suggs. He announces to his people that he will leave the Scarecrow, the Tinman and the Lion in charge of the Emerald City. Dennis Northcutt. He promises to take Dorothy home in the same balloon that got him there in the first place.

William Green. He explains to them that his presence in Oz was an accident, that he was lost in a hot air balloon, and that he is, in fact, from Kansas as well (which seems strange since the text on his balloon reads "Omaha", a town in Nebraska). Braylon Edwards. He gives the Scarecrow a diploma, the Tinman a heart-shaped clock (he calls it a "testimonial"), and the Lion a badge of courage. Trent Dilfer. The four friends are horrified, but the Wizard solves their problems. André Davis. Dorothy scolds the Wizard for lying, and they soon discover, thanks to Toto's exploring, that the Wizard is just a man behind a curtain (also played by Frank Morgan), and not really a wizard at all.

Andra Davis. He tells them to come back later. Antonio Bryant. Once they are in the wizard's room they present the broom to a shocked Wizard. Joe Andruzzi. Footage of this scene no longer exists, except for a few frames seen in a later re-issue trailer. Bill Willis. Originally, the crew returned to the Emerald City to a "hero's welcome", with everyone singing "The Wicked Witch is Dead". This too was cut after early previews.

Paul Warfield. They give Dorothy the broomstick and allow them to leave. Ozzie Newsome. To the travelers' surprise, her soldiers are delighted. Marion Motley. Dorothy grabs a nearby bucket of water and, in throwing the water on her friend, she also hits the Witch and causes her to melt. Bobby Mitchell. The Witch stops them, and once she and her soldiers have them cornered, sets the Scarecrow on fire.

Mike McCormack. When they finally get inside the castle, they find Dorothy and try to escape (to the tune of Moussorgsky's A Night on Bald Mountain). Dante Lavelli. It too was cut after an early preview of the film.). Leroy Kelly. (Originally, during these scenes there was a reprise of Dorothy, in terror, singing "Over the Rainbow" with slightly altered lyrics. Lou Groza. Dorothy cries out to her aunt, but the image of Aunt Em soon turns into the Wicked Witch, cackling and mocking Dorothy, terrifying her; then turning and facing the camera, continuing her devilish laughter before fading out.

Otto Graham. As she waits and cries, she sees her Aunt Em in the crystal ball, wondering where her niece is. Frank Gatski. When the hourglass runs out, Dorothy will die. Len Ford. Dorothy, meanwhile, is locked inside a chamber with an hourglass and a crystal ball. Joe DeLamielleure. He finds their friends and leads them to the castle to save Dorothy.

Paul Brown. The latter, however, escapes. Jim Brown. In a fury, the Witch orders one of her monkey slaves to kill Toto. Once Dorothy gets to the witch's castle, the Witch demands the ruby slippers, but it turns out that Dorothy cannot remove them. Some writers have pointed out that the bouncy song was inappropriate to the mood of the scene, and that cutting it was a wise decision.).

Unfortunately, the original footage appears to have been lost. (The only archival evidence remaining of this scene is the sound recordings and a backstage home movie filmed during rehearsals. It, too, was cut after an early preview. I've sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them" she sends a fictitious bug, "the jitterbug", that bites or stings them, causing Dorothy and friends to dance helplessly until the flying monkeys arrive to take Dorothy and Toto away.

Here was another deleted scene that the witch hints at when she says "They'll give you no trouble; I promise you that. On their way to her castle, flying monkeys, sent by the Wicked Witch, capture Dorothy and Toto and take them to the castle. He bellows that he will only help them if they can obtain the broomstick of the Witch of the West. When the party meets the Wizard, they find him to be a terrifying floating head surrounded by fire.

Given the full text of that message, arguably the executives also felt some ideas were too silly.). A lot of the witch's scenes were cut, or script ideas never filmed, because MGM executives felt it made the witch too scary for kids. (Originally it was "SURRENDER DOROTHY OR DIE SIGNED WWW"; the last few words were cut after the first preview. After some difficulty, they finally make it to the Wizard.

They clean up, and just before they go to see the Wizard, the Wicked Witch flies above the Emerald City, writing the words "SURRENDER DOROTHY" in the sky with her broomstick. Inside the Emerald City, everything is green except for the Horse of a Different Color, who changes colors several times while taking the group to a salon. They immediately arrive at the Emerald City, where they are only allowed in after Dorothy proves that Glinda sent her there. The Scarecrow and the Tinman (who are not conventional living creatures and are immune to the spell) cry for help, and Glinda produces a counterspell in the form of a snow shower to wake everybody up.

She produces a giant field of poppies that put Dorothy, Toto and the Lion to sleep. Just before the group reaches the Art Deco-style Emerald City, the Wicked Witch casts a spell to stop them. Originally there was a scene with dozens of bees flying around the Tin Man. The second one was a scene where the witch follows up on her threat to turn the Tin Man into a beehive.

First was about 2 minutes of Ray Bolger's "If I only had a brain" song scenes. Two scenes filmed along the way were cut. They too decide they will visit the Wizard to obtain what they desire, despite the Witch's threats to stop them. All three of them sing songs detailing their difficult handicaps.

On her journey, Dorothy befriends a brainless talking scarecrow (Ray Bolger), a heartless (though very kind) tin woodsman (Jack Haley), and a cowardly lion (Bert Lahr). Before Glinda disappears in her bubble, she tells Dorothy never to take off the slippers, and to always follow the Yellow Brick Road (as opposed to the red brick road which starts at the same point). Glinda tells Dorothy that the only way to get back to Kansas is to follow the Yellow Brick Road to the Emerald City, where she can ask the mysterious Wizard of Oz for help. She returned to the set on February 11, 1939.

Her green makeup did catch fire, she was severely burned and she was out of the filming for six weeks. When the fire started she nearly got caught in it. On December 23, 1938, during a second filming of her departure from Munchkinland the lift Margaret Hamilton was standing on did not go down fast enough. The Munchkin Land scenes were filmed from December 10 - 23, 1938.

The Wicked Witch makes threats to Dorothy, but Glinda informs her that she has no power in Munchkinland: "Oh rubbish! You have no power here! Be gone! Before somebody drops a house on you!." The Wicked Witch vows revenge on Dorothy and Toto, and she disappears in the same way she arrived. To her horror, Glinda magically moves the slippers to Dorothy's feet, replacing a pair of homely, black lace-ups. She wants to know who killed her sister, and she wants to claim her dead sister's powerful ruby slippers. Mid-song, there is a burst of fire and the Wicked Witch of the West (Margaret Hamilton) arrives.

She introduces her to the Munchkins, a small community of little people who sing and dance in order to thank Dorothy for freeing them from the Witch's terror. She informs her of where she is, and that she killed the Wicked Witch of the East with her house. She asks Dorothy whether she is a good witch or a bad witch, and despite Dorothy's repeated explanations, Glinda appears to never quite understand who Dorothy is nor where she comes from. Shortly thereafter, Glinda, the Good Witch of the North (played by Billie Burke), arrives in an iridescent bubble.

(The dramatic footage of the house falling toward the camera was actually a reversed piece of film of a model house being dropped toward a sky-colored floor.) The movie changes from sepia-toned to Technicolor as Dorothy and Toto walk out of the house. Minutes later, Dorothy and Toto land in Munchkinland, a county in the land of Oz. She cackles her famous Eeeeh-heh-heh-heh-heh-heh! and flies away. In a dramatic, terrifying moment (underscored by the audio track's sudden and powerful mood change), Gulch transforms into a witch and her bicycle into a broomstick.

Gulch. She sees some familiar faces out of the window, including the wicked Ms. Dorothy awakes to find that her house is inside the cyclone. A three-CD collection of all the music from the film, issued in 1995, contains a fuller version of this track).

(There is also a very noticeable edit in the audio track. Although Dorothy is lying unconscious, the audience (and Toto) already begins to see various objects, stirred up by the cyclone, starting to appear in the window. Seeing the tornado approaching (a very convincing special effect, made from a large musline stocking spinning on a sliding track), Dorothy rushes inside the house and gets to her bedroom, but the "Gale" wind blows her window out of its frame, hitting her in the head, knocking her out. When she gets home, her whole family is already down in the storm cellar and cannot hear her stomping on its door.

On her way out of the trailer, though, a cyclone begins to form ("a 'whopper', speaking in the vernacular of the peasantry"). Dorothy is convinced, and she and Toto hurry home. He leads Dorothy into his trailer and pretends to see Aunt Em crying in his crystal ball. Dorothy and Toto begin their journey, and they soon encounter Professor Marvel (played by Frank Morgan, who also the plays the Wizard of Oz, the doorman, the cabbie, and the guard).

Gulch would be coming back for him. When the dog gets home, Dorothy decides that they should run away from home, because Ms. Gulch's basket, who doesn't notice. He escapes, though, by jumping out of Ms.

Gulch, and Toto is taken away. Dorothy's aunt and uncle argue unsuccessfully with Ms. Dorothy's dog, Toto, gets in trouble for biting her, and Gulch comes to Dorothy's house with an order from the sheriff allowing her to take the dog to be put to sleep. The last recommends a more aggressive approach (Cowardly Lion).

The next starts making a passionate speech, straight from the heart (Tin Woodman), but is stopped in mid-speech by Aunt Em. One suggests that it's not smart to walk with Toto near Gulch's property (Scarecrow). Each hand advises her in his characteristic way, foreshadowing their appearance in Dorothy's dream of Oz. At the beginning of the film, Dorothy is telling the three farm hands about her conflict with a local rich woman, Almira Gulch (played by Margaret Hamilton, who also plays the Witch of the West).

Dorothy is an orphan from Kansas, raised by her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry. They were filmed from late February - March 16, 1939. These opening scenes were the last ones to be filmed. (Also including deleted scenes and other filming information.).

Family Entertainment. As of now, the rights to its distribution are held by Warner Bros. For decades to follow, the movie was aired in the United States on or near Easter, although today with the Turner cable networks now holding the television rights, the film is generally shown during the summer and Christmas seasons. The viewing audience for this broadcast was estimated at 45 million people, and was the beginning of a tradition.

It achieved its iconic status after decades of television showings, beginning on November 3, 1956. In spite of the publicity, the movie was only moderately successful in its initial theatrical run. Judy Garland and her frequent film co-star Mickey Rooney performed after the screening at Loews Capitol Theater in New York City, and would continue to do this after each screening for a week. On August 17, 1939, the movie opened nationally.

It premiered at the Strand Theatre in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin on August 12, 1939, and in Hollywood's Grauman's Chinese Theater on August 15. On August 7, 1939, The Wizard Of Oz, a movie that cost $2,777,000 to make, unheard of at the time, was officially and legally copyrighted. Audience members thought the movie was too long; others found some of the witch's scenes too scary. After this preview, as a response to several audience members, some scenes were deleted.

On June 5, 1939 it had its first sneak preview. The movie's filming was completed on March 16, 1939. The next day King Vidor would be assigned as director to finish the filming of the movie (mainly the sepia shots of the Kansas farm). Ironically, on February 12, 1939, Victor Fleming again replaced George Cukor in directing Gone With The Wind.

Cukor had a prior commitment to direct the movie Gone with the Wind, so he left on November 3, 1938, and Victor Fleming took over for him. He changed Judy Garland and Margaret Hamilton's makeup and costumes, which meant that all of their scenes had to be discarded and re-filmed. Thorpe was fired and George Cukor took over. Filming began on October 13, 1938, with Richard Thorpe directing.

Buddy Ebsen was a Midwesterner, like Judy Garland, and pronounced the r. Ray Bolger and Bert Lahr (and also Jack Haley, who had a solo but was not in the group vocal) were speakers of non-rhotic accents from the Northeast, and did not pronounce the r in wizard. His voice is easy to detect. So, while he had to be dropped from the cast, his singing voice remained, in the group vocals of "We're off to See the Wizard".

Several of the recordings were completed while Buddy Ebsen was still with the cast. The songs were recorded in a studio prior to filming. On August 12, 1938, Charlie Grapewin was cast as Uncle Henry. Frank Morgan was cast as the Wizard on September 22, 1938.

On July 25, 1938, Bert Lahr was signed and cast as the Cowardly Lion. She turned down the role, and was replaced on October 10, 1938 with Margaret Hamilton. She became unhappy with the role when the Witch's persona shifted from a sly glamorous witch into the familiar ugly hag. Originally, Gale Sondergaard was cast as the Witch.

Other MGM officials vetoed the idea of using Temple. After the casting of her role, a few executives at MGM contemplated replacing her with Shirley Temple, but were not able to get Fox to comply with the "loan" of the young actress. The role of Dorothy was given to Judy Garland on February 24, 1938. Ironically, despite his near-death experience with the makeup, Ebsen well-outlived all the principal players.

The makeup used on Jack Haley was quietly changed to nonmetallic. Jack Haley was given the part the next day. Ebsen didn't object to the change at first, but just 9 days into filming, he suffered an allergic reaction to the metallic makeup and had to leave the movie. Bolger was unhappy with the part, and convinced producer Mervyn LeRoy to recast him as the Scarecrow.

The Tin Man was originally slated for Ray Bolger, and Buddy Ebsen was to play the Scarecrow. One of the primary changes was in the role of the Tin Woodsman. Casting the film was problematic, with actors shifting roles repeatedly at the beginning of filming. Harburg for "Over the Rainbow").

It won Academy Awards for Best Music, Original Score and Best Music, Song (Harold Arlen and E.Y. It was directed by Victor Fleming, Richard Thorpe (uncredited), George Cukor (uncredited), and King Vidor (uncredited). Mankiewicz, Jack Mintz, Ogden Nash, and Sid Silvers. Harburg, Samuel Hoffenstein, Bert Lahr, John Lee Mahin, Herman J.

Cannon, Herbert Fields, Arthur Freed, Jack Haley, E.Y. Several people assisted with the adaptation without official credit: Irving Brecher, William H. The movie's script was adapted by Noel Langley, Florence Ryerson, and Edgar Allan Woolf. The film premiered on August 12, 1939, and went into general release on August 25.

Filming started on October 13, 1938 and was completed on March 16, 1939. In January 1938, MGM bought the rights to the book. The script was completed on October 8, 1938. Over the following years it sold millions of copies, and Baum wrote thirteen more Oz books before his death on May 15, 1919. Frank Baum (born Lyman Frank Baum on May 15, 1856) published his book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1900.

L. While not the first feature film produced in Technicolor, The Wizard of Oz makes conspicuous use of the technique; its Kansas bookend sequences are in sepia-toned black-and-white, while the Oz scenes are in full three-strip Technicolor. It stars Judy Garland, Frank Morgan, Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Bert Lahr, Billie Burke and Margaret Hamilton. Frank Baum's turn-of-the-century children's story The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, in which a resourceful American girl is snatched up by a Kansas tornado and deposited in a fantastic land of witches, talking scarecrows, cowardly lions, and more.

It is based on L. The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 musical fantasy film produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 2004, it was nominated for 9 Tony Awards, winning 3 (including one for Idina Menzel). The show opened to rave reviews from both critics and public, and even better box office.

Stephen Schwartz and Winnie Holzman turned it into a musical entitled Wicked in 2003 with Kristen Chenoweth as Glinda and Idina Menzel as Elphaba. In 1995, Gregory Maguire released the critically acclaimed novel, Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West, a the-other-side-of-the-story look at the witches of The Wizard of Oz: Glinda and Elphaba (the Wicked Witch of the West). The considerably darker Return to Oz, was made by Walt Disney Studios in 1985 starring Fairuza Balk as Dorothy. The 1974 musical and 1978 film The Wiz were adapted from the same story.

The Wizard of Oz has an official sequel, the animated production Journey Back To Oz (made by Filmation Studios in 1964 but not released until eight years later), featuring the voice of Liza Minnelli, Garland's daughter, as Dorothy. Meinhardt Raabe - The Munchkin Coroner. Pat Walshe - Nikko. Clara Blandick - Aunt Emily Gale.

Grapewin - Uncle Henry Gale. Charles E. Margaret Hamilton - The Wicked Witch of the West, Miss Almira Gulch. Billie Burke - Glinda.

Jack Haley - Tin Man, Hickory. Bert Lahr - Cowardly Lion, Zeke. Ray Bolger - Scarecrow, Hunk. Frank Morgan - The Wizard of Oz, The Wizard's Guard, Professor Marvel, Emerald City Doorman.

Judy Garland - Dorothy Gale.