Chevrolet Camaro

. [2]. The concept is powered by the 400 hp LS2 V8 and equipped with the T-56 six-speed manual transmission. On July 2, 2005, the tip of the whaleback feature broke off, causing a rockfall that sent ash and dust several hundred meters into the air. The concept car features a 110" (279.4 cm) wheelbase, which is nine inches (23 cm) longer than the previous generation, but an overall length of just 186" (474.4 cm), seven inches (18 cm) shorter. While geologists warn that an eruption similar to the May 1980 eruption is still possible, the chances are low. Photographs, as well as a short video of the car, are available in this online Road and Track article. Helens VolcanoCam [1] located at Johnston Ridge is able to view the new dome especially at night when the glow of new magma is visible via the camera's infrared capabilities.

A Pontiac Firebird version is unlikely, as the GM Zeta platform will also underpin the next-generation Pontiac GTO. The Mount St. AutoWeek editors unanimously awarded the Camaro concept "Best In Show.". If the growth of the new dome continues at its current pace, the new dome could replace the amount of material lost in the 1980 eruption (estimated at 3.7 billion cubic yards or 2.85 km³) within the next 40-50 years. The first official word regarding a fifth-generation Camaro from General Motors came at the 2006 North American International Auto Show, where a concept Camaro was released. The 'whaleback' feature is disintegrating steadily but continues to be extruded as solidified lava pushes upward from underneath it. The return of the Camaro name has been anticipated by enthusiasts since fourth-generation production ended in 2002. Growth of the new dome continues steadily and has not abated, and small earthquakes continue to be observed every few minutes.

The Sainte-Thérèse plant, the only GM plant in Canada outside of Ontario, then closed down. As of May 5, 2005, the highest point on the new dome was 7,675 feet (2339 m), 688 feet (210 m) below the highest point of the volcano. The final Camaro was built on August 27, 2002; total production for 2002 was 42,098. The release was accompanied by a 2.5 earthquake. 3,000 Camaros with the anniversary package were produced for the United States and 152 for Canada.^{[citation needed]}. This activity was not considered a large eruption, merely a minor release of pressure consistent with the nature of ongoing dome building. The 35th anniversary SS Camaro was only available as a convertible or with T-Tops. Helens had major activity again on March 8, 2005 when a 36,000-foot plume of steam and ash emerged, which was visible from Seattle, Washington and rained ash on Yakima, Washington.

Other 35th anniversary SS Camaro's had silver racing stripes down the hood and trunk lid against Bright Rally Red paint, and the slogan "Leave a Lasting ImpreSSion" embroidered in the seats. Mount St. A 35th Anniversary Edition was offered on all trim levels (base, Z28, and SS.) At least one 35th Anniversary SS Camaro was Navy Blue, with black leather interior and a "35th anniversary" marker in the dashboard. The total amount of glacier lost by this date was estimated to be between 5 and 10 percent, but the flow of water out from the crater had changed by almost nothing as the porous nature of the floor of the crater caused the water to be absorbed like a giant sponge. GM announced that this would be the final year of production for the Camaro, as the sales were not high enough to justify redesigning the platform again and the car could not be priced high enough to make low volumes profitable (unlike the Corvette.). The diameter of the new dome was about 1,700 feet (518 m) at this time and it then contained about 50 million cubic yards (38.5 million m³) of material. The Camaro remained almost completely unchanged from 1999 to 2002; sales declined as the enthusiast market continued to switch to smaller four- and six-cylinder cars. The 'whaleback' feature measured approximately 1,550 feet (472 m) in length and 500 feet (152 m) in width.

The 2001 Z28 and SS models received the intake manifold from the LS6 (the engine used in the fifth-generation Corvette Z06.) Accordingly, the horsepower rating was increased to 310 for the Z28 and 325 for the SS, although both models remained underrated. This brought its elevation to 1,363 feet (415 m) above the 1980 crater floor, approximately 2,000 feet (610 meters) above the surface of the crater glacier, and 721 feet (220 meters) below the highest point of the volcano. Just 29,009 Camaros were built for this year. On February 1, 2005, the new lava dome on Mount Saint Helens measured 7,642 feet (2,329 m) in elevation. 2001 was the lowest production year ever for the Camaro, partly due to slow sales and partly due to ceasing production earlier than usual to begin early work on the 35th Anniversary 2002 cars. Currently, the whaleback is still growing but crumbling nearly as rapidly as it is growing. While the new design did spark sales, the total production for 1998 was just 48,490 -- a far cry from the 110,000 units sold in 1994 or the 200,000+ units per year sold in the 1970s. The edges of it began crumbling rapidly, forming loose material around the new dome.

The SS and RS option packages continued, with a revised body kit for the RS -- the most notable change being removing the center section of the front lip, a piece that is cracked on a very large number of 1996-1997 RS cars. This interesting feature was very hot but fragile. The suspension was updated and softened to appeal to a wider market and the brakes were increased in size. Included in the new dome was a feature dubbed the 'whaleback' (named such due to its close resemblance to the back of a whale), which was a long shaft of solidified magma being exuded by pressure of magma underneath it. Dyno reports and perfromance figures support the notion that all LS1 cars, regardless of Chevrolet's figures put out 345 horsepower. Magma reached the surface of the volcano around October 11, 2004, resulting in the building of a new lava dome on the existing dome's south side. While the engine had been "detuned" slightly with only single exhaust (which would split into two when it exited the underside of the car) the small number of changes between it and the Corvette version -- as well as the real-world performance -- make the 305hp rating that GM assigned it in the Z28 a rather conservative estimate. Helens became active again in autumn 2004, indicated initially by hundreds and then thousands of localized earthquakes, and followed by several significant emissions of steam and ash.

It featured the same OHV design, but was cast in aluminum, reducing weight. Mount St. Replacing the LT1 was GM's all-new LS1, which had been introduced with the fifth-generation Corvette in 1997. Later, in 1995, 1998, and 2001, earthquake swarms were recorded beneath the crater, though without explosive activity. The interior also received some updates, but the change that was most important to enthusiasts was under the hood. Between 1989 and 1991, a series of seismic events occurred, sometimes accompanied by small explosions from the dome. The grille and bumper were revised to match. that is growing.

The most obvious is the revised front bodywork, with the headlights now being rounded and flush with the bodywork, intead of square and inset. Until the beginning of the volcanic activity of 2004, it was considered the only glacier in the lower 48 states of the U.S. In 1998, the Camaro received its most major update since 1993. As of 2004, it covers about 0.36 square mile (0.93 km²). The exterior of the car remained largly unchanged other than the addition of amber to the rear tail lights, however the interior received a major facelift. Beginning with the winter snows of 1980-1981, a still unnamed horse shoe-shaped glacier began to evolve in the shadow of the crater. While this made it the fastest Camaro available at the time, it was also by far the most expensive with a price of over $38,000. Numerous small explosions and dome-building eruptions occurred during this time.

Also, 100 30th Anniversary Camaro SS cars were sent to SLP to have the 330hp LT4 engine installed. Helens, with a new lava dome forming in the crater. For the 1997 model year, the Camaro was offered with a "30th Anniversary Package", which included unique orange stripes on white base paint. Between 1980 and 1986, activity continued on St. Two option packages also returned: the "RS" package, which was an appearance option for V6 cars, and the "SS" package, a performance and appearance package for V8 cars. In addition, 200 homes, 47 bridges, and 185 miles (300 km) of highway were destroyed. 1996 saw a minor mechanical revision of the Camaro, as well as some power gains from the new OBD II-compliant engine controls and improved exhaust. Fifty-seven people were killed along with 1500 elk, 5000 deer, and an estimated 11 million fish.

The use of the OBD-1 computer system was still used; however, the connection to the PCM was via the newer style OBD-2 plug. Helens' height by about 1300 feet (400 m) and left a 1 to 2 mile (1.6 to 3.2 km) wide and 0.5 mile (800 m) deep crater with its north end open in a huge breach. For the V8 Camaros, the often-problematic OptiSpark distributor was updated to include a vent to remove moisture from the unit, greatly extending its longevity. The removal of the north side of the mountain reduced St. In 1995, V6 Camaros sold to meet California emissions standards were produced with the 3800 Series II engine, while V6 Camaros sold elsewhere retained the old 3.4L engine. Helens released an amount of energy equivalent to 27,000 Hiroshima-sized atomic bombs and ejected more than a cubic kilometer of material. Same as the 1993 Camaro but with minor changes (the 4L60 automatic was replaced with an electronic version—the 4L60E). In all, St.

A 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission was available. on May 18 the vertical ash column declined in stature and less severe outbursts continued through the night and following several days. 1993 V6 models were powered by the 160hp 3.4L V6. By around 5:30 p.m. V8 models remained largely unchanged through 1995. A total of 3.9 million cubic yards (3.0 million m³) of material was transported by the lahars. In celebration of this, the 1993 Camaro Z28 was selected as the official pace car for the 1993 Indianapolis 500; a pace car edition was produced in limited quantities, with a unique black and white color scheme. The lahars flowed many miles down the Toutle River and Cowlitz River, destroying bridges and lumber camps.

The 1993 Camaro also featured the LT1 V8 engine that had been introduced in the Corvette one year earlier, as well as an optional six-speed manual transmission when ordered with the V8. Helens mixed with ice, snow, and water to create lahars (volcanic mudflows). Though the car would no longer be produced in the US, the new design which incorporated lightweight plastic body panels over a steel space frame, and a better suspension, further improved upon the Camaro line. The collapse of the northern flank of St. Production of the fourth and final generation was moved from GM's Van Nuys, California assembly plant to one in Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec in 1993. The plume moved eastward at an average speed of 60 miles per hour (95 km/h), with ash reaching Idaho by noon. 1993 began the fourth and last generation of Camaros, lasting through the 2002 model year. For more than nine hours, a vigorous plume of ash erupted, eventually reaching 12 to 15 miles (20 to 25 km) above sea level.

The 305 was the only engine to receive the Tuned Port Injection considering the L98 350 was not available until 1987. This eruption was a 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale. The Camaro IROC-Z was on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 1985. Helens burst forth into a large-scale pyroclastic flow which flattened vegetation and buildings in an area of over 230 square miles (600 km²). Third generation Camaros also had a suspension system that was more capable in corners than the previous generation. The magma inside of St. IROC-Z Camaro featured upgraded suspension, special decal package and Tuned Port Injection system taken from the Corvette. This was the largest known debris avalanche in recorded history.

In 1985 Chevrolet introduced a new Camaro model—the famous IROC-Z, named after the popular competition International Race of Champions. With little warning, a second Richter magnitude 5.1 earthquake triggered a massive collapse of the north face of the mountain on May 18. Engine choices in the pace cars were the same as the regular Z28 (Cross-Fire fuel injection or 4BBL carb). By the end of April, the north side of the mountain started to bulge. The pace car edition featured special two-tone silver/blue paint and special stiping, orange pin-striping on 15" Z28 wheels, and a silver/blue interior with 6-way Lear-Seigler manual adjustable seating. Steam venting started on March 27. The Camaro Z28 paced the Indy 500 in 1982 and over 6000 replicas were sold through Chevy dealers. Helens woke up on March 20, 1980, with a Richter magnitude 5.1 earthquake.

The Camaro Z28 was Motor Trend magazine's Car of the Year for 1982. Mount St. The 1982 model introduced the first Camaros with factory fuel injection, four-speed automatic transmissions (three-speed on the earlier models), five-speed manual transmissions (four-speed manual transmissions in 1982, and some 1983 to 1984 models), 15 or 16 inch (381 or 406 mm) rims, hatchback body style, and even a four-cylinder engine for a brief period (due to concerns over fuel economy in the wake of the 1979 energy crisis). The vent apparently was at or near Goat Rocks on the northeast flank. Total production had dropped down to 126,139 from a high of 282,571 in 1979. There were at least a dozen small eruptions between 1831 to 1857 of ash reported as well, including a fairly large one in 1842. The 1981 model was virutally unchanged from 1980 and would be the last model year for the second generation Camaro. The ash drifted northeast over central and eastern Washington, northern Idaho and western Montana.

The Z-28 hood included a rear-pointing raised scoop with a solenoid operated flap which opened at full throttle, allowing the engine to breathe cooler air. The 1800 eruption probably rivalled the May 18, 1980 eruption in size, although unlike the 1980 eruption, it did not result in massive destruction of the cone. For 1980 the aged 250 in³ (4.1 L) inline six was replaced with a 229 in³ (3.8 L) V6, 231 in³ (3.8 L) in California. As with the Kalama cycle, the sequence of events started with an explosion of dacite tephra followed by an andesite lava flow and then culminated with the emplacement of a dacite dome. A new instrument panel was introduced, and the Z-28 dubbed "the hugger" boasted eye-catching dual-color stripes which wrapped around the lower sides and front bumper. The 57 year long Goat Rocks Eruptive Period started in 1800 and is the first cycle for which oral and written records exist. The Type LT model was replaced by the more luxurious Berlinetta with dual mirrors, special wheels, paint, emblems, and interior. 150 years of quiet returned to the volcano.

This was also the first year the T-top — a t-bar roof with dark tinted glass lift-out panels — became available as an option. Helens reached its greatest height and highly symmetrical form by the time the Kalama eruptive cycle ended on or around 1647. The 1978 model featured new soft front and rear bumpers and much larger taillamps. St. More than one Z28 was sold as a stripped radio-delete bare-bones performance car, and in this trim the Z28 could out-perform Pontiac Trans-Ams and aging C3 Corvettes on highways and canyon roads. Lateral explosions excavated a notch in southeast crater wall. The car was capable of turning in quarter-mile times comparable to many of the nineteen sixties' performance cars, and the chassis was developed to reward the driver with a first-class grand touring experience, capable of outstanding handling, especially in the hands of a competent high-performance driver. Large parts of the dome's sides broke away and mantled parts of the volcano's cone with talus.

The half-year model was one of the few American performance vehicles available at the time. The several hundred foot high dome filled and overtopped an explosion crater already at the summit. The cars were also available with a Borg-Warner Super T-10 4-speed manual and minimal option packaging for those buyers interested in a performance-oriented vehicle. This cycle ended with the emplacement of a large dacite dome at the volcano's summit. This car was an instant hit, with most cars sold equipped with air-conditioning and an automatic transmission for a comfort-oriented public. Later, pyroclastic flows raced down over the andesite lava and into the Kalama River valley. The Z28 was re-introduced to the buying public in the spring of 1977 as a 1977-1/2. Helens' summit crater down the volcano's southeast flank.

These power-robbing additions -- along with stringent new emissions laws -- were instrumental in creating the vastly smaller power figures found in subsequent cars.). After that, blocky andesite lava flowed from St. Net power ratings were taken from the engine crankshaft as before, but now all accessories had to be attached and operating, and all emissions equipment and a full production exhaust system had to be in place. The next phase of this 150 year long cycle saw the eruption of less silica-rich lava in the form of andesitic ash that formed at least eight alternating light and dark-colored layers of ash. Two 350 in³ (5.7 L) V8s produced 145 hp (108 kW) and 155 hp (116 kW) (power ratings were now net as opposed to the prior gross ratings. The source for at least some of these debris flows may have come from the explosion of a dacite dome close to or at the summit. The Z-28 option was dropped for the 1975 and 1976 models, and power continued to decline drastically. Helens' west flanks and into the Kalama River drainage system.

Round taillights were replaced with a more rectangular wraparound design. Large pyroclastic flows and mudflows subsequently rushed down St. The 1974 Camaro grew seven inches longer thanks to new aluminum bumpers and forward sloping grille. Ash and pumice piled to a thickness of three feet (1 m) six miles (9.5 km) northeast from the volcano and two inches (5 cm) deep 50 miles (80 km) away in the same direction. Power was down due to new emissions standards, with the top rated 350 in³ (5.7 L) V8 producing 245 hp (183 kW). At least seven different beds were laid down in the most voluminous eruptive cycle for 3000 years. The Super Sport package was dropped, and the big block 396 in³ (6.5 L) V8 could no longer be ordered. In 1482, another large eruption rivaling the 1980 eruption in volume is known to have occurred.

A new LT option was offered in 1973, and new impact-absorbing bumpers were standard. The eruption in 1480 was several times larger than the May 18, 1980 eruption. 970 SS396 were produced in 1972, and this was the last year for the SS model. Roughly 700 years of dormancy was broken about the year 1480 when large amounts of pale gray dacite pumice and ash started to erupt in the Kalama eruptive cycle. The latter group eventually convinced those in favor of dropping the F Cars to reconsider, and Chevrolet would go on to produce 68,656 Camaros in 1972. This period ended with the emplacement of dacite domes, including Sugar Bowl around the year 800. Some at GM seriously considered dropping the Camaro and Firebird altogether, while others were convinced the models remained marketable. Helens' north flank.

A UAW strike at a GM assembly plant in Ohio disrupted production for 174 days, and 1100 Camaros had to be scrapped because they did not meet 1973 Federal bumper safety standards. Sometime around the year 400, the Sugar Bowl Eruptive Period began with small quantities of ash and lava erupted from St. The 1972 Camaro suffered two major setbacks. Another 400 or so years of dormancy ensued. Besides the base model, buyers could select the "Rally Sport" option with a distinctive front nose and bumper, a "Super Sport" package, and the "Z-28 Special Performance Package" featuring a new high-performance 360 hp (268 kW) 350 in³ (5.7 L) V8. Also around the 1st century, mudflows moved 30 miles (50 km) down Toutle and Kalama river valleys and may have reached the Columbia River. Two 454 in³ (7.4 L) engines—the LS-6 and LS-7—were listed on early specification sheets but never made it into production. Others, such as Cave Basalt (known for its system of lava tubes), flowed up to 8 to 9 miles (13 to 15 km) from their vents.

Starting in 1970, the 396 in³ (6.5 L) nominal big block V8's actually displaced 402 in³ (6.6 L), yet Chevrolet chose to retain the 396 badging. Large lava flows of andesite and basalt covered parts of the mountain, including one around the year 100 that traveled all the way into the Lewis and Kalama river valleys. The top performing motor was a L-78 396 in³ (6.5 L) V8 rated at 375 hp (280 kW). Also different was the presence of significant lava flows in addition to the previously much more common fragmented and pulverized lavas and rocks (tephra). Most of the engine and drivetrain components were carried over from 1969 with the exception of the 230 in³ (3.8 L) six cylinder -- the base engine was now the 250 in³ (4.1 L) six rated at 155 hp (116 kW). It was during the Castle Creek Period that the pre-1980 summit cone started to form. The 1970–1/2 Camaro debuted as a 2+2 coupe; no convertible was offered and would not appear again until well into the third generation. Helens' lava, which diversified by adding olivine and basalt to the mix.

The larger second-generation Camaro featured an all-new sleek body and improved suspension. The next eruptive cycle, the Castle Creek Eruptive Period, began roughly around 400 BC and is characterized by a change in composition of St. Production numbers:. A large mudflow partly filled 40 miles (65 km) of the Lewis River valley sometime between 1000 BC to 500 BC. Equipped with the lighter weight "split bumper" in the front (i.e., no bumper across the central grill opening) and with all the refinements and enhancements up to that point, these "1970 1/2" model year vehicles are generally regarded as the most desirable of the early Camaros, since the performance of those immediately following was to be hampered by the addition of heavy Federally mandated bumpers as well as the power-reducing automobile emissions control systems of the period. Helens' flanks and came to rest in nearby valleys. A small number of 1969 model year cars were titled as 1970 cars; this is also the source of the "1970 1/2" moniker sometimes applied to early 1970 model year cars. Numerous dense nearly red hot pyroclastic flows sped down St.

The 1969 model year was exceptionally long, extending into December of 1969, due to production problems with the completely redesigned second generation model. This cycle, which lasted until about 800 BC, is characterized by smaller volume eruptions. Though rated at 430 hp (321 kW) gross, the ZL-1 made closer to 550 hp (410 kW), making it both the fastest and rarest of all Camaros. Helens came alive again around 1200 BC after 400 years of dormancy. Just 69 ZL-1 Camaros were produced, probably because the engine alone cost over 4,000 USD—nearly twice that of a base V-8 coupe. At the beginning of the Pine Creek Eruptive Period, St. This option installed an all-aluminum 427 in³ (7.0 L) big-block called the ZL-1. All told there may have been up to 2.5 cubic miles (10 km³) of material ejected in this cycle.

Even rarer was COPO 9560. Rainier National Park and trace amounts have been found as far northeast as Banff National Park in Alberta and as far southeast as eastern Oregon. Overall, Chevrolet produced just 1,015 L-72 equipped Camaros. This eruptive cycle lasted until about 1600 BC and left 18 inch (46 cm) deep deposits of material 50 miles (80 km) distant in what is now Mt. Don Yenko ordered several hundred of these cars, along with a variety of other high performance options, to create the now-legendary Yenko Camaro. Helens during the Holocene, judging by the volume of one of the tephra layers from that eruptive period. The COPO 9561 option brought the fire-breathing L-72 big-block engine, making an underrated 425 hp (317 kW) gross. St.

So, Chevrolet quietly offered two Central Office Production Orders (COPO) options, numbers 9560 and 9561, for the 1969 model year. An eruption in 1900 BC was the largest known eruption from Mt. Chevy also knew that there was a market for ultra-powerful Camaros armed with the Corvette's L-72 427 in³ (7.0 L) engine, as evidenced by the success of dealerships like Yenko Chevrolet, Nickey Chevrolet, and Dana Chevrolet, who installed their own. Starting around 2500 BC, the Smith Creek Eruptive Period began with eruptions of large amounts of ash and yellowish-brown pumice covered thousands of square miles. A GM corporate edict forbid Chevrolet from installing engines larger than 400 in³ (6.6 L) in the Camaro. The period since about 2500 BC is called the "Spirit Lake Stage". The real treat for the 1969 model year, however, was the vast array of new performance options. 20–18,000 years ago), and the "Swift Creek Stage" (roughly 13–8,000 years ago).

Collectors often debate the merits of smooth, rounded lines of 1967 and 1968 model versus the heavily creased and sportier looks of the 1969. The early eruptive stages of the volcano are known as the "Ape Canyon Stage" (around 40–35,000 years ago), the "Cougar Stage" (ca. This styling would serve for the 1969 model year only. Repeated eruptions of pyroclastic flows, pumice, and ash followed until about 8500 BC when the volcano went dormant for roughly 6000 years. New door skins, rear quarter panels, and rear valence panel also gave the car a much lower, wider, more aggressive look. The four stages were interspersed with very long periods of dormancy or low activity levels lasting for up to a few thousand years. The grille was redesigned with a heavy "Y" cant and deeply inset headlights. Helens is known to have erupted in four major stages, the present having begun around 2500 BC after 6000 years of dormancy.

The 1969 Camaro carried over the previous year's drivetrain and major mechanical components, but all new sheet metal, except the hood and trunk lid, gave a car a substantially sportier look. St. Production numbers:. Mt. 6.5 L (396 in³) 350 hp (261 kW) engine was added as an option for the SS, and Z28 became known by buyers and 7199 units were sold. Parts of this ancestral cone were fragmented and transported by glaciers 14,000 to 18,000 years ago during the last ice age. On some models, multi-leaf rear springs replaced single-leaf units, and shock absorbers were staggered. Helens' eruptive cycles).

SS models received optional chrome hood inserts. 36,000 years ago a large mudflow cascaded down the volcano (mudflows were very significant forces in all of St. Also added were side marker lights, a more pointed front grill, and divided rear tailights. Helens started growth in the Pleistocene 37,600 years ago with dacite and andesite eruptions of pumice and ash. 1968 saw the deletion of the side vent windows and the introduction of Astro Ventilation, a fresh-air-inlet system. According to geological evidence, St. Production numbers:. Following the 1980 eruption, the area was left to gradually return to its natural state preceding the devastation.

The 290 hp (216 kW), 5.7 L (350 in³) V8 first saw duty in the 1967 Camaro and virtually every engine in the Chevrolet lineup was offered as an option. Helens National Volcanic Monument, a 110,000 acre (445 km²) area around the mountain and within the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. The TH350 was also an option on SS396 cars from late 1967 onwards. Congress established the Mount St. The two-speed "Powerglide" automatic transmission was a popular option in 1967-68 until the three-speed "Turbo Hydra-Matic 350" replaced it starting in 1969. In 1982, President Ronald Reagan and the U.S. A Muncie four-speed manual was also available. Helens.".

The Camaro's base powertrain was a 3.8 L (230 in³) I6 engine rated at 140 hp (104 kW) and backed by a Saginaw three-speed manual transmission. Their film became a popular and top-selling documentary "The Eruption of Mount St. Almost 80 factory and 40 dealer options including three main packages were available. A second eruption occurred on May 25, but the crew survived and were rescued two days following the second eruption by National Guard helicopter pilots. Chevrolet offered the car in only two body styles, a coupe and convertible. Their compasses, however, spun in circles and they quickly became lost. Sharing mechanicals with the upcoming 1968 Chevrolet Nova, the Camaro featured unibody structure, combined with a sub-frame supporting the front end. Helens on May 23 to document the destruction.

. A film crew, led by Seattle filmmaker Otto Seiber, was dropped by helicopter on St. Four distinct generations of the car were produced. President Jimmy Carter surveyed the damage and stated it looked more desolate than a moonscape. If its frequent inclusion in automotive enthusiast magazines is any indication, the Chevy Camaro is one of the most popular cars for modification in automotive history. U.S. While the Camaro was never the flagship for Chevrolet, it was always one of the most popular models. Had the eruption occurred one day later, when loggers would have been at work, rather than on a Sunday, the death toll would almost certainly have been much higher.

Though the car's name was contrived with no meaning, GM researchers found the word in a French dictionary as a slang term for "friend" or "companion." Ford Motor Company researchers discovered other definitions, including "a shrimp-like creature" and an arcane term for "loose bowels." In some automotive periodicals before official release, it was code-named "Panther." Historical examples exist of Chevrolet product managers being asked by the automotive press "what is a Camaro?", with the tongue-in-cheek answer being "a small, vicious animal that eats Mustangs," a sideways reference to the competing Ford Mustang. In total, 57 people were killed or never found. Production of both cars ceased in 2002. His body was never found after the May 18, 1980 eruption, which left a huge crater open to the north (see geology section below). The car shared the same General Motors "F-Body" platform and major components with the Pontiac Firebird, also introduced in 1967. Helens eruption, 84 year old innkeeper Harry Truman, who had lived near the mountain for over 50 years, became nationally famous when he decided not to evacuate before the impending eruption, despite repeated pleas by local authorities. It may also be classified as an intermediate touring car, a sports car, or a muscle car. During the lead-up to the 1980 Mount St.

Although it was technically a compact car (by the standards of the time), the Camaro, like the entire class of Mustang competitors, was soon known as a pony car. This was the first reported activity from the volcano since 1854 and the last until 1980. The Chevrolet Camaro was introduced in North America by the Chevrolet Motor Division of General Motors at the start of the 1967 model year as competition for the Ford Mustang. The lack of a significant ash layer associated with this event indicates that it was a small eruption, which may have been nothing more than billowing clouds of steam and dust. However, the 2006 NAIAS concept Camaro clearly demonstrates that, to borrow a phrase from Mark Twain, the reports of Zeta's death were greatly exaggerated. to be in a state of eruption". Rumors then shifted to suggest a stretched Kappa platform may be used for a future Camaro instead. Helens, or some other mount to the southward, is seen . . .

A March 2005 Detroit News article claimed the Zeta platform had been killed off by GM Chairman Robert Lutz, effectively killing off any hope for a resurrected Camaro as well. On April 17, 1857 the Republican, a Steilacoom, Washington newspaper, reported that "Mount St. The article predicted that the car would be built on the Zeta platform. Warre's work showed erupting material from a vent about a third of the way down from the summit on the mountain's west or northwest side (possibly at Goat Rocks), while one of Kane's field sketches shows smoke emanating from about the same location. The most prominent of early revival rumors was reported in the May 2004 Popular Hot Rodding article "The Return of the Chevrolet Camaro in 2007" in which it was reported that a new pony car was being developed for 2007. Warre sketched the eruption in 1845 and two years later Canadian painter Paul Kane created watercolors of the gently smoking mountain. 1998-2002 5.7 L (346 in³) LS1 V8. British lieutenant Henry J.

1993-1997 5.7 L (350 in³) LT1 V8. The story went that the injured man sought treatment at Fort Vancouver but the contemporary fort commissary steward, Napolean McGilvery, disclaimed knowledge of the incident. 1995-2002 3.8 L (231 in³) 3800 Series II V6. Burnett in October 1843 recounted a story of a Native American man who badly burned his foot and leg in either lava or hot ash while hunting for deer. 1993-1995 3.4 L (208 in³) 60° Gen III V6. Future California governor Peter H. 1987-1992 5.7 L (350 in³) L98 Small-Block V8. Ash from this eruption may have reached The Dalles, Oregon 48 miles (80 km) southeast of the volcano.

1985-1992 5.0 L (305 in³) LB9 Small-Block V8. Helens in eruption on November 22, 1842. 1988-1992 5.0 L (305 in³) LO3 Small-Block V8. The Reverend Josiah Parrish in Champoeg, Oregon witnessed Mount St. 1983-1986 5.0 L (305 in³) L69 Small-Block V8. All these eruptions were likely phreatic (steam explosions). 1982-1987 5.0 L (305 in³) LG4 Small-Block V8. Large ash clouds were reported for this small volume outburst and mild explosions followed for 15 years.

1982-1983 5.0 L (305 in³) LU5 Small-Block V8. In either late fall or early winter 1842 the so-called "Great Eruption" was seen by settlers and missionaries in the area. 1990-1992 3.1 L (191 in³) 60° Gen II V6. Another member of the expedition later described "cellular basaltic lavas" at the mountain's base. 1985-1989 2.8 L (173 in³) LB8 V6. Exploring Expedition, saw the peak (then quiescent) from off the mouth of the Columbia River in 1841. 1982-1984 2.8 L (173 in³) LC1 V6. James Dwight Dana of Yale University, while sailing with the Charles Wilkes U.S.

1982-1985 2.5 L (151 in³) Iron Duke I4. He sent an account to the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, which published his letter in January 1836. 1970 to 1972 6.6 L (402 in³) Big-Block V8. Meredith Gairdner, then working for the Hudson's Bay Company stationed at Fort Vancouver (the first geologist apparently viewed the volcano 6 years later). 1970 to 1981 5.7 L (350 in³) Small-Block V8. Helens eruption was made in March 1835 by Dr. 1976 to 1981 5.0 L (305 in³) Small-Block V8. The first authenticated eyewitness report of a St.

1970 to 1973 5.0 L (307 in³) Small-Block V8. They did report the presence of quicksand and clogged channel conditions at the mouth of the Sandy River near Portland, suggesting an eruption by Mount Hood sometime in the previous decades. 1970 to 1978 4.1 L (250 in³) Inline-6 I6. Helens from the Columbia River but did not report any eruption in progress or recent evidence of one. 1979 to 1981 3.8 L (231 in³) Buick V6 V6. In late 1805 and early 1806 members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition spotted St. 1979 to 1981 3.8 L (229 in³) Chevrolet V6 V6. Alarmed by the "dry snow", the Nespelim of northeastern Washington spent a great deal of time in prayer and dance instead of collecting food for winter and therefore had a hard winter.

1969 COPO 9560/ZL-1: 7.0 L (427 in³) Big-Block V8 430 hp (321 kW) @ 5200 rpm, 450ft.lbf (610 Nm) @ 4400 rpm. Much later geologists and historians determined that the eruption took place in 1800 and was the start of the 57 year long Goat Rocks Eruptive Period (see geology section below). 1969 COPO 9561/L-72: 7.0 L (427 in³) Big-Block V8 425 hp (317 kW) @ 5600 rpm, 460ft.lbf (624 Nm) @ 4000 rpm. Years later, the mountain was visited by its first major eruption after explorers, traders, and missionaries heard reports of an erupting volcano in the area. 1968 to 1969 SS396: 6.5 L (396 in³) Big-Block V8 350 hp (261 kW) @ 5200 rpm, 415 ft.lbf (563 Nm) @ 3200 rpm. Vancouver named the mountain for British diplomat Alleyne Fitzherbert, 1st Baron St Helens on October 20, 1792, as it came into view when the Discovery passed into the mouth of the Columbia River. 1967 to 1969 SS396: 6.5 L (396 in³) Big-Block V8 375 hp (280 kW) @ 5600 rpm, 415 ft.lbf (563 Nm) @ 3600 rpm. Helens by Europeans was by Royal Navy Commander George Vancouver and the officers of HMS Discovery on May 19, 1792, while they were surveying the northern Pacific Ocean coast from 1792 to 1794.

1967 to 1969 SS396: 6.5 L (396 in³) Big-Block V8 325 hp (242 kW) @ 4800 rpm, 410 ft.lbf (556 Nm) @ 3200 rpm. The first recorded sighting of Mount St. 1967 to 1969 SS350: 5.7 L (350 in³) Small-Block V8 295 hp (220 kW) @ 4800 rpm, 380 ft.lbf (515 Nm) @ 3200 rpm. Helens, but some land owned by Washington is in private hands. 1967-1969 5.7 L (350 in³) Small-Block V8 255 hp (190 kW). Gifford Pinchot National Forest surrounds Mount St. 1967 to 1969 5.4 L (327 in³) Small-Block V8 275 hp (205 kW). The community nearest the volcano is Cougar, Washington which is in the Lewis River valley about 11 miles (18 km) south-southwest of the peak.

1967 to 1969 5.4 L (327 in³) Small-Block V8 210 hp (157 kW). That major north-south highway skirts the low-lying cities of Castle Rock, Longview and Kelso along the Cowlitz River and passes through Vancouver, Washington-Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area less than 50 miles (80 km) to the southwest. 1967 to 1969 Z28: 4.9 L (302 in³) Small-Block V8 290 hp (216 kW) @ 5800 rpm, 290 ft.lbf (393 Nm) @ 4200 rpm. Washington State Route 504, locally known as the Spirit Lake Memorial Highway, connects with the heavily traveled Interstate 5 at Exit 49, about 34 miles (55 km) to the west of the mountain. 1967 to 1969 4.0 L (250 in³) 250 I6 155 hp (116 kW) @ 4200 rpm, 235 ft.lbf (319 Nm) @ 1600 rpm. Helens is in Skamania County, Washington the best access routes to the mountain run through Cowlitz County, Washington on the west. 1967 to 1969 3.8 L (230 in³) 230 I6 140 hp (104 kW). Although Mount St.

The Z28 could be combined with the RS appearance package. The southern and eastern sides of the volcano drain into an upstream impoundment, the Swift Reservoir, which is directly south of the volcano's peak. 1967 Z28s had 15" Rallye wheels, while all other 1967 Camaros had 14" wheels. The Lewis River is impounded by three dams for hydroelectric power generation. The hood was a standard flat hood. Helens a year, according to National Weather Service data. In 1967 the optional Z28 cowl induction received air from a cowl plenum duct attached to the side of the air cleaner that ran to the firewall and truly got air from the cowl vents. The streams are fed by abundant rain and snow that dump an average of about 140 inches (3.6 m) of water on Mount St.

Contrary to popular belief, 1967 Z28s did not have raised cowl induction hoods like 69 Z28s did. Streams that head on the volcano enter three main river systems — the Toutle River on the north and north-west, the Kalama River on the west, and the Lewis River on the south and east. Only 602 Z28's were sold. At the pre-eruption timberline (upper limit of trees) the width of the cone was about 4 miles (6.4 km). It was possible to combine Z28 package with RS package. The mountain is about 6 miles (9.5 km) across at its base which is at an altitude of about 4,400 feet (1340 m) on the northeastern side and about 4,000 feet (1220 m) elsewhere. Z28 also came with upgraded suspension and racing stripes on the hood. The peak rose more than 5,000 feet (1500 m) above its base, where the lower flanks merge with adjacent ridges.

Advertised power of this engine was listed at 290 hp (216 kW) while actual dyno readings rated it at 360 to 400 hp (269 to 298 kW). It stood out prominently, however, from surrounding hills because of the symmetry and the extensive snow and ice-cover of the pre-1980 summit cone, earning it the nickname, "Fujiyama of America" or "Mount Fuji of America". Z28 package featured unique 302 in³ (4.9 L) "small block" engine, designed specifically to compete in the Sports Car Club of America(SCCA) Trans Am racing series (which required engines smaller than 305 in³ (5.0 L) and public availability of the car). Its summit altitude made it only the fifth highest peak in Washington. The only way to order Z28 package was to order base Camaro with Z28 option, front disc brakes, power steering and Muncie 4-speed transmission. Helens was not one of the highest peaks in the Cascade Range. This option package wasn't mentioned in any sales literature so was unknown by most of the buyers. Even before its loss of height, Mount St.

Z28 option code was introduced in December 1966 for the 1967 model year. The volcano is also known to have been the most active in the Cascades within the last 10,000 years. In 1967 Camaro RS/SS Convertible Camaro with 396 in³ (6.5 L) engine paced the Indianapolis 500 race. It was formed only within the last 40,000 years, and the pre-1980 summit cone started to grow only about 2200 years ago. It was possible to order both RS and SS packages to receive RS/SS Camaro. Helens is geologically young compared to the other major Cascade volcanoes. SS featured non-functional air inlets on the hood, special striping and SS badging on grill, gas cap, and horn button. Mount St.

SS Package included modified 5.7 L (350 in³) V8 engine (first engine of that size by Chevrolet), also L35 396 in³ (6.5 L) "big block" was available. Helens. RS Package included many cosmetic changes such as RS badging, hidden headlights, revised taillights, and exterior rocker trim. Mount Hood, the nearest major volcanic peak in Oregon, is about 60 miles (95 km) southeast of Mount St. These "sister and brother" volcanic mountains are each about 50 miles (80 km) from Mount Rainier, the giant of Cascade volcanoes. Helens is 34 miles (55 km) almost due west of Mount Adams, which is in the eastern part of the Cascade Range.

Mount St. . Helens is a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire which includes over 160 active volcanoes. Mount St.

Helens' 1980 eruption. These were destroyed in St. The largest of the dacite domes formed the previous summit; another formed Goat Rocks dome on the northern flank. Helens includes layers of basalt and andesite through which several domes of dacite lava have erupted.

Mount St. Helens is a great cone of rubble consisting of lava rock interlayered with ash, pumice and other deposits. Like most other volcanoes in the Cascade Range, St. However, the scale of it still pales in comparison to far larger debris avalanches that have occurred in the geological past elsewhere on Earth.

The debris avalanche from the 1980 eruption was up to 0.7 cubic miles (2.3 km³) in volume, making it the largest in recorded history. Helens for more detail). The eruption caused a massive debris avalanche, reducing its summit from 9,677 feet (2,950 m) to 8,364 feet (2,550 m) in elevation and replacing it with a mile-wide (1.5 km-wide) horseshoe-shaped crater (see geology section or 1980 eruption of Mount St. Fifty-seven people were killed and 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles (24 km) of railways and 185 miles (300 km) of highway were destroyed.

That eruption was the most deadly and economically destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States. It is most famous for the catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows. It was named for British diplomat Lord St Helens who was a friend of George Vancouver, an explorer who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century.

The mountain is part of the Cascade Range and was initially known as Louwala-Clough which means "smoking or fire mountain" in the language of the local native Americans, the Klickitats. It is located 96 miles (154 km) south of Seattle and 53 miles (85 km) northeast of Portland, Oregon. Helens is an active stratovolcano in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Mount St.