Bottle

One use of this property is the water rocket. New Formats:. Plastic bottles and other hollow plastic containers are manufactured utilzing the blow molding process. The following list covers consumer equipment only!. Plastic soft drink bottles (two-liter, one-liter, etc) can withstand typical internal carbonation pressures of 2-4 bar (30 - 60 psi.), because the plastic is strain oriented in the stretch blow molding manufacturing process. Aftermath of this, "I tried to make a gag called "An octopus appears in a miniskirt" (Mini ni Tako ga Dekiru, ミニにタコができる)" he explained when he was asked why he had done it by media reporters. The Codd-neck design is still used for the Japanese soft drink ramune. For the most famous example, the unbelievable incident that Japanese television performer Masashi Tashiro was caught for taking a sneak shot of a woman's skirt in a station occurred.

A cobalt coloured Codd bottle today fetches thousands of British pounds at auction. Camcorders can be used for voyeurism. Because children smashed the bottles to get at the marbles, they are relatively rare and have become collectors items, partcularly in the UK. There are even examples of Hollywood movies shot entirely on consumer camcorder equipment (see Blair Witch Project.). The bottles were regularly produced for many decades, but gradually became unfashionable. Camcorders are often used in the production of low-budget TV shows, where the production crew does not have access to more professional equipment. There is no definitive evidence for this claim, and there is no mention of the word codswallop in print until the 1960s. The film can be used to spot and pick out troublemakers, who can then be prosecuted in court.

It has been claimed that the term codswallop originated from beer sold in Codd bottles, beer being popularly known as wallop at the time. The police use camcorders to film riots, protests and the crowds at sporting events. Soon after its introduction, the bottle became extremely popular with the soft drink and brewing industries in mainly Europe, Asia and Australasia, though some alcohol drinkers disdained the use of the bottle. Activist videos often appear on Indymedia. This prevented the marble from blocking the neck as the drink was poured. Greenpeace uses camcorders to film their activities. The bottle was pinched into a special shape, as can be seen in the photo at right, to provide a chamber into which the marble was pushed to open the bottle. If the police do use violence there will be evidence on video.

The bottles were filled upside down, and pressure of the gas in the bottle forced the marble against the washer, sealing in the carbonation. Anti-globalization protestors film the police to deter police brutality. The Codd-neck bottle, as it was called, was designed and manufactured to enclose a marble and a rubber washer/gasket in the neck. Anti-hunting protestors film fox hunts. In 1872, British soft drink maker Hiram Codd designed and patented a bottle designed specifically for carbonated drinks. Animal rights protestors who break into factory farms and animal testing labs use camcorders to film the conditions the animals are living in. Some of the best known shapes:. Political protestors have capitalized on the value of media coverage use camcorders to film things they believe to be unjust.

There are many sizes and shapes of bottles used for wine. Home video is usually done with poor filming techniques. To avoid all these associated problems, most fine wine is bottled at the place of production (including all port, since 1974). For casual use, camcorders often cover weddings, birthdays, graduation ceremonies, and many other personal events. Particularly in the case of port, certain conscientious merchants' bottling of old ports fetch higher prices even today. Scheduled events such as official press conferences, where a video infrastructure is readily available or can be feasibly deployed in advance, are still covered by studio-type video cameras (tethered to "production trucks."). Also, not all merchants were especially careful to avoid oxidation or contamination while bottling, leading to large bottle variation. Subsequently, the video is transmitted electronically to a studio/production center for broadcast.

It is thought that most wine consumed outside of wine producing regions had been tampered with in some way. In locations away from a distribution infrastructure, camcorders are invaluable for initial video acquisition. This left a huge and often abused opportunity for fraud and adulteration, as the final consumer had to trust the merchant as to the contents of his or her glass. Camcorders have found use in nearly all corners of electronic media, from electronic news organizations to TV/current-affairs productions. Prior to this, wine would be sold by the barrel (and before that, the amphora) and put into bottles only at the merchant's shop, if at all. Nonetheless, these new addon-functions can be used to shoot short fun clips at parties, where quality of the recording is not an issue. It also eventually gave rise to "château bottling," the practice where an estate's wine is put in bottle at the source, rather than by a merchant. Also there is no way to zoom slowly.

Glass has all qualities required for long-term storage (see above). While digicams have optical zooming in principle, it is often disabled during filming because depending on the optics, adapting the focus while zooming may not be perfect so the captured video may not always stay sharp during zooming. The glass bottle was an important development in the history of wine, because, when combined with a high-quality stopper such as a cork, it allowed long-term aging of wine. This means their use is either limited to capturing short clips in poor quality, lack good zooming ability and every device which is limited to flash memory for recording and does not use DVD, Harddisk or Tape as recording media cannot store enough data to capture longer periods of PAL/NTSC-qualitiy video. Main article: Wine bottle. Mobile phones are not as advanced in video-gathering as digicams and employ even stronger compression, resulting in less quality and/or use lower frame rates. . As of 2006, many recent digicams can record short movie clips with a resolution of 640x480 and 30 frames per second (either using MJPEG or MPEG-4, but the recording time is either very short (few minutes) and/or the compression artifacts are very visible.

A device used to close the mouth of a bottle is called a bottle cap (external), or stopper (internal). Video-capture capability is now available in selected models of cellphones, digicams, and other portable consumer electronic devices such as media players, but due to compression artifacts caused by high compression ratios, their output quality is not comparable to the output quality of dedicated camcorders. For other glass bottles there is often separate garbage collection for recycling. Camcorders which record directly on DVD media are also on the rise. For some bottles a deposit is paid, which is returned after returning the bottle to the retailer. In terms of sales, Digital8 and miniDV recorders dominate most first-world markets. water, milk, soft drinks, beer, wine, oil for cooking and as fuel, medicine, liquid soap, shampoo, ink, etc. As of 2006, analog camcorders are not marketed anymore.

e.g. Many consumer camcorders bundle a light version (with limited features.). A bottle is a small container with a neck that is narrower than the body and a "mouth." Bottles are often made of glass, plastic or aluminum, and typically used to store liquids. A contemporary Personal Computer of even modest power can perform digital video editing with low-cost editing software. Much heavier because of the pressure it must contain. Before the 21st century, consumer video editing was a difficult task requiring a minimum of two recorders. "Champagne" - Traditionally used for Champagne, this looks similar to a Burgundy bottle but is wider at the base. When dimly-lit areas are brightened in-camera or in post-production, considerable noise distracts the viewer.

"Burgundy" - Traditionally used in Burgundy, this has sides that taper down about 2/3rds of the height to a short cylindrical section, and does not have a shoulder. For the sophisticated hobbyist (prosumer), high-end units offer improved optical and video performance through multi-CCD components and name-brand optics, manual control of camera exposure, and more, but even consumer camcorders which are sold for $1000 such as the Panasonic GS400 are not well-suited for recording in dim light. Traditionally used in Bordeaux but now worldwide, this is probably the most common type. For the beginner, entry-level camcorders offer basic recording and playback capability. "Bordeaux" - This bottle is roughly straight sided with a curved "shoulder" that is useful for catching sediment and is also the easiest to stack. Consumer units offer a plethora of I/O options (IEEE 1394/Firewire, USB 2.0, Composite and S-Video), but lack basic manual settings for video exposure. Manual controls need space, either in menus or as buttons and make the use more complicated, which goes against the requirement of ease of use.

Thus, consumer camorders are unable to shoot useful footage in dim light. For example, good low-light capabilities require large capturing chips, which affects price and size. As the mainstream consumer market favors ease of use, portability, and price, consumer camcorder emphasize these features more than raw technical performance. Time in post-production (editing) to select and cut the best shots for nice viewing is measured in days or weeks.

The transfer is done at normal speed, so the complete transfer of a 60 minute tape needs one hour to transfer and about 14GB disk space for the raw footage only - exclusive any space needed for editing. All other digital consumer camcorders record in DV format on tape and transfer its content over FireWire (some also use USB 2.0) to a computer, where the huge files (1GB for 4 to 4.6 minutes in PAL/NTSC resolutions) can to be edited, converted, (and with many camcorders) also played back to tape. Some recent camcorders record video on flash memory devices (in MPEG-1, MPEG-2 or MPEG-4), Microdrives, small hard disks or size-reduced DVD-RAM or DVD-Rs in MPEG-2 format - but due to the limited size of the recording medium, their uninterrupted recording time is limited. No data from a block on the tape means a block artifact which is visible in the picture, but they can be interpolated from surrounding data like it happens in CD-Players when a read error occurs.

This leads to one of the most significant disadvantages of digital recording - that minor disc errors can lead to corruption of the entire disc. Either a certain block of digital data on the tape is readable or not, which means all or nothing. Analog tapes lose quality slowly over time, "snow" becomes visible, while this does not happen with digital tapes. (Please see the video page for details.) The imager-chip is considered an analog component, so the digital namesake is in reference to the camcorder's processing and recording of the video.

Newer camcorders include Digital8, miniDV, DVD, and solid-state (flash) semiconductor memory, which all record video in digital form. Camcorders are often classified by their storage device: VHS, Betamax, Video8 are examples of older, videotape-based camcorders which record video in analog form. All but the most primitive camcorders imanginable also need to have a recorder-controlling section which allows the user to control the camcorder, switch the recorder into playback mode for reviewing the recorded footage and an image control section which controls exposure, focus and white-balance. The third section, the recorder, is responsible for writing the video-signal onto a recording medium (such as magnetic videotape.) The record function involves many signal-processing steps, and historically, the recording-process introduced some distortion and noise into the stored video, such that playback of the stored-signal may not retain the same characteristics/detail as the live video feed.

In modern (digital) camcorders, an analog-to-digital (ADC) converter digitizes the imager (analog) waveform output into a discrete digital-video signal. After scan-out is complete, the photosites are reset to start the exposure-process for the next video frame. At the end of the timed exposure, the imager converts the accumulated charge into a continuous analog voltage at the imager's output terminals. The light exposure is converted into electrical charge.

The camera lens projects an image onto the imager surface, exposing the photosensitive array to light. The imager converts light into an electronic video-signal through an elaborate electronic process. The imager section is the eye of the camcorder, housing a photosensitive device(s). Professional units offer direct user control of all major optical functions (aperture, shutter-speed, focus, etc.).

The optic lens is the first component in the camera-section's "light-path." The camcorder's optics generally have one or more of the following adjustments: aperture (to control the amount of light), zoom (to control the field-of-view), and shutter speed (to capture continuous motion.) In consumer units, these adjustments are automatically controlled by the camcorder's electronics, generally to maintain constant exposure onto the imager. More commonly, the optics and imager are referred to as the camera section. Finally, the recorder encodes the video signal into a storable form. The imager (usually a CCD (charge-coupled device) or CMOS sensor IC on modern camcorders; earlier examples often used vidicon tubes) converts incident light into an electrical (video) signal.

The lens gathers and focuses light on the imager. Camcorders contain 3 major components: lens, imager, and recorder. As of 2006, an entry-level MiniDV camcorder fits in the palm of a person's hand, at a price under $300 US dollars. When camcorders were first introduced, they were bulky shoulder-operated luggables that cost over $1,500 US dollars.

The evolution of the camcorder has seen the growth of the camcorder market as price reductions and size reductions make the technology more accessible to a wider audience. The digital nature of miniDV also improved audio and video quality over the best of the analog consumer camcorders (SVHS-C, Hi8.) Variations on the digital-video camcorder included the Digital8 camcorder, and the DVD camcorder. Its cassette media was even smaller than 8mm media, allowing another size reduction of the tape transport assembly. In the late 1990s, the camcorder reached the digital era with the introduction of miniDV.

Among the mass consumer market, camcorders gradually replaced still cameras for vacation and travel use. Throughout the 1990s, camcorder sales had the unintended side-effect of hurting the still camera photography market. Eventually the only major manufacturers marketing VHS-C were JVC and Panasonic, so the format fell into obsolescence. During the 1990s, the UK market saw Video8 and Hi8 eat into VHS-C/S-VHS-C sales as manufacturers such as Sharp Corporation dropped their VHS-C models in favour of 8mm.

Equally important, entry-level VHS-C camcorders were priced less than 8mm units. But some casual and family users preferred VHS-C because of its shared lineage (and familiarity) with VHS. Serious amateur-videographers preferred 8mm, simply because it was better suited (than VHS/VHS-C) for the task of video production. The complete dominance of VHS among TV-timeshifters and rental-audiences guaranteed VHS-C an uneasy coexistence alongside 8mm.

In most cases, viewers would connect the camcorder to their home VCR, and copy their recordings on to a VHS tape. On the down side, since the 8mm format was incompatible with VHS, 8mm recordings could not be played in VHS VCRs. On the plus side, the 8mm camcorder generally produced higher quality recordings than a VHS/VHS-C camcorder, and the standard 8mm cassette could record up to two hours. 8mm video represented a trade-off for the consumer.

were even smaller than VHS-C cassettes. 8mm video used a tape whose width is 33% less than VHS/Betamax tape (~12.7mm), allowing even further miniaturization in the recorder's tape-transport assembly and cassette media. The HandyCam could be held and operated entirely within the palm of the operator's hand, made possible by the 8mm video format. A year later Sony introduced the first HandyCam camcorder.

VHS-C allowed manufacturers to reduce the weight and size of VHS-derived camcorders, although at the expense of recording time. The VHS-C cassette held enough tape to record 30 minutes of VHS video, while a mechanical adapter enabled playback of VHS-C videocassettes in standard (full-size) VHS VCRs. VHS-C was essentially VHS with a reduced-size cassette. Within a few short years, manufacturers introduced two new tape formats tailored to the application of portable-video: the VHS-C format and the competing 8mm.

(Most camcorders were designed for right-handed operation, though a few possessed ambidextrous ergonomics.). These camcorders were large devices that required a sturdy tripod or strong shoulders to stably support the camera's bulk. The first camcorders combined the video-camera with an existing full-size VHS/Betamax recorder. In 1983, Sony introduced the first camcorder, followed by Kodak in 1984.

While the camera itself could be quite compact, the fact that a separate VCR had to be carried made on-location shooting a two-person job. The cassette unit could be detached and carried with the user for video recording. The portable VCR consisted of the cassette player/recorder unit, and a television tuner unit. Specialized models of both the camera and VCR were used for mobile work.

Prior to the introduction of the camcorder, portable video-recording required two separate devices: a video-camera and a VCR. As technology advanced, miniaturization eventually enabled the construction of portable video-cameras and portable video-recorders. Cameras found in television broadcast centers were extremely large, mounted on special trolleys, and wired to remote recorders located in separate rooms. Video cameras were originally designed for broadcasting television images--see television camera.

. This compares to previous technology where they would be separate. The camcorder contains both camera and recorder in one unit, hence its portmanteau name.
A camcorder is a portable electronic device (generally a digital camera) for recording video images and audio onto a storage device.