Toyota Camry

[24] [25]. See the list of chess variants for more details. Aftermarket performance parts for the Camry are significantly more limited than for sportier vehicles; however, even a bona-fide supercharger has been developed specifically for the Camry. Fischer Random Chess and other versions with different starting positions work by scrambling the initial starting position for every game. Toyota's in-house motor sport department, Toyota Racing Development, as well as Toyota Team Europe and TOM'S, does offer performance parts for the fourth- and fifth-generation Camry. Bobby Fischer noted the overemphasis on memorizing chess openings in normal chess and invented Fischer Random Chess. Since 2004, Tundra pickups have competed in the Craftsman Truck Series. There are over 1500 unique variants of chess.

On January 23, 2006, Toyota announced that their 2007 version of the Camry will be entered for NASCAR's elite Busch and Nextel Cup series, starting in the 2007 season, marking the first appearance by a vehicle made by an automobile manufacturer not based in the United States to compete in NASCAR's top two series since the 1950s. Chess variants are forms of chess where the game is played with a different board, special fairy pieces or different rules. As the matter of fact, the South African Super Touring Camry is still being raced by a private individual in Australia in 2005, despite the car being more than 10 years old. White moves one piece, black moves two, white moves three, black moves four etc.). [23] The Camry's popularity and Toyota's reputation for reliability means that older-model Camrys occasionally surface in amateur motorsports. (I.E. In spite of past failures, there nonetheless exists evidence that late-model Camrys have been raced in other minor championships. Yet another way is Scotch Chess, where the number of pieces one can move increases each turn.

It only achieved moderate success as the competition comprised of other more suitable machinery, for example BMW 320i's prepared by Team Schnitzer. And there is Bughouse, in which two teams of players share pieces of different colors and play against each other with both teams having the same abilites. So far, the one and only time a Camry that has been used by a works Toyota team as a race car is during the 1990's, where Toyota South Africa commissioned a third-generation Camry, built according to FIA's Class-2 Super Touring regulations, to be raced in the South African Touring Car Championship. Another method of playing chess is called Suicide Chess, where the pieces function normally, however the goal is to lose all of ones pieces first and if a piece can be taken, it must be taken by the opposing side. Due to the Camry's size and market orientation, it is not a suitable candidate for professional motorsports activities. Moves are communicated via chess notation. The Camry received an "average" theft loss index in yearly reports generated by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) for every year between 1992 and 2004 except 1997, when it received a "worse than average." [22] Each of these reports only covers the previous three model years (e.g., the 1992 report covers 1989-1991 Camrys). In this case the play is conducted without the players having sight of the positions of the pieces, or any physical contact with them.

In 2001, for example, the second-generation Camry was the most-stolen vehicle, whereas the fourth-generation Camry was the 79th most stolen. Chess can also be played blindfold. for several years. Today, chess is often played on the internet through the Internet Chess Club, FICS or another host. [21] This can be partly attributed to the fact that the Camry has been the top selling car in the U.S. Correspondence chess is chess played through the mail, e-mail or special Correspondence Chess Servers. The Camry is reportedly the most stolen car in the United States. When two players are separated by great distances they can still play chess.

[20]. When playing at a faster time, computers become relatively more powerful than humans. IIHS rear-crash performance was rated as marginal for Camrys with cloth seats and poor for Camrys with leather seats. Speed chess requires the player to spend less time thinking because if the player's time runs out, they lose. NHTSA rollover performance is listed as five stars for 2001 models and four stars thereafter. Bullet chess's time controls are less than three minutes. The IIHS website notes that although Toyota changed the design of 2004 Camrys to improve side performance, the changes would not significantly impact the crash performance of vehicles without side airbags. An even faster version of chess is known as bullet chess or lightning chess.

[19] Three out of the nine categories were scored as poor, including Head protection, driver, Injury:Head/neck, and Injury:Torso, rear passenger. Generally each side has three to fifteen minutes (five is common) for all of their moves. However, side crash performance without airbags was only two stars in 2002 (NHTSA) [18] and poor, the lowest score on the IIHS scale. Blitz chess is a version of chess where a chess clock is used to limit the time control for each player. [17]. In some cases, a player will have a material advantage, but will not have enough material to force a checkmate. Similarly, IIHS side impacts with airbags was rated as good overall with good in most categories. Controlling the tempo (time used by each move) becomes especially important when fewer pieces are left on the board.

[15] [16] It was also again listed as a BEST PICK in frontal crashes. If the game is relatively even, tablebases and endgame study are essential. The fifth-generation frontal performance was similar to that for the fourth-generation. If one player has a large material advantage, checkmate may happen quickly in the endgame. The fifth-generation Camry was tested for front, side, and rollover crashes (NHTSA) and rear, side (with and without side airbags), and frontal offset crashes (IIHS). During the endgame, pawns and kings become relatively more powerful pieces as both sides often try to promote their pawns. [14]. This work has influenced generations of modern chess players in how they think in the middlegame.

The NHTSA gave the Camry four stars in side impact tests when fitted with side airbags and three stars without. Great chess writer Aron Nimzowitsch outlined in the classic work "My system" a number of middlegame positional principles such as "Rook on the 7th rank", "Undermining the pawn chain", "Restrain, blockade and destroy". [12] [13] Additionally, the IIHS website lists the 1997-2001 Camry as being a BEST PICK in frontal crash tests. Once a plan is formulated, it is then recommended to try and ensure the plan is feasible through the process of checking concrete variations. The fourth-generation Camry was tested for frontal and side impacts (NHTSA) and frontal offset (IIHS) crashes, but scored significantly better than the third generation in all frontal tests. Most middlegame books recommend that once an assessment of the elements of the position has taken place, it is then recommended to try and form a "plan" to create an advantage. [11]. In addition there are factors such as the two bishops which compensate each others weaknesses.

[8] In comparison, the similar-vintage Honda Accord fared similarly (although somewhat worse) [9], the Ford Taurus did notably better [10], and the Nissan Maxima performed much worse. A few common positional elements which high level Chess players routinely must assess include Pawn structure, King safety, Space, the presence of pawn islands, isolated pawns, backward pawns, doubled pawns. [7] The IIHS scored it acceptable overall, with three out of six categories listed as good and the other three listed as acceptable. Other tactical elements include: zwischenzug, undermining, overloading, and interference. NHTSA gave the vehicle four stars for the driver and between three and four stars for the passenger, depending on the year. A discovered attack is an attack where a piece moves and uncovers a line for another piece which does the attacking. The third-generation Camry was tested only frontal (NHTSA) and frontal offset (IIHS) crashes. Skewers are a kind of reverse pin where the more valuable piece is placed in front of a less important one.

Similarly, the IIHS scores crash performance with a four-level grade (Good, Acceptable, Marginal, and Poor) in multiple categories and overall. Pins are used to prevent the movement of an enemy piece by threatening any pieces behind it should it move. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) scores crash ratings as one to five stars for front and side crashes. It usually is difficult for the other player to protect both of their pieces in one move. Both the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) [5] and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) [6] publish crash information for the third-, fourth-, and fifth-generation Camry. A fork is a situation where a piece is moved such that it attacks (forks) two other pieces simultaneously. For more information see: Toyota Camry Hybrid. But a "pinned piece" is a specific type of weakness in the opponents position, which when identified, could be exploited with a tactical combination.

Standard features include remote entry and start, side torso airbags, knee airbags and side-curtain airbags.The Camry Hybrid will be built at the company's Georgetown, Kentucky plant, with about 45,000 projected per year. For clarification, it should be noted that a "pin" is a tactical "method"- the act of pinning the opponents pieces. However, the Camry Hybrid will utilize a 4-cylinder gasoline engine as opposed to a V6, a setup that will produce 192 hp (143 kW). In many combinations of Alexander Alekhine, there is often a very subtle "quiet move" which breaks the Camel's back. It will use a Hybrid Synergy Drive setup similar to that of the Toyota Prius, Toyota Highlander Hybrid and Lexus RX 400h, which mates Toyota's 3MZ V6 with an electric motor. Such common "methods" include Pins, Forks, Skewers, Discovered checks, Zuichenzugs, Deflections, Decoys, Sacrifices, Forcing moves, and even "Quiet moves" - which can be devastating moves that leave the oppponent in Zugzwang, or an otherwise lost position. For 2006, Toyota will create a hybrid gas/electric Camry when it is redesigned as the 2007 Toyota Camry called the Camry Hybrid. Chess combinations often include a number of types of tactic "methods" which many middlegame books classify and provide examples of.

The CE and LE trims have similar hubcap designs like the gen 5 02-04 models. Such weaknesses are often created in the opponent's position in the first place by threats, provocative moves, and generally strong "positional play", etc. A keyless entry/remote starter is optional on the V6-powered XLE. These "weaknesses" can then be expoloitable with a chess combination that is often built out of a number of tactical "methods". A navigation system with cell-phone link and heated leather seats are available for the SE and the V6-powered XLE. These types of "weaknesses" include: pinned pieces, overloaded pieces, weaknesses around the opponents king, weak squares, unprotected pieces, weak colour complexes, pieces not able to come back to defend the king, etc. A spilt-folding rear seat is not available on the SE trim. Usually they are present because the opponent has certain weaknesses in their position.

The V6 will be available with a 6-speed sequential transmission. Chess combinations and traps do not appear out of thin air. It will also have an optional 3.5 L V6 making 268 hp (200 kW) with three trims: LE, SE, and XLE. Such an advantageous exchange of pieces may, however, be a poor tactic if it leaves the opponent with an exploitable advantage in the way the pieces are positioned on the board. The new Camry has a 2.4 L I4 making 158 hp (118 kW) with 4 trim levels: CE, LE, SE, and XLE. For instance, to lose two pawns (2 points) in taking the opponent's knight (3 points) puts one ahead in material by one point. It will be a 2007 model introduced at the 2006 North American International Auto Show [4] along with its identical hybrid twin, the Camry HV. Instead, points are used by a player to consider whether he will come out materially better than his opponent in an exchange of pieces.

The next-generation Camry will be completely redesigned and made in Georgetown, Kentucky. The beginning player should be aware that points are not an inherent part of the game; there is no scoring and chess was played long before the idea of assigning points to pieces. In August 2005 the Altise Sport model was reintroduced (V6 auto only) together with Altise Limited (four-cylinder and V6) that replaced the Altise and has additional features. exchange sacrifice), they are choosing to ignore the standard valuation of their pieces for positional or tactical gains. The Toyota Link system is a state-of-the-art satellite and mobile SMS GSM communications system that gives the driver access to roadside assistance and emergency help via the electrochromatic rear view mirror. If a player performs a sacrifice (e.g. The Grande and Azura models have Satellite Navigation (GPS) as standard equipment, and were the first Toyota models in Australia to be fitted with the new Toyota Link system. The actual value and importance of a piece will vary based upon its position and the stage of the game.

The Grande however was fitted with the standard suspension rather than the sports suspension as fitted on the Azura model. Since the king's loss ends the game it is invaluable. When the revised range was launched in Australia and New Zealand in September 2004, the Grande model was reintroduced which together with the Azura model, were the top-of-the-range models. Valuations differ slightly from book to book, but generally, queens are worth 9 points, rooks are worth 5, bishops and knights are worth 3, and pawns are worth 1. Power output on the Altise Sport, V6 Sportivo and Azura models was 145 kW (194 hp) compared with the 141 kW (189 hp) of the standard V6 models due to the variable back pressure exhaust system that boosts low-down torque and top-end power. When taking and trading pieces, the chess piece point values becomes important. The brakes, body panels (which would only fit on the Australian and New Zealand made body and chassis), headlights, seats and suspension were all locally developed after 10000kms of extensive testing in New Zealand under the supervision of Toyota engineers. See the list of chess openings for more information.

The Australian and New Zealand models were significantly different from the other Camry models around the world and had around 77% locally developed components to suit Australian/NZ roads and driving conditions. It is often important for a player to castle (a special move that moves the king from the center of the board two squares towards one of the corners) to protect the king. The Australian and New Zealand Camry Sportivo corresponds roughly to the American Camry SE. Hypermodernism advocates the control of the center not by using pawns but with distant pieces. In 2003, the V6 Altise Sport model was introduced, which is basically the Altise model with the sports suspension that was fitted on the Sportivo and Azura models and was available in manual and automatic trasmission. Openings are often designed to take hold of the center of the board (e4, e5, d4 and d5), develop pieces, protect the king, and create a strong pawn structure. Only the Altise and Sportivo models may be fitted with a manual transmission— all other models are equipped with an automatic transmission. Chess openings are a sequence of moves, often memorized, which will help a player build up their position and prepare for the middlegame.

The Altise, Ateva, and Sportivo are available with either the 2.4 L VVTi four cylinder or the 3.0 L V6 engine, and the Azura was only available in V6. To better understand rules of chess, please see a sample chess game, which explains chess through a simple demonstration, move after move. In Australia and New Zealand, the 2002-2006 Camry is available in four different trims: the Altise, Ateva, Sportivo and Azura, . This is useful for adjourning a game to resume later or for conveying chess problem positions without a diagram. Daihatsu continued with its twin Altis model for the Japanese market. Apart from recording games, there is also a notation Forsyth-Edwards Notation for recording specific positions. Unlike the first generation Solara, the SLE trim could be had with the four-cylinder engine. Of these, Portable Game Notation (PGN) is the most common.

In addition to SE and SLE trims, a new SE Sport was offered. Several notations have emerged, based upon algebraic chess notation, for recording chess games in a format suitable for computer processing. The V6 was coupled with a 5-speed automatic transmission. This has been supplanted by the more compact algebraic chess notation. The 2.4 L engine was still offered, however, a new 3.3 L V6 was optional. Until the 1970s, at least in English-speaking countries, chess games were recorded and published using descriptive chess notation. Again, styling from the Camry was radically different, taking design cues from the Lexus SC 430. A draw can occur in many situations, including mutual agreement to draw, draw by insufficient material, stalemate, threefold repetition or the fifty move rule.

The second generation Camry Solara was introduced in August 2004. Either player may resign if the situation looks hopeless; also, games may end in a draw (tie). Interior upgrades to the Camry included a rear center head restraint, a storage bin in the door, optitron gauges, and standard leather seating on XLE V6 models. Chess games do not have to end in checkmate. A new trim level was added (the standard model) priced lower than the Camry LE. If a pawn advances all the way to the eighth rank, it can be promoted to any other piece, except a King. In late 2004, the 2005 Camry was introduced with new upgrades such as a chrome grille (though the SE had a sportier grille), a new taillight design, and new wheels. Alternatively, a pawn can move two squares forward if it has not moved yet and both squares are empty.

However the Solara did receive the same 2.4 L I4 engine now available on the Camry. Pawns capture differently than they move; they can capture an enemy piece on either of the two spaces adjacent to the space in front of them (i.e., the two squares diagonally in front of them), but cannot move to these spaces if they are vacant; conversely, a pawn can move forward one square, but only if that square is unoccupied. The 2002 Camry Solara remained on the fourth generation chassis, and received only minor styling upgrades to the front and rear ends. If a player is unable to get their king out of check it is called checkmate and they have lost the game. Any model may be equipped with a V6 or an automatic transmission, although the manual transmission is not available on V6 models. The king cannot be captured in regular chess, only put in check. Both the LE and SE models are available with a manual transmission when equipped with the four-cylinder engine now up to 2.4 L and 163 hp (122 kW). When a piece is captured (or taken), the attacking piece replaces the enemy piece on its square (en passant being the only exception).

In the United States for 2002, the basic CE model was dropped but the SE sport model was reintroduced. Enemy pieces cannot be passed, but they can be "captured". It is 2.5 in (64 mm) taller and has a 2 in (51 mm) longer wheelbase than the previous model. One's own pieces ("friendly pieces") cannot be passed if they are in the line of movement, and a friendly piece can never replace another friendly piece. In contrast to the fairly squat fourth-generation Camry, the fifth generation is a decidedly tall vehicle. With the exception of the knight, pieces cannot jump over each other. However, the front end of the car is relatively short, leaving a great deal of the length to the cabin, a technique adopted by compact cars. The knight can jump over occupied squares and moves two spaces horizontally and one space vertically (or vice versa), making an L shape; a knight in the middle of the board has eight squares it can move to.

The styling of the fifth-generation Camry is somewhat similar to the fourth-generation model in that both have gently curved surfaces accented by sharp creases. The king can move only one square horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. This model was launched in most export markets, including the United States, as a 2002 model year car. The queen is a combination of the rook and bishop (it can move any number of spaces diagonally, horizontally, or vertically). In September 2001, the latest Toyota Camry was released as a larger sedan (taking styling cues from the successful Vitz, Corolla and Solara coupé) only, but without a station wagon for the first time (a similarly styled wagon was sold on the Japanese home market however, as the Toyota Mark II Blit). The rook moves any number of spaces vertically or horizontally, while the bishop moves any number of spaces in any direction diagonally (meaning a bishop will always remain on the same color). Towards the end of the model run, the limited edition Intrigue and Advantage sedan models were launched. Each kind of chess piece moves a different way.

The Vienta V6 range was discontinued due to the launch of the Avalon sedan in July 2000 and two new models were added to the Camry range: the top-of-the-range Azura V6 sedan and the Touring Series V6 sportswagon model, both of which were available in automatic transmission only. The chess pieces should be set up on a standard chessboard with a white square in the near right hand corner. In September 2000, the revised Camry range was launched. White always moves first and therefore has a slight advantage over black. The VXI model was basically a V6-powered version of the 4-cylinder Camry CSX model. The colors are chosen either by a friendly agreement, by a game of chance, or by a tournament director. The Vienta line up consisted of VXI and Grande sedan models and the VXI wagon. When a game of chess begins, one player controls the sixteen white pieces while the other uses the sixteen black pieces.

The Camry V6 Touring Series sedan model was launched in March 1999. In particular Arimaa, which is played upon a standard 8×8 chessboard, is a game at which humans can beat the best efforts of programmers so far, even at fast time controls. The Camry V6 models consisted of CSI and Conquest, with the wagon models only available in automatic transmission. Kasparov's loss to Deep Blue has inspired the creation of chess variants in which human intelligence can still overpower computer calculation. The line-up of 4 cylinder Camry models consisted of the CSI, Conquest and CSX models (automatic transmission only), all three variants were available in sedan or wagon. Whilst too few games have been played to establish this, and neither Kramnik or Kasparov have played Hydra, Hydra's creators estimate its rating should be over 3000. In Australia, unlike the previous generation, the nameplate Camry was also applied to the V6 variants, while the Vienta V6 range was revised as the "upmarket" models. In June 2005, Hydra scored a decisive victory over the then 7th ranked GM Michael Adams winning five games and drawing one game in a six game match.

The Camry V6 was again on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 1997. Given the relative ease with which it beats the other programs, and the humans it has met, Hydra may be expected to beat any unaided human player in match play. This was the first Camry to be sold as a Daihatsu; the Daihatsu Altis was identical to the export version of the Camry. Certainly it is very much comparable in terms of positions analysed per second. Manual transmissions were only available on the CE trim level and any Solara model. The chess machine Hydra is the intellectual descendant of Deep Blue; and appears to be somewhat stronger than Deep Blue was. Power was increased slightly to 133 hp SAE (99 kW) for the 5S-FE 2.2 L I4 and 194 hp SAE (145 kW) for the 1MZ-FE V6. In 2003, Kasparov drew both a six-game match with the computer program Deep Junior in February, and a four-game match against X3D Fritz in November.

The XLE was available with either the 2.2 L I4 or the 3.0 L V6 engine, although the Solara SLE was only available with the V6. In October 2002, Vladimir Kramnik drew in an eight-game match with the computer program Deep Fritz. Both the LE and the XLE trims were carried over from the previous generation. The six-game rematch in May 1997 was won by the machine (informally dubbed Deeper Blue) which was subsequently retired by IBM. In the United States, the four door Camry SE was dropped and the base model was renamed the CE for the 1998 model year. Deep Blue shocked the world by winning the first game in Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1, but Kasparov convincingly won the match by winning three games and drawing two. The Solara was available in SE and SLE trim, corresponding roughly to the sedan's LE and XLE trims. Garry Kasparov, then ranked number one in the world, played a six-game match against IBM's chess computer Deep Blue in February 1996.

In contrast to the third-generation Camry two door, the Camry Solara was a significant styling departure from the four door. Nor has the study of chess proven particularly useful in the broader AI field; the methods used to play high-level chess are very different to the ones used for machine learning, machine vision, and the like. The Camry Solara was added in both coupé and convertible form in 1999. Moreover, as CPU speed and memory become less expensive, computer chess programs can search ever larger numbers of moves in the same amount of time, and store ever larger databases of opening and endgame positions. The Lexus ES 300 was again built from the Windom, which uses the Camry chassis. However, it is important to note that the method by which computer programs play chess does not really resemble the way humans play chess — the computer basically just calculates the board position after every possible combination of legal moves and acts accordingly, whereas human masters act more from intuition and pattern recognition. This "split" continues today. In blitz chess, they can beat the best human players; at regular time controls, however, battles between the very best chess programs and the very best human players have been tantalizingly finely balanced.

In addition, the Vista's sheetmetal resembled a tall, formal sedan, while the Camry became sleeker. — have become extremely strong players. The Vista began departing from the Camry, remaining 1700 mm wide and eventually forming the basis of the growing Corolla. At first considered only a curiosity, the best chess playing programs — like Shredder, Fritz etc. The Japanese Scepter ceased to exist as the Japanese Camrys adopted the 1795 mm wide platform. Serious work on machines that play chess has been going on since 1890, and chess-playing computer programs featured prominently in the artificial intelligence boom of the 1950s - 1970s. In 2000, the sedan models received a mid-model upgrade to the front and rear fascias, but remained otherwise similar to the 1999 models. Although chess is not an Olympic sport, it has its own Olympiad, held every two years as a team event.

This generation was launched in the US for the 1997 model year. Most countries of the world have a national chess organization as well. Many people thought the Toyota RAV4 SUV in North America led to the demise of the Camry wagon. Chess's international governing body is FIDE, which has presided over the world championship matches for decades. It continued as a sedan and station wagon (called the Camry Gracia in Japan), though the latter model was not sold in the United States. The most popular piece design, the "Staunton" set, was created by Nathaniel Cook in 1849, endorsed by Howard Staunton, a leading player of the time, and officially adopted by Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE) in 1924. The fourth-generation Camry was launched in Japan in December 1996. The current rules were finalized in the early 19th century, except for the exact conditions for a draw.

Towards the end of the model run, limited edition Getaway and Intrigue sedan models were launched. The game in Europe since that time has been almost the same as is played today. The Ultima sedan was renamed the Grande model, and manual transmission was now available in the CSI and Touring Series sedan models. By the end of the 15th century, the modern rules for the basic moves had been adopted from Italy: pawns gained the option of moving two squares on their first move and the en passant capture therewith, bishops acquired their modern move, and the queen was made the most powerful piece; consequently modern chess was referred to as "Queen's Chess" or "Mad Queen Chess". The V6 models were simply known as the Vienta. Early on, the pieces in European chess had limited movement; bishops could only move by jumping exactly two spaces diagonally (similar to the elephant in xiangqi), the queen could move only one space diagonally, pawns could not move two spaces on their first move, and there was no castling. The 4 cylinder range consisted of the CSI and CSX models. Chess also found its way across Siberia into Alaska.

In July 1995, the facelifted model was launched in Australia and was now built at the new Altona plant. It was introduced into Spain by the Moors in the 10th century, and described in a famous 13th century manuscript covering chess, backgammon, and dice named the Libro de los juegos. In 1994, the range was revised slightly, where the Executive models was renamed CSI and the CSI was renamed the CSX model. Chess eventually reached Russia via Mongolia, where it was played at the beginning of the 7th century. In 1993, a new sedan model called the Touring Series was launched which was fitted with sports suspension. The game spread throughout the Islamic world after the Muslim conquest of Persia. The Camry Vientas were available in automatic transmission only. There is a theory that this name replacement happened because, before the game of chess came to Europe, merchants coming to Europe brought ornamental chess kings as curiosities and with them their name shāh, which Europeans mispronounced in various ways.

The V6 range was known as the Camry Vienta and also consisted of the Executive, CSI and Ultima sedan model. Its name became shatranj, which continued in Spanish as ajedrez and in Greek as zatrikion, but in most of Europe was replaced by versions of the Persian word shāh = "king". In Australia, the Camry 4-cylinder models consisted of the Executive, CSI and Ultima sedan models (automatic only). From Persia it entered the Islamic world, where the names of its pieces largely remained in their Persian forms in early Islamic times. The third-generation Camry was on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 1992 and 1993. The oldest known texts describing chess seem to indicate a bi-directional spread from the Persian empire. (The Japanese version of this page lists this as a 'fifth-generation' model.). The entrance of chess into Europe, notably, is marked by a massive improvement in the powers of the queen.

The same year, the Japanese home market saw a revised, 1700 mm wide Camry and Vista, with different sheetmetal, on the same platform. One theory suggests that it migrated from India to Persia, where its terminology was translated into Persian, and its name changed to chatrang. This vehicle would be dropped for the next generation, although it would later be replaced by the Camry Solara (discussed below). Chess eventually spread westward to Europe and eastward as far as Japan, spawning variants as it went. In 1994, Toyota released a coupe version of the Camry with styling very similar to the four door version. Joseph Needham and David Li are two of many scholars who have favored this theory. This is a similar car to the then new Windom, which formed the basis of the Lexus ES 300 in foreign markets, equipped with a 3.0 L V6 engine. Another theory exists that chess arose from the similar game of Chinese chess, or at least a predecessor thereof, existing in China since the 2nd century BC.

The Vista continued in parallel, available in addition as a hardtop sedan. The earliest mention of Chaturanga appears in the Indian classic, the Mahabharata, written circa 2,000 BC. The third-generation Camrys had rounded features and a very curved silhouette. The most commonly held belief is that chess originated in India, where it was called Chaturanga. This was a departure from the second-generation models which, although they had many more rounded panels than the first-generation Camrys, were nevertheless generally slab-sided in shape. Many countries claim to have invented the chess game in some incipient form. It shared the rounded-body-panel look of many imports of similar vintage: the Toyota Corolla, Honda Accord, and Nissan Altima, to name a few. The most popular, in descending order by number of players, are xiangqi in China, shogi in Japan, and janggi in Korea.

Toyota in New Zealand sold these models as the 220 and V6 respectively, the smaller-engined car filling the gap of the departed Corona. Many variants and relatives of chess are played throughout the world. Some other countries followed the 2.2 L and 3.0 L engine choice. Chess is played both recreationally and competitively in clubs, tournaments, online, and by mail (correspondence chess). In addition to the DX (also sometimes called Deluxe) and LE trims, 1992 saw the addition of an XLE luxury trim and the SE sport trim—presumably introduced to compete with the Nissan Maxima SE. Chess is sometimes seen as an abstract wargame; as a "mental martial art", and teaching chess has been advocated as a way of enhancing mental prowess. In that market, both the four and six-cylinder engines received upgrades in displacement and power: the four was upped to 2.2 L and 130 hp SAE (97 kW), and the V6 to 3.0 L and 185 hp SAE (137 kW). Chess is one of the world's most popular games; it has been described not only as a game but also as an art and a science.

In the United States, an automatic transmission became the only option on all but the base and sport-model Camrys, whereas previously, a manual transmission was available on nearly all trim levels. Nevertheless, the game is so complex that not even the best players can consider all contingencies: although only 64 squares and 32 pieces are on the board, the number of possible games that can be played far exceeds the number of atoms in the universe (see Shannon number). The wider export model was called the Toyota Scepter in its home market. Chess is not a game of chance; it is based solely on tactics and strategy. However, in Japan, the 1992 Camry was a different vehicle, which shared its doors and fenders with the exported model, but was limited to the 1700 mm (66.9 in) width required to fit into a lower tax bracket (the 'number 5' bracket). . This model marked the transition away from an inexpensive four door vehicle into a larger, more luxurious family sedan. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent; this occurs when the opponent's king is threatened with capture, and no move can be made that would prevent it.

The third-generation Camry (first sold in 1990 in Japan; in the US as a 1992 model year car) is regarded as the first to break into the large-car market, or what Toyota billed at the time as "world-sized". One player controls the white pieces; the other player controls the black pieces (the player that controls white is always the first player to move). The second-generation Camry was extremely popular in the United States and it is not at all uncommon to see examples on American roads. All pieces can remove opponent's pieces by landing on the space they occupy. The ES 250 was essentially the Japanese-market Camry hardtop. Each player begins the game with 16 pieces which can move in defined directions (and in some instances, limited range) and can remove other pieces from the board: each player's pieces comprise eight pawns, two knights, two bishops, two rooks, one queen and one king. The 2.5 L engine and Camry chassis was repackaged as the upscale Lexus ES 250. It is played on a square board of eight rows (called ranks) and eight columns (called files), giving 64 squares of alternating colour, light and dark.

The Kentucky plant also began producing Camrys in 1988, where three trim levels of the second-generation Camry were made: the unbadged base model, the DX, and the LE. Chess is an abstract strategy board game for two players. In 1991, anti-lock brakes became optional on the V6, LE, and wagon models. Veselin Topalov (current). The V6 featured dual overhead camshafts, much like the upgraded 130 hp JIS (96 kW) 4 cylinder. Rustam Kasimdzhanov. In 1988, all wheel drive (called All-Trac) and a 160 hp JIS (118 kW) 2.5 L V6 engine were added as options for the first time. Ruslan Ponomariov.

At this point, it was still regarded as a midsize car. Vishwanathan Anand. The second-generation model debuted in 1986 for the 1987 model year, and included a station wagon but dropped the hatchback. Alexander Khalifman. Additionally, the vehicle size and available options were characteristic of Japanese-designed cars of the time; the Camry was a small, inexpensive sedan with solid but spartan construction and competed indirectly against larger American counterparts. Anatoly Karpov. The design of the first-generation Camry fit well within the box-shaped trends of the early 1980s. FIDE champions (1993–present)