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Calvin Klein

A Calvin Klein advertisement featuring Natalia Vodianova

Calvin Klein (born November 19, 1942, The Bronx, New York City, United States as Richard Klein), is a well-known fashion designer. His name is also a brand name of clothing marketed by his clothing company, which was launched in 1968.

Calvin Klein was raised in the Jewish immigrant community in the Bronx, New York. Calvin Klein was a protegé of Baron de Gunzburg through whose introductions he became the toast of the New York elite fashion scene before he had his first mainstream success with the launch of his first jeans line. Calvin Klein was immediately recognised for his talent after his first major showing at New York Fashion Week. He was hailed as the new Yves Saint-Laurent, and was noted for his clean lines and strait cuts on coats and suits.

Speaking in an interview with Bianca Jagger and Andy Warhol for Interview magazine, published not long after the Baron's death Klein said:—

The Calvin Klein company, like many in the fashion industry, is known for its eye-catching advertising. It is noted by many conservative organizations for its use of seemingly-underage models in pseudo-provocative poses.

In addition to clothing, Calvin Klein also gave his name to a range of perfumes, including CK One and CK Be (fragrances for everyone, regardless of gender), now owned by "Coty Inc.". Swatch manufactures watches under the Calvin Klein brand.

Klein was the victim of a pieing in 2001 at a fashion premier at New York's Lincoln Center. [1]

Creating the Calvin Klein empire

Calvin Klein attended the 'High School of Industrial Art' and after graduating at 20 from New York's Fashion Institute of Technology in 1962, he apprenticed at an oldline cloak-and-suit manufacturer and spent five years designing at other New York shops. In 1968, Klein and his childhood friend Barry Schwartz, who was to manage the business, then initially founded Calvin Klein Ltd., a coat shop on one of the floors of the York Hotel, in New York City with $10,000. Legend has it that a year later a buyer from Bonwit Teller (a then New York based department store similar to today’s Lord & Taylor) got off the elevator on the wrong floor, and ended up placing a $50,000 order. It is more likely though, that Klein showed his work to Bonwit Teller staff. Hence, the first Calvin Klein collection was a line of men’s and women’s coats at New York retailer Bonwit Teller.

In 1969, Mr. Klein, who was later described as “the supreme master of minimalism”, appeared on the cover of Vogue magazine. By 1971, sportswear, classic blazers and pant suits as well as lingerie were added to his womens collection portfolio.

In 1973 he was awarded the Coty Award for the first time (again in 1974 and 1975) for his 74-piece womenswear collection. By 1977, annual revenues had jumped to $30 million, and he had licenses for scarves, shoes, belts, furs, sunglasses, and sheets. Klein and Schwartz were making $4 million each. After the company signed licenses for cosmetics, jeans, and menswear, Klein’s annual retail volume was estimated at $100 million. In 1978, Klein claimed sales of 200,000 pairs of his famous jeans the first week they were on the market. By 1981, Fortune magazine figured Klein’s annual income at $8.5 million a year. In the mid-1970s, he had created a designer-jeans craze by putting his name on the back pocket. The jeans were famously advertised with a commercial featuring a 15-year-old Brooke Shields cooing in 1979/80 that "nothing comes between me and my Calvins" and “I’ve got seven Calvins in my closet, and if they could talk, I’d be ruined.” Controversial advertising, including a series of ads featuring adolescents in sexually evocative poses, has been a recurring theme for the company.

In the late 1970s, the company also made attempts to set up their own fragrance and cosmetics business but soon learned that they were not able to do it alone and withdrew from the market with big financial losses. In the 1980s, as the designer-jeans frenzy reached its all-time high, Calvin Klein introduced a highly successful line of boxer shorts for women and a men’s underwear collection which would later gross $70 million in a single year. Calvin Klein’s underwear business, promoted later in the 1990s with giant billboards of pop singer Mark "Marky Mark" Wahlberg, was so successful that his underpants became generally known as ‘Calvins’.

The stunning growth continued through the early eighties. The licensing program, which brought in $24,000 when it was initiated in 1974, had royalty income of $7.3 million ten years later. That year, worldwide retail sales were estimated at more than $600 million. Klein’s clothes were sold through 12,000 stores in the United States and were available in six other countries. His annual income passed $12,000,000.

Financial problems, increased pressure from all sides, disagreements with the licensee of the menswear line and its disappointing sales as well as an enormous employee turnover both within Calvin Klein and its licensing partners led to the first rumors that Calvin Klein Industries, as the company had been known by then, was up for sale. And indeed, in late 1987, it was said that the sale of the company to Triangle Industries, a container manufacturer, had only failed because of the crashing stock market.

Although the company almost faced bankruptcy in 1992, Calvin Klein managed to regain and increase the profitability of his empire throughout the later 90s, mainly through the success of its highly popular underwear and fragrance lines as well as the cK sportswear line. Mr. Klein was named “America’s Best Designer” for his minimalist all-American designs in 1993, and thus it came as a shocking surprise when in 1999 it was announced again that CKI was up for sale. Planning to expand its business, the company had been approached by two luxury goods companies, LVMH and Pinault Printemps Redoute, to join Calvin Klein but nothing resulted. Other potentials like Tommy Hilfiger Corp. and Italy's Holding di Partecipazioni proved to be similar disappointments because of CKI's steep price tag of supposedly $1 billion. After seven months and no potential buyer, Mr. Klein announced that his empire was not on the market anymore. The company should never manage to go public which had supposedly been Mr. Klein's plan once.

Acquisition by Phillipps-Van Heusen

In mid-December 2002, Calvin Klein Inc. (CKI) was finally sold to shirt maker Phillips Van Heusen Corp., whose then CEO Bruce Klatsky was the driving force behind the deal, for about $400 million in cash, $30 million in stock as well as licensing rights and royalties linked to revenues over the following 15 years that were estimated at $200 to $300 million. The sale also included an ongoing personal financial incentive for Mr. Klein based on future sales of the Calvin Klein brand.

PVH outcompeted VF Corp., the maker of Lee and Wrangler jeans, which had also been interested in the jeans, underwear and swimwear business of CK that had been controlled by Warnaco Group, maker of Speedo swimwear, since 1997. The deal with PVH did not include these businesses, they remained with Warnaco. Unable to pay debts from acquisitions and licensing agreements and due to bad publicity by a later dismissed lawsuit with Calvin Klein over selling license products to retailers other than agreed upon with Calvin Klein, Warnaco had filed for chapter 11 protection in mid-2001 but eventually emerged from bankruptcy in February of 2003. Mr. Klein himself had considered Linda Wachner, then CEO of Warnaco Group, a personal enemy.

In reaction to the announcement of the deal, Phillips-Van Heusen shares closed down 14 cents at $12.54 on the New York Stock Exchange on December 17, 2002. The industry feared that PVH had taken on too much with the acquisition. It is said that talks between Calvin Klein and PVH had began as early as 2000.

The transaction between Calvin Klein and PVH was financially supported by Apax Partners Inc., a New York private equity firm, which is said to have made a $250 million equity investment in PVH convertible preferred stock, as well as a $125 million, two-year secured note, all in exchange for seats on the board of PVH.

CKI thus became a wholly owned subsidiary of PVH. In the beginning, Mr. Klein himself, who was included as a person in the 15-year contract he had signed with PVH, remained creative head of the collections but then continued as an advisor (consulting creative director) to the new company from 2003 on and has since more and more withdrawn from the business. Mr. Klein has appeared in the news from time to time since then when his name was associated with drug abuse, withdrawal treatments and public nuisance. Barry Schwartz was said to concentrate on his role as chairman of the New York Racing Association, a horse-racing club. The current President and COO of the CKI division within PVH is Tom Murry, who had filled this position already before the acquisition.

Current licensees

In early 2003, it was announced that Vestimenta SpA of Italy would be entrusted with the manufacture and distribution of Calvin Klein Collection for men and women – the label’s pricey high-end haute couture designer line which these days is shown on runways during the fashion weeks in New York and Milan – while design, marketing, advertising and public relations as well as control over the distribution of the line remained with CKI.

In June 2003, CKI announced that Kellwood Corp. of Chesterfield, Missouri had been selected as a strategic licensing partner to produce, source and distribute a Calvin Klein women’s better sportswear line to launch in North, Central and South America in late 2004. Under the terms of the arrangement, Kellwood collaborated with Andrew Grossman and Alexander Vreeland, two seasoned Giorgio Armani executives, who had formed a new business venture named GAV with Jay Schottenstein, chairman and CEO of Schottenstein Stores Corp., to help develop and launch the line in terms of marketing, design and advertising. GAV, a Manhattan based company, already then designed and manufactured for ck Calvin Klein and Emanuel Ungaro. The cooperation between Kellwood and GAV was ended on friendly terms in September 2005 with Kellwood being left solely responsible for the womens sportswear line while the other parties could focus on their ck Calvin Klein bridge business. A better sportswear line for men has been designed and developed in-house at CKI and PVH since spring 2004.

Just recently (December 2005), the Warnaco Group announced that in 2006 they would acquire 100% of the shares of the companies that operate the licenses and related wholesale and retail businesses of Calvin Klein Jeans and accessories in Europe and Asia as well as the cK Calvin Klein bridge line of sportswear and accessories in Europe from Fingen SpA, a Florentine holding company, and Euro Cormar SpA for €240 million. Fingen, a company controlled by the Italian Fratini family, had held a 90% share in the European Calvin Klein business – which was managed by Fabio Fusco – since 1995 with CKI owning the remaining 10%. Additionally, beginning in 2008 and continuing through December 2013, Warnaco will assume the license for Calvin Klein Collection men's and women's apparel and accessories worldwide from Fingen, with Mr. Fusco remaining in charge after the completion of the deal. The deal will have no impact on the existing US licenses with Kellwood Corp. for the Calvin Klein women's better sportswear line and with GAV for the ck Calvin Klein bridge sportswear business.

Designers at Calvin Klein

The current creative director for Calvin Klein Collection for women is Brazilian-born Francisco Costa who had already worked with Mr. Klein directly before the founder’s departure from the company. Italo Zucchelli, a former Jil Sander and Romeo Gigli designer, had collaborated with Calvin Klein for six seasons before he became head designer of the Calvin Klein Collection menswear line in spring 2004.

Calvin Klein stores

In the late 1990s the company opened elegant Calvin Klein Collection stores in Paris, Seoul, and Taipei and ultra-fancy cK Calvin Klein stores in Hong Kong, Milan and Kuwait City. As of today, there are Calvin Klein Collection stores operated by CKI in New York, Milan and Paris. The stores in Moscow, Barcelona, Rome, Dubai (two locations), Seoul, Singapore and Taipei are maintained by partners.

Out of the two Calvin Klein Collection stores that existed in the US, the Dallas location in Highland Park Village which had been open for 20 years was closed in mid-2005. The New York store, which serves as the company’s flagship store at 654 Madison Ave., remains open till today. The sportswear and cK lines are mainly sold through North American department stores and in Europe through high-end retail stores. In Asia, there are also signature cK stores that only carry the cK sportswear line. The Warnaco Group, in addition, maintains Calvin Klein Jeans and corresponding outlet stores. Apart from Calvin Klein Underwear boutiques, there are also several Calvin Klein Outlet stores in the US that sell the sportswear and cK lines at reduced prices but do not carry the Collection lines.

With the fall 2006 Collection runway presentations in New York City, CKI will inaugurate an 8,600-sqf show room space that can seat up to 600 people on the ground floor of 205 West 39th Street, in Times Square South where Calvin Klein has been headquartered since 1978. Their current office space in the building is about 143,000-sqf with lease costs probably figuring at around $30 per sq in that area.

Calvin Klein brands

The most visible brand names include:

  • Calvin Klein Collection
  • Calvin Klein
  • cK
  • Calvin Klein Jeans

Licenses are in effect for the most of the above mentioned brands’ jeans, kids clothing, underwear, swimwear, sleepwear, hosiery and socks, watches, fragrance, eyewear and home lines/collections.

Calvin Klein fragrances

Calvin Klein is famous for the label's various lines of perfumes and colognes. Their perfumes and the corresponding fragrance lines used to be maintained by Calvin Klein Cosmetics Company (CKCC), a Unilever company, until recently when in May 2005 cosmetics giant Coty, Inc. of New York bought up the fragrance licensing agreements from Unilever. [year of launch]

  • Calvin (men) [1981]
  • Obsession (men and women) [men 1986, women 1985]
  • Eternity (men and women) [1989]
  • Escape (men and women) [men 1993, women 1991]
  • cK one (unisex) [1994, ‘Red Hot’ edition 2000, ‘Graffiti’ art edition 2003]
  • cK be (unisex) [1996]
  • Contradiction (men and women) [men 1998, women 1997]
  • Truth (men and women) [men 2002, women 2000]
  • Crave (men) [2002]
  • Eternity Purple Orchid (women) [2003]
  • Eternity Moment (women) [2004]
  • Obsession Night (men and women) [2005]
  • Euphoria (women) [2005]

Advertising

  • Calvin Klein's advertising campaigns are frequently controversial, but prove this can be very successful - to the point of making a blitz career. One of his male underwear models, Mark Wahlberg, went on to fame as hip hop star 'Marky Mark', launching himself into the Hollywood scene as well. Another Hollywood star owing his respectable career to the Calvin Klein advertisements is Antonio Sabato Jr..
  • They also play with emerging technologies. When advertising cKone perfume in 1999, they employed a very unusual and groundbreaking campaign that displayed e-mail addresses in print advertisements, targeted at teenagers (such as anna@ckone.com or nick@ckone.com). When these teens mailed these addresses, they would be placed on a mailing list that sent them mails with vague details about the models' lives, with fake details meant to make them more relatable. These mails came at unpredictable intervals, and were supposed to give readers the feeling that they had some connection with these characters. Though the mailing lists were discontinued in 2002, the campaign has inspired similar marketing tactics for movies and other retail products.

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[year of launch]. Chemawinite or cedarite is an amber-like resin from the Saskatchewan river in Canada. of New York bought up the fragrance licensing agreements from Unilever. Schraufite is a reddish resin from the Carpathian sandstone, and it occurs with |jet in the Cretaceous rocks of the Lebanon; ambrite is a resin found in many of the coals of New Zealand; retinite occurs in the lignite of Bovey Tracey in Devonshire and elsewhere; whilst copaline has been found in the London clay of Highgate in North London. Their perfumes and the corresponding fragrance lines used to be maintained by Calvin Klein Cosmetics Company (CKCC), a Unilever company, until recently when in May 2005 cosmetics giant Coty, Inc. Many other fossil resins more or less allied to amber have been described. Calvin Klein is famous for the label's various lines of perfumes and colognes. Besides succinite, which is the common variety of European amber, the following varieties also occur:.

Licenses are in effect for the most of the above mentioned brands’ jeans, kids clothing, underwear, swimwear, sleepwear, hosiery and socks, watches, fragrance, eyewear and home lines/collections. These Central American ambers are formed from the resins of Legume trees (Hymenea) and not conifers. The most visible brand names include:. Blue amber is recorded in the Dominican Republic. Their current office space in the building is about 143,000-sqf with lease costs probably figuring at around $30 per sq in that area. A fluorescent amber occurs in the southern state of Chiapas in Mexico, and is used extensively to create eye-catching jewellery. With the fall 2006 Collection runway presentations in New York City, CKI will inaugurate an 8,600-sqf show room space that can seat up to 600 people on the ground floor of 205 West 39th Street, in Times Square South where Calvin Klein has been headquartered since 1978. Amber and certain similar substances are found to a limited extent at several localities in the United States, as in the green-sand of New Jersey, but they have little or no economic value.

Apart from Calvin Klein Underwear boutiques, there are also several Calvin Klein Outlet stores in the US that sell the sportswear and cK lines at reduced prices but do not carry the Collection lines. It was re-created in 2003. The Warnaco Group, in addition, maintains Calvin Klein Jeans and corresponding outlet stores. It is presumed lost. In Asia, there are also signature cK stores that only carry the cK sportswear line. What happened to the room beyond this point is unclear. The sportswear and cK lines are mainly sold through North American department stores and in Europe through high-end retail stores. The room was hidden in place from invading Nazi forces in 1941, who upon finding it in the Cathrine Palace, disassembled it and moved it to Königsberg.

The New York store, which serves as the company’s flagship store at 654 Madison Ave., remains open till today. The Amber Room was a collection of chamber wall panels commissioned in 1701 for the king of Prussia, then given to Tsar Peter the Great. Out of the two Calvin Klein Collection stores that existed in the US, the Dallas location in Highland Park Village which had been open for 20 years was closed in mid-2005. Amber was carried to Olbia on the Black Sea, Massilia (today Marseille) on the Mediterranean, and Hatria at the head of the Adriatic; and from these centres it was distributed over the Hellenic world. The stores in Moscow, Barcelona, Rome, Dubai (two locations), Seoul, Singapore and Taipei are maintained by partners. Some of the amber districts of the Baltic and North Sea were known in prehistoric times, and led to early trade with the south of Europe. As of today, there are Calvin Klein Collection stores operated by CKI in New York, Milan and Paris. Amber has indeed a very wide distribution, extending over a large part of northern Europe and occurring as far east as the Urals.

In the late 1990s the company opened elegant Calvin Klein Collection stores in Paris, Seoul, and Taipei and ultra-fancy cK Calvin Klein stores in Hong Kong, Milan and Kuwait City. On the shores of the Baltic it occurs not only on the German and Polish coast but in the south of Sweden, in Bornholm and other islands, and in southern Finland. Italo Zucchelli, a former Jil Sander and Romeo Gigli designer, had collaborated with Calvin Klein for six seasons before he became head designer of the Calvin Klein Collection menswear line in spring 2004. On the other side of the North Sea, amber is found at various localities on the coast of the Netherlands and Denmark. Klein directly before the founder’s departure from the company. Cromer is the best-known locality, but it occurs also on other parts of the Norfolk coast, as well as at Great Yarmouth, Southwold, Aldeburgh and Felixstowe in Suffolk, and as far south as Walton-on-the-Naze in Essex, whilst northwards it is not unknown in Yorkshire. The current creative director for Calvin Klein Collection for women is Brazilian-born Francisco Costa who had already worked with Mr. Rolled pieces of amber, usually small but occasionally of very large size, may be picked up on the east coast of England, having probably been washed up from deposits under the North Sea.

for the Calvin Klein women's better sportswear line and with GAV for the ck Calvin Klein bridge sportswear business. It is still believed to possess a certain medicinal virtue. The deal will have no impact on the existing US licenses with Kellwood Corp. Beads of amber occur with Anglo-Saxon relics in the south of England; and up to a comparatively recent period the material was valued as an amulet. Fusco remaining in charge after the completion of the deal. A remarkably fine cup turned in amber from a bronze-age barrow at Hove is now in the Brighton Museum. Additionally, beginning in 2008 and continuing through December 2013, Warnaco will assume the license for Calvin Klein Collection men's and women's apparel and accessories worldwide from Fingen, with Mr. It has been found in Mycenaean tombs; it is known from lake-dwellings in Switzerland, and it occurs with neolithic remains in Denmark, whilst in England it is found with interments of the bronze age.

Fingen, a company controlled by the Italian Fratini family, had held a 90% share in the European Calvin Klein business – which was managed by Fabio Fusco – since 1995 with CKI owning the remaining 10%. Amber was much valued as an ornamental material in very early times. Just recently (December 2005), the Warnaco Group announced that in 2006 they would acquire 100% of the shares of the companies that operate the licenses and related wholesale and retail businesses of Calvin Klein Jeans and accessories in Europe and Asia as well as the cK Calvin Klein bridge line of sportswear and accessories in Europe from Fingen SpA, a Florentine holding company, and Euro Cormar SpA for €240 million. True amber is sometimes coloured artificially. A better sportswear line for men has been designed and developed in-house at CKI and PVH since spring 2004. Amber has often been imitated by other resins like copal and kauri, as well as by celluloid and even glass. The cooperation between Kellwood and GAV was ended on friendly terms in September 2005 with Kellwood being left solely responsible for the womens sportswear line while the other parties could focus on their ck Calvin Klein bridge business. This pressed amber yields brilliant interference colours in polarized light.

GAV, a Manhattan based company, already then designed and manufactured for ck Calvin Klein and Emanuel Ungaro. The product is extensively used for the production of cheap jewellery and articles for smoking. Under the terms of the arrangement, Kellwood collaborated with Andrew Grossman and Alexander Vreeland, two seasoned Giorgio Armani executives, who had formed a new business venture named GAV with Jay Schottenstein, chairman and CEO of Schottenstein Stores Corp., to help develop and launch the line in terms of marketing, design and advertising. The pieces are carefully heated with exclusion of air and then compressed into a uniform mass by intense hydraulic pressure; the softened amber being forced through holes in a metal plate. of Chesterfield, Missouri had been selected as a strategic licensing partner to produce, source and distribute a Calvin Klein women’s better sportswear line to launch in North, Central and South America in late 2004. Small fragments, formerly thrown away or used only for varnish, are now utilized on a large scale in the formation of "ambroid" or "pressed amber". In June 2003, CKI announced that Kellwood Corp. Cloudy amber may be clarified in an oil-bath, as the oil fills the numerous pores to which the turbidity is due.

In early 2003, it was announced that Vestimenta SpA of Italy would be entrusted with the manufacture and distribution of Calvin Klein Collection for men and women – the label’s pricey high-end haute couture designer line which these days is shown on runways during the fashion weeks in New York and Milan – while design, marketing, advertising and public relations as well as control over the distribution of the line remained with CKI. Two pieces of amber may be united by smearing the surfaces with linseed oil, heating them, and then pressing them together while hot. The current President and COO of the CKI division within PVH is Tom Murry, who had filled this position already before the acquisition. When gradually heated in an oil-bath, amber becomes soft and flexible. Barry Schwartz was said to concentrate on his role as chairman of the New York Racing Association, a horse-racing club. During the working much electricity is developed. Klein has appeared in the news from time to time since then when his name was associated with drug abuse, withdrawal treatments and public nuisance. In working amber, it is turned on the lathe and polished with whitening and water or with rotten stone and oil, the final lustre being given by friction with flannel.

Mr. Some of the best qualities are sent to Vienna for the manufacture of smoking appliances. Klein himself, who was included as a person in the 15-year contract he had signed with PVH, remained creative head of the collections but then continued as an advisor (consulting creative director) to the new company from 2003 on and has since more and more withdrawn from the business. The variety most valued in the East is the pale straw-coloured, slightly cloudy amber. In the beginning, Mr. It is regarded by the Turks as specially valuable, inasmuch as it is said to be incapable of transmitting infection as the pipe passes from mouth to mouth. CKI thus became a wholly owned subsidiary of PVH. Amber is extensively used for beads and other ornaments, and for cigar-holders and the mouth-pieces of pipes.

The transaction between Calvin Klein and PVH was financially supported by Apax Partners Inc., a New York private equity firm, which is said to have made a $250 million equity investment in PVH convertible preferred stock, as well as a $125 million, two-year secured note, all in exchange for seats on the board of PVH. The sea-worn amber has lost its crust, but has often acquired a dull rough surface by rolling in sand. It is said that talks between Calvin Klein and PVH had began as early as 2000. The nodules from the blue earth have to be freed from matrix and divested of their opaque crust, which can be done in revolving barrels containing sand and water. The industry feared that PVH had taken on too much with the acquisition. The pit amber was formerly dug in open works, but is now also worked by underground galleries. In reaction to the announcement of the deal, Phillips-Van Heusen shares closed down 14 cents at $12.54 on the New York Stock Exchange on December 17, 2002. At the present time extensive mining operations are conducted in quest of amber.

Klein himself had considered Linda Wachner, then CEO of Warnaco Group, a personal enemy. Systematic dredging on a large scale was at one time carried on in the Kurisches Haff by Messrs Stantien and Becker, the great amber merchants of Königsberg. Mr. Divers have been employed to collect amber from the deeper waters. Unable to pay debts from acquisitions and licensing agreements and due to bad publicity by a later dismissed lawsuit with Calvin Klein over selling license products to retailers other than agreed upon with Calvin Klein, Warnaco had filed for chapter 11 protection in mid-2001 but eventually emerged from bankruptcy in February of 2003. Sometimes the searchers wade into the sea, furnished with nets at the end of long poles, by means of which they drag in the sea-weed containing entangled masses of amber; or they dredge from boats in shallow water and rake up amber from between the boulders. The deal with PVH did not include these businesses, they remained with Warnaco. Pieces of amber torn from the sea-floor are cast up by the waves, and collected at ebb-tide.

PVH outcompeted VF Corp., the maker of Lee and Wrangler jeans, which had also been interested in the jeans, underwear and swimwear business of CK that had been controlled by Warnaco Group, maker of Speedo swimwear, since 1997. Although amber is found along the shores of a large part of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, the great amber-producing country is the promontory of Samland, now part of Russia. Klein based on future sales of the Calvin Klein brand. In the Dominican Republic exists a type of amber known as the Blue Amber. The sale also included an ongoing personal financial incentive for Mr. Bony amber owes its cloudy opacity to minute bubbles in the interior of the resin. (CKI) was finally sold to shirt maker Phillips Van Heusen Corp., whose then CEO Bruce Klatsky was the driving force behind the deal, for about $400 million in cash, $30 million in stock as well as licensing rights and royalties linked to revenues over the following 15 years that were estimated at $200 to $300 million. The so-called black amber is only a kind of jet.

In mid-December 2002, Calvin Klein Inc. Enclosures of pyrites may give a bluish colour to amber. Klein's plan once. Impurities are quite often present, especially when the resin dropped on to the ground, so that the material may be useless except for varnish-making, whence the impure amber is called firniss. The company should never manage to go public which had supposedly been Mr. The abnormal development of resin has been called succinosis. Klein announced that his empire was not on the market anymore. Sometimes the amber retains the form of drops and stalactites, just as it exuded from the ducts and receptacles of the injured trees.

After seven months and no potential buyer, Mr. Fragments of wood frequently occur, with the tissues well-preserved by impregnation with the resin; while leaves, flowers and fruits are occasionally found in marvellous perfection. and Italy's Holding di Partecipazioni proved to be similar disappointments because of CKI's steep price tag of supposedly $1 billion. Even hair and feathers have occasionally been represented among the enclosures. Other potentials like Tommy Hilfiger Corp. In most cases the organic structure has disappeared, leaving only a cavity, with perhaps a trace of chitin. Planning to expand its business, the company had been approached by two luxury goods companies, LVMH and Pinault Printemps Redoute, to join Calvin Klein but nothing resulted. The resin contains, in addition to the beautifully preserved plant-structures, numerous remains of insects, spiders, annelids, crustaceans and other small organisms which became enveloped while the exudation was fluid.

Klein was named “America’s Best Designer” for his minimalist all-American designs in 1993, and thus it came as a shocking surprise when in 1999 it was announced again that CKI was up for sale. It is improbable, however, that the production of amber was limited to a single species; and indeed a large number of conifers belonging to different genera are represented in the amber-flora. Mr. Goppert named the common amber-yielding pine of the Baltic forests Pinites succiniter, but as the wood, according to some authorities, does not seem to differ from that of the existing genus it has been also called Pinius succinifera. Although the company almost faced bankruptcy in 1992, Calvin Klein managed to regain and increase the profitability of his empire throughout the later 90s, mainly through the success of its highly popular underwear and fragrance lines as well as the cK sportswear line. R. And indeed, in late 1987, it was said that the sale of the company to Triangle Industries, a container manufacturer, had only failed because of the crashing stock market. H.

Financial problems, increased pressure from all sides, disagreements with the licensee of the menswear line and its disappointing sales as well as an enormous employee turnover both within Calvin Klein and its licensing partners led to the first rumors that Calvin Klein Industries, as the company had been known by then, was up for sale. Relics of an abundant flora occur in association with the amber, suggesting relations with the flora of Eastern Asia and the southern part of North America. His annual income passed $12,000,000. It appears, however, to have been partly derived from yet earlier Tertiary deposits (Eocene); and it occurs also as a derivative mineral in later formations, such as the drift. Klein’s clothes were sold through 12,000 stores in the United States and were available in six other countries. The Baltic amber or succinite is found as irregular nodules in a marine glauconitic sand, known as blue earth, occurring in the Lower Oligocene strata of Sambia in Kaliningrad Oblast, where it is now systematically mined. That year, worldwide retail sales were estimated at more than $600 million. It enables the distinction between baltic amber and non-Baltic varieties because of a specific carbonyl absorption and it can also detect the relative age of an amber sample.

The licensing program, which brought in $24,000 when it was initiated in 1974, had royalty income of $7.3 million ten years later. An effective tool for Amber analysis is IR spectroscopy. The stunning growth continued through the early eighties. Its specific gravity varies from 1.05 to 1.10. Calvin Klein’s underwear business, promoted later in the 1990s with giant billboards of pop singer Mark "Marky Mark" Wahlberg, was so successful that his underpants became generally known as ‘Calvins’. Succinite has a hardness between 2 and 3, which is rather greater than that of many other fossil resins. In the 1980s, as the designer-jeans frenzy reached its all-time high, Calvin Klein introduced a highly successful line of boxer shorts for women and a men’s underwear collection which would later gross $70 million in a single year. True Baltic amber is distinguished by its yield of succinic acid, for many of the other fossil resins which are often termed amber contain either none of it, or only a very small proportion; hence the name succinite proposed by Professor James Dwight Dana, and now commonly used in scientific writings as a specific term for the real Prussian amber.

In the late 1970s, the company also made attempts to set up their own fragrance and cosmetics business but soon learned that they were not able to do it alone and withdrew from the market with big financial losses. The aromatic and irritating fumes emitted by burning amber are mainly due to this acid. The jeans were famously advertised with a commercial featuring a 15-year-old Brooke Shields cooing in 1979/80 that "nothing comes between me and my Calvins" and “I’ve got seven Calvins in my closet, and if they could talk, I’d be ruined.” Controversial advertising, including a series of ads featuring adolescents in sexually evocative poses, has been a recurring theme for the company. True amber yields on dry distillation succinic acid, the proportion varying from about 3 to 8%, and being greatest in the pale opaque or bony varieties. In the mid-1970s, he had created a designer-jeans craze by putting his name on the back pocket. Heated rather below 300°C, amber suffers decomposition, yielding an "oil of amber", and leaving a black residue which is known as "amber colophony", or "amber pitch"; when dissolved in oil of turpentine or in linseed oil this forms "amber varnish" or "amber lac". By 1981, Fortune magazine figured Klein’s annual income at $8.5 million a year. Heating amber will soften it and eventually it will burn, which is why the German word for amber is bernstein.

In 1978, Klein claimed sales of 200,000 pairs of his famous jeans the first week they were on the market. The average composition of amber leads to the general formula C10H16O. After the company signed licenses for cosmetics, jeans, and menswear, Klein’s annual retail volume was estimated at $100 million. As amber matures over the years, more polymerization will take place as well as isomerization reactions, crosslinking and cyclization. Klein and Schwartz were making $4 million each. Labdanes are tetrameric terpenes (C20H32) and trienes which means that the organic skeleton has three alkene groups available for polymerization. By 1977, annual revenues had jumped to $30 million, and he had licenses for scarves, shoes, belts, furs, sunglasses, and sheets. Amber is a macromolecule by free radical polymerization of several precursors in the labdane family, communic acid, cummunol and biformene [1].

In 1973 he was awarded the Coty Award for the first time (again in 1974 and 1975) for his 74-piece womenswear collection. Amber is heterogeneous in composition, but consists of several resinous bodies more or less soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform, associated with an insoluble bituminous substance. By 1971, sportswear, classic blazers and pant suits as well as lingerie were added to his womens collection portfolio. During the fourteenth century, the Teutonic Knights controlled the production of amber in Europe, forbidding its unauthorised collection from beaches on the Baltic coastline under their jurisdiction, and punishing breakers of this ordinance with death. Klein, who was later described as “the supreme master of minimalism”, appeared on the cover of Vogue magazine. There is also strong evidence for the theory that the Baltic coasts during the advanced civilization of the Nordic Bronze Age was the source of most amber in Europe, for example the amber jewelry found in graves from Mycenaean Greece has been found to originate from the Baltic Sea. In 1969, Mr. Tacitus in his Germania talks about the Aesti people as the only ones to gather amber from the Baltic Sea.

Hence, the first Calvin Klein collection was a line of men’s and women’s coats at New York retailer Bonwit Teller. Pliny the Elder complains that a small statue of amber costs more than a healthy slave. It is more likely though, that Klein showed his work to Bonwit Teller staff. Amber was mentioned by Homer, Aristotle, Plato and others. Legend has it that a year later a buyer from Bonwit Teller (a then New York based department store similar to today’s Lord & Taylor) got off the elevator on the wrong floor, and ended up placing a $50,000 order. The German word is Bernstein. In 1968, Klein and his childhood friend Barry Schwartz, who was to manage the business, then initially founded Calvin Klein Ltd., a coat shop on one of the floors of the York Hotel, in New York City with $10,000. The Old Hebrew חשמל hashmal seems to have meant amber, although Modern Hebrew uses Arabic-inspired ענבר `inbar.

Calvin Klein attended the 'High School of Industrial Art' and after graduating at 20 from New York's Fashion Institute of Technology in 1962, he apprenticed at an oldline cloak-and-suit manufacturer and spent five years designing at other New York shops. By Latin writers amber is variously called electrum, sucinum (succinum), and glaesum or glesum. . This property, first recorded by Thales of Miletus, suggested the word "electricity", from the Greek, elektron, a name applied, however, not only to amber but also to an alloy of gold and silver. [1]. True amber has sometimes been called kahroba, a word of Persian derivation signifying "that which attracts straw", in allusion to the power which amber possesses of acquiring an electric charge by friction. Klein was the victim of a pieing in 2001 at a fashion premier at New York's Lincoln Center. The name comes from the Arabic عنبر, ʻanbar, probably through Spanish, but this word referred originally to ambergris, which is an animal substance quite distinct from yellow amber.

Swatch manufactures watches under the Calvin Klein brand. . In addition to clothing, Calvin Klein also gave his name to a range of perfumes, including CK One and CK Be (fragrances for everyone, regardless of gender), now owned by "Coty Inc.". Most of the world's amber is in the range of 30–90 million years old. It is noted by many conservative organizations for its use of seemingly-underage models in pseudo-provocative poses. Although not mineralized it is sometimes considered and used as a gemstone. The Calvin Klein company, like many in the fashion industry, is known for its eye-catching advertising. Amber is a fossil resin much used for the manufacture of ornamental objects.

Speaking in an interview with Bianca Jagger and Andy Warhol for Interview magazine, published not long after the Baron's death Klein said:—. Most of the Burmese amber is worked at Mandalay into rosary-beads and ear-cylinders. He was hailed as the new Yves Saint-Laurent, and was noted for his clean lines and strait cuts on coats and suits. Burmite and simetite agree also in being destitute of succinic acid. Calvin Klein was immediately recognised for his talent after his first major showing at New York Fashion Week. The Burmese amber is yellow or reddish, some being of ruby tint, and like the Sicilian amber it is fluorescent. Calvin Klein was a protegé of Baron de Gunzburg through whose introductions he became the toast of the New York elite fashion scene before he had his first mainstream success with the launch of his first jeans line. The mines were visited some years ago by Dr Fritz Noetling, and the mineral has been described by Dr Otto Helm.

Calvin Klein was raised in the Jewish immigrant community in the Bronx, New York. It occurs in the Hukawng valley, in the Nangotaimaw hills, where it is irregularly worked in shallow pits. His name is also a brand name of clothing marketed by his clothing company, which was launched in 1968. It is found in fiat rolled pieces, irregularly distributed through a blue clay probably of Miocene age. Calvin Klein (born November 19, 1942, The Bronx, New York City, United States as Richard Klein), is a well-known fashion designer. Until the British occupation of Burma but little was known as to its occurrence, though it had been worked for centuries and was highly valued by the natives and by the Chinese. Though the mailing lists were discontinued in 2002, the campaign has inspired similar marketing tactics for movies and other retail products. Burmite is the name under which the Burmese amber is now described.

These mails came at unpredictable intervals, and were supposed to give readers the feeling that they had some connection with these characters. The amber of Sicily seems not to have been recognized in ancient times, for it is not mentioned by local authorities like Diodorus Siculus. When these teens mailed these addresses, they would be placed on a mailing list that sent them mails with vague details about the models' lives, with fake details meant to make them more relatable. Moreover, yellow amber after long burial is apt to acquire a reddish colour. When advertising cKone perfume in 1999, they employed a very unusual and groundbreaking campaign that displayed e-mail addresses in print advertisements, targeted at teenagers (such as anna@ckone.com or nick@ckone.com). It has even been supposed that amber passed from Sicily to northern Europe in early times - a supposition said to receive some support from the fact that much of the amber dug up in Denmark is red; but it must not be forgotten that reddish amber is found also on the Baltic, though not being fashionable it is used rather for varnish-making than for ornaments. They also play with emerging technologies. It has been conjectured that the ancient Etruscan ornaments in amber were wrought in the Italian material, but it seems that amber from the Baltic reached the Etruscans at Hatria.

Another Hollywood star owing his respectable career to the Calvin Klein advertisements is Antonio Sabato Jr.. Amber is also found in many localities in Emilia, especially near the sulphur-mines of Cesena. One of his male underwear models, Mark Wahlberg, went on to fame as hip hop star 'Marky Mark', launching himself into the Hollywood scene as well. It is remarkable for its fluorescence, which in the opinion of some authorities adds to its beauty. Calvin Klein's advertising campaigns are frequently controversial, but prove this can be very successful - to the point of making a blitz career. This beautiful material presents a great diversity of tints, but a rich hyacinth red is common. Euphoria (women) [2005]. It occurs in Miocene deposits and is also found washed up by the sea near Catania.

Obsession Night (men and women) [2005]. Simetite, or Sicilian amber, takes its name from the river Simeto or Giaretta. Eternity Moment (women) [2004]. According to Gheorghe Murgoci the Romanian amber is true succinite. Eternity Purple Orchid (women) [2003]. Sulphur is present to the extent of more than 1%, whence the smell of sulphuretted hydrogen when the resin is heated. Crave (men) [2002]. The nodules are penetrated by cracks, but the material can be worked on the lathe.

Truth (men and women) [men 2002, women 2000]. Roumanite, or Romanian amber, a dark reddish resin, occurring with lignite in Tertiary deposits. Contradiction (men and women) [men 1998, women 1997]. Allingite, a fossil resin allied to succinite, from Switzerland. cK be (unisex) [1996]. Krantzite, a soft amber-like resin, found in the lignites of Saxony. cK one (unisex) [1994, ‘Red Hot’ edition 2000, ‘Graffiti’ art edition 2003]. Glessite, a nearly opaque brown resin, with numerous microscopic cavities and dusty enclosures, named from glesum, an old name for amber.

Escape (men and women) [men 1993, women 1991]. Beckerite, a rare amber in earthy-brown nodules, almost opaque, said to be related in properties to gutta-percha. Eternity (men and women) [1989]. Stantienite, a brittle, deep brownish-black resin, destitute of succinic acid. Obsession (men and women) [men 1986, women 1985]. The name comes from Gedanum, the Latin name of Gdańsk at the Baltic Sea. Calvin (men) [1981]. It is often covered with a white powder easily removed by wiping.

Calvin Klein Jeans. Gedanite, or brittle amber, closely resembling succinite, but much more brittle, not quite so hard, with a lower melting point and containing no succinic acid. cK. Calvin Klein. Calvin Klein Collection.