This page will contain discussion groups about Boston, Massachusetts, as they become available.Boston, Massachusetts
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| City nickname: "Beantown," "The Hub," "Athens of America" | |
Location in the state of Massachusetts |
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| Founded | September 17, 1630 |
| County | Suffolk County |
| Mayor | Thomas Menino (Dem) |
| Area - Total - Water |
232.1 km² (89.6 mi²) 106.7 km² (41.2 mi²) 45.98% |
| Population - City (2000) - Density - Metropolitan |
589,141 4,696.9/km² 5.8 million |
| Time zone | Eastern (UTC –5) |
| Coordinates WGS-84 (GPS) |
42.3604° N 71.0573° W (http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=42.3604_N_71.0573_W_region:US_type:city) |
| www.cityofboston.gov | |
Boston is the capital and the largest city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city is also the county seat of Suffolk County. It is the unofficial capital of the region known as New England as well as one of the oldest and wealthiest cities in the United States, with an economy based on education, health care, finance, and high technology. Its nicknames include "Beantown", "The Hub" (shortened from Oliver Wendell Holmes' phrase The Hub of the Universe), "The City of Higher Learning" (due to the plethora of universities and colleges in the Boston area) and The Athens of America, due to its great influence on cultural, intellectual, and political matters.
As of the 2000 census, its population was 589,141. The Greater Boston metropolitan area, including nearby cities and towns such as Cambridge, Brookline, and Quincy as well as many suburban communities further from the city, has a population of approximately 5.8 million residents. Greater Boston is one of the top-ten largest metropolitan areas in the United States, the fifteenth in the Americas, and the one of the top-fifty largest in the world.
Main article: History of Boston
The 18th-century Old State House in Boston is surrounded by tall buildings of the 19th and 20th centuries.Boston has an illustrious history that spans nearly four centuries. Its history is inherently intertwined with the history of the United States.
Founded on September 17, 1630, on a peninsula called Shawmut by the Native Americans who lived there, Boston is named after Boston, England, a town in Lincolnshire from which several prominent colonists originated. Early colonists believed that Boston was a community with a special covenant with God. Winthrop's sermon, "a City upon a Hill," captured this idea. These values molded an extremely stable and well-structured society in Boston. Indeed, Puritan values of hard work, moral uprightness, and education remain a part of Boston's culture.
Boston played a key role in sparking both the American Revolution and the ensuing American Revolutionary War. The Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, and several of the early battles of the Revolution (such as the Battle of Lexington and Concord, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston) occurred in or near the city. During this period, Paul Revere made his famous midnight ride.
After the revolutionary war, the city became one of the world's wealthiest international trading ports, exporting products such as rum, fish, salt and tobacco. It was chartered as a city in 1822, and by the mid-1800s it was one of the largest manufacturing centers in the nation, noted for its garment production, leather goods, and machinery industries.
Scollay Square, Boston, in the 1880sThe city has several notable "firsts." Both the first school in America, Boston Latin School (1635), and the first college in America, Harvard College (1636), were founded in the early days of Boston. During the 1800s, the first medical school for women, The Boston Female Medical School (which later merged with the Boston University School of Medicine), opened in Boston on November 1, 1848. Also, on September 1, 1897, the Tremont Street Subway opened as the first underground streetcar subway in North America. Today it is known as "The T" and is run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.
On August 23, 1927, Italian anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti were sent to the electric chair after a seven-year trial in Boston. Their execution sparked riots in London, Paris and Germany, and helped to reinforce the image of Boston as a hotbed of intolerance.
Recently, Boston has experienced a loss of regional institutions and traditions, which once gave it a very distinct social character, as it has become part of the more homogenized BosWash megalopolis. Despite these losses, Boston's ambiance has improved in recent years — city streets bustle with a vitality not seen since the 1920s, crime and poverty remain low for an American city, and once again Boston has become a hub of intellectual, technological, and political ideas.
Related articles
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 232.1 km² (89.6 mi²). 125.4 km² (48.4 mi²) of it is land and 106.7 km² (41.2 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 45.98% water.
Much of the Back Bay, and South End are built on reclaimed land—two and a half of Boston's three original hills were used as a source of material for the landfill. Only Beacon Hill, the smallest of the three original hills, remains partially intact.
Boston is bordered by the cities of Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Watertown, Newton, and Quincy, and the towns of Winthrop, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, and Milton.
The Charles River separates Boston from Cambridge, and Charlestown. To the east lies Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands, many of which are open to the public. The Neponset River forms the boundary between the city and its southeast neighbors, Quincy and Milton.
The weather in Boston, like much of New England, changes rapidly. The summers are usually warm and humid, while the winters are cold and windy. It has been known to snow in October and get quite warm in February. The hottest month is August, with an average high of 80 °F (27 °C) and a low of 64 °F (18 °C). The coldest month is January with an average high of 35.6 °F (2 °C) and a low of 21.5 °F (−6 °C). The city averages 42 in. (1,100 mm) of rainfall a year. It also coincidentally averages 42 in. (1,100 mm) of snowfall a year, though this increases dramatically as one goes inland away from the city.
Mark Twain is quoted as saying If you don't like the weather in New England, just wait a few minutes. Boston is no exception to this rule. The outer suburbs of Boston, which tend to be forested, have vibrantly-colored foliage every autumn that attracts many tourtists. In the winter, the Frog Pond at Boston Common doubles as a popular ice-skating rink.
As of the census2 of 2000, there are 589,141 people, 239,528 households, and 115,212 families residing in the city. The population density is 4,696.9/km² (12,165.8/mi²). There are 251,935 housing units at an average density of 2,008.5/km² (5,202.5/mi²). The Irish are the largest ethnic group in the city of Boston. Boston is the capital of "Irish America". The racial makeup of the city is 54.48% White, 25.33% Black or African American, 0.40% Native American, 7.52% Asian American, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 7.83% from other races, and 4.39% from two or more races. 14.44% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. These figures become less reliable due to the large undocumented Brazilian population, estimated by some studies to approach 250,000 in Massachusetts. Census data does not account for this significant segment of the community because of confusing terminology, as Brazilians speak Portuguese and often do not consider themselves Hispanic or Latino.
There are 239,528 households out of which 22.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.4% are married couples living together, 16.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 51.9% are non-families. 37.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.31 and the average family size is 3.17.
In the city the population is spread out with 19.8% under the age of 18, 16.2% from 18 to 24, 35.8% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 31 years. For every 100 females there are 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $39,629, and the median income for a family is $44,151. Males have a median income of $37,435 versus $32,421 for females. The per capita income for the city is $23,353. 19.5% of the population and 15.3% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 25.6% of those under the age of 18 and 18.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
The city is divided into many neighborhoods (http://www.cityofboston.gov/neighborhoods/), including: Allston, Back Bay, Beacon Hill, Brighton, Charlestown, Dorchester, East Boston, Jamaica Plain, Mattapan, Fenway/Kenmore, the North End, Hyde Park, Roslindale, Roxbury, South Boston, the South End, Chinatown, Bay Village and West Roxbury. Each of the neighborhoods has a distinct character. Allston/Brighton, for example, is populated mostly by students from nearby Boston University and recent graduates. The Back Bay, west of the Public Garden, is one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in the United States—it includes the shops and restaurants on Newbury Street and the two tallest skyscrapers in Boston. The South End, south of the Back Bay, is populated by gays, artists, yuppies, African Americans, and Hispanics—it is noted for its restaurant scene and bohemian atmosphere. Roxbury and Mattapan, located south of downtown, are populated largely by African Americans and Hispanics, as well as middle-class families priced out of more expensive neighborhoods. Dorchester is probably the most diverse Boston neighborhood being populated with every ethnic group. Boston is notable for having one of the most attractive and livable urban cores in the country; rents and housing prices are correspondingly high.
Boston has a "strong mayor" system in which the mayor, Thomas Menino, is is vested with extensive executive powers. The mayor is elected to a four-year term by plurality voting (see List of Mayors of Boston, Massachusetts). The City Council is elected every two years. There are nine wards or neighborhood seats, each elected by plurality voting by the residents of that ward. There are four at-large seats. Each voter casts up to four votes for at-large councilors; no more than one vote per candidate. The top four vote-getters are elected. The President of the City Council is elected by the Councilors from within themselves. The School Committee is appointed by the mayor, as are city department heads.
In addition to city government, numerous state authorities and commissions play a role in the life of Bostonians, including the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (water and sewer) and the state's Department of Conservation and Recreation, formerly known as the Metropolitan District Commission (some parks and most beaches). The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority runs the "T", Boston's public transport system. The Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport) operates Boston's Logan International Airport.
Boston is also the United States federal government center for New England. Properties include the John F. Kennedy Federal Office Building and the Thomas P. O'Neil Federal Building. The National Archives has a regional center in nearby Waltham. The city also serves as the home of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit as well as the headquarters of the 1st District of the Federal Reserve Bank.
See also: List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts.
The Boston area is well-known for its colleges and universities.
Boston College was the first institution of higher education to be founded in Boston. However, it moved from the city's South End to then-rural Chestnut Hill to escape Boston's rapid urbanization in the late nineteenth century.
Harvard University, the nation's oldest university, was founded in Cambridge, where it maintains its main campus, though the bulk of its current land holdings lie in Boston. Cambridge is also the home of the world-renowned Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The greater Boston area is home to over 100 colleges. Other schools in Boston proper include Berklee College of Music, Boston Conservatory, the Boston Architectural Center, Boston University, Emerson College, Emmanuel College, Fisher College, the Massachusetts College of Art, the New England Conservatory of Music, Northeastern University, Simmons College, and Suffolk University. Surrounding cities host Babson College, Bentley College, Brandeis University, Hellenic College, Lesley University, the Longy School of Music, Merrimack College, Pine Manor College, Regis College, Tufts University and Wellesley College, among others.
Boston is considered to be a highly intellectual city. Mark Twain once wrote of it, In New York they ask "how much money does he have?" In Philadelphia, they ask, "who were his parents?" In Boston they ask, "how much does he know?" It is also considered one of the most culturally impressive cities in the world. The Theater District, south of Boston Common, contains a number of ornate theatres, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre and The Wang Center for the Performing Arts. Avant garde theatres are scattered throughout the city, especially along Huntington Avenue. The Boston Ballet is a world-renowned classical dance company. The Boston Globe Jazz and Blues Festival takes place each June; the Boston Early Music Festival takes place every odd-numbered year. The Boston Film Festival is held annually in early September. The weekend following Labor Day, the boutiques on Newbury Street close as over thirty art galleries spill out onto the street, providing unlimited access to their contents during Art Newbury Street.
Boston is also home to a wide array of musical talent from bands like Boston, Godsmack, and Aerosmith, to the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Boston Pops, the Boston Symphony Chamber Players, the Boston Philharmonic, the Boston Lyric Opera Company, and the Handel and Hayden Society (the oldest choral company in the U.S.) among many others.
See also: List of television shows set in Boston
See also: An annotated bibliography of fiction set in Boston (http://www.cas.suffolk.edu/richman/Boston/bosbib.htm) (external weblink)
Boston's colleges and universities have drawn high-tech industries to the city, including computer hardware and software companies like EMC Corporation (headquartered in Hopkinton) and Akamai (headquartered in nearby Cambridge), as well as biotechnology companies like Millennium Pharmaceuticals and Biogen Idec. Other important industries include financial services, especially mutual funds and insurance. Boston headquartered Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s, and has made Boston one of the top financial cities in the United States.
Shoe and athletic apparel maker Reebok is headquartered in nearby Canton. Raytheon has its global headquarters in nearby Waltham while Novell also has its corporate headquarters there. Boston Scientific is located in Natick, and Gillette is headquartered in Boston. Teradyne, one of the world's leading manufacturer of semiconductors and other electronic equipment, has its corporate headquarters located in Boston.
The Port of Boston is the largest and busiest seaport in Massachusetts. It is also a major seaport along the United States east coast.
As the home to some of the world's most respected research hospitals, Boston enjoys an international reputation in the medical field. One such hospital is the Massachusetts General Hospital (Mass General), which is affiliated with the Harvard Medical School. Rated as one of the best in the world, Mass General is the third oldest general hospital in the U.S., and the oldest and largest in New England. Another hospital affiliated with Harvard Medical is Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
Other medical institutions include Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, the Lahey Clinic, and Children's Hospital. The New England Medical Center is affiliated with Tufts University while the Boston Medical Center is the primary teaching facility for the Boston University School of Medicine.
See also: Media in Boston.
The Boston Globe, owned by the New York Times Company, and The Boston Herald are Boston's two major daily newspapers. A local edition of The Metro, a free paper, is also available. The Boston Phoenix, The Improper Bostonian, and the Weekly Dig are weekly newspapers. As of October 2004, the Weekly Dig is owned by Boston Magazine. Spare Change is a bi-weekly paper. The Boston Independent Media Center (http://boston.indymedia.org/) provides alternative views. Just Rentals and Just Property are exclusive to Real Estate and are bi-weekly. The Improper Bostonian (http://www.improper.com/) is a biweekly "what's happening" guide to the Boston area.
Boston has the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the Boston radio market being the ninth largest in the United States. Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO 680 AM, sports/talk station WEEI 850 AM, and news radio WBZ 1030 AM. A variety of FM radio formats serve the area as well as NPR stations WBUR and WGBH.
The Boston television DMA, which also includes Manchester, New Hampshire, is the fifth largest in the United States [1] (http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html). The city is served by stations representing every major American network including:
The city is also served by several Spanish-language television stations including those of Univision (WUNI channel 27, licensed to Worcester), TeleFutura (WUTF channel 66), and Telemundo (WNEU channel 60, licensed to Merrimack, New Hampshire, and simulcast on WTMU-LP channel 32). Most Boston television stations have their transmitters in nearby Needham and Newton.
Other television stations broadcasting in the Boston market are:
See also: Sites of interest in Boston
Image of the North End, Boston neighborhood. The Old North Church is at center, a Big Dig vent building is near the bottom, and the green Tobin Bridge over the Mystic River is at the top.Due to the city's prominent role in the American Revolution, several historic sites relating to that period are preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park. Many are found along the Freedom Trail, which is marked by a red line or bricks embedded in the ground. Such sites include:
Once a shallow lagoon, the Back Bay district now includes many prominent landmarks and sites of interests such as the Christian Science Center, Boston Public Library, Copley Square, Newbury Street, and Trinity Church. Back Bay is also the home of two of New England's tallest buildings: the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center. Other notable districts/neighborhoods include Beacon Hill, Charlestown, Chinatown, Downtown Crossing, North End, and South Boston.
The Charles River, with long stretches of parks along its banks, is a major recreation site for many Bostonians. It is also the site of the Esplanade where the Boston Pops Orchestra play their annual Fourth of July concerts to large crowds.
Boston is home to several world-renowned museums, including the Museum of Fine Arts, the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, and the Museum of Science. The University of Massachusetts campus at Columbia Point houses the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library. The New England Aquarium as well as the Franklin Park Zoo are located within the city.
Other sites of interest include Castle Island and Kenmore Square. There are also two self-guided walking tours: Harbor Walk (http://www.bostonharborwalk.com/), which is designed to allow people the walk the entire shore of Boston Harbor, and the Black Heritage Trail. Many of the Boston Harbor Islands are part of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area that is run by the National Park Service.
See also: U.S. cities with teams from four major sports
The TD Banknorth Garden near North Station is the home of two major league teams:
The Celtics have the distinction of having more World Championships than any other NBA team with 16 championships from 1957 to 1986.
The baseball team Boston Red Sox is a member of the American League of Major League Baseball. They play at Fenway Park, the oldest ballpark in active use in the United States. After eighty-six years, the Red Sox became the World Series Winners (World Champions) in 2004. Boston was once the home of the National League baseball team Boston Braves as well as the site of the first World Series in 1903. The game was played between the Boston Pilgrims (currently the Boston Red Sox) and the Pittsburgh Pirates.
Nearby Foxboro is the home of the New England Patriots (National Football League), Super Bowl Winners in the 2001, 2003, and 2004 seasons; and the New England Revolution (Major League Soccer). Both teams play at Gillette Stadium.
Another major league team is the lacrosse team Boston Cannons of Major League Lacrosse. The team plays at Boston University's Nickerson Field.
Boston's many colleges and universities field sports teams. The most well-known include Boston College, Boston University, Northeastern University, and Harvard University. The city is also the site of two major annual sporting events: the Boston Marathon and the Head of the Charles Regatta.
Main article: Boston transportation
Logan International Airport, located in the East Boston neighborhood of the city, is the major airport serving Boston. Other airports serving the city and surrounding areas include:
Boston's streets appear as though they were not planned—a common fiction is that they evolved from old cowpaths. Except for the Back Bay and part of South Boston, the city has no street grid. Roads change names and lose and add lanes seemingly at random. The city also has a number of rotaries, which have confused many drivers.
Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, also known as the Mass Pike. I-95, which surrounds the city, is also known as Route 128. US 1 and I-93 runs north to south through the city. The most infamous portion, the Central Artery, runs through downtown Boston. The old elevated highway was constantly prone to heavy traffic. Through the Big Dig, the elevated highway was replaced with a tunnel.
Intercity trains operate from two stations. Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and Chicago lines originate at South Station and stop at Back Bay. Fast Northeast Corridor trains, which service New York City, Washington, D.C., and points in between, also stop at Route 128 Station in the southwestern suburbs of Boston. Meanwhile, Amtrak's Downeaster service to Maine originates at North Station.
The MBTA operates bus lines, commuter rail, subways, and water shuttles within the city and surrounding region.
Main article: Notable Bostonians
Several people who were instrumental during the American Revolution and the early days of the United States hail from the Boston area. They include Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, and Paul Revere. John Adams and John Quincy Adams were early U.S. Presidents.
Prominent Boston area politicians include members of the Kennedy family, such as John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, and Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. John Kerry, the Democratic candidate for President in 2004, maintains a home in Boston.
The Boston area has also produced several actors including Ben Affleck, Matt Damon, Leonard Nimoy, and Mark Wahlberg. Boston area musicians include Aerosmith and the rock band Boston. Other notable Bostonians include writers, inventors, and businesspeople such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Edgar Allan Poe, Samuel F. B. Morse, Alexander Graham Bell, and Sumner Redstone.
Boston is a sister city (that is, a twinned town) of these municipalities:
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Boston is a sister city (that is, a twinned town) of these
municipalities:. Boston area musicians include Aerosmith and the rock band Boston. Prominent Boston area politicians include members of the Kennedy family, such as John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, and Joseph P. sports franchise. Presidents. As of 2004, Forbes Magazine values the franchise at over $1 billion, the highest in the NFL and of any U.S. John Adams and John Quincy Adams were early U.S. The move leaves the team's future at the vital quarterback position in some doubt, considering Brunell and Patrick Ramsey also remain on the roster at the present time. They include Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, and Paul Revere. The 'Skins (as they are known to their fans) still found a way to turn heads, however: at the 2005 NFL Draft, the team traded away multiple picks to move up in the draft and select quarterback Jason Campbell from Auburn University. Several people who were instrumental during the American Revolution and the early days of the United States hail from the Boston area. Other signings included center Casey Rabach and wide receiver David Patten. Main article: Notable Bostonians. This off-season, however, the Redskins seem to have been more modest, with their most high-profile signing - wide receiver Santana Moss - joining the team via a trade with the New York Jets. The MBTA operates bus lines, commuter rail, subways, and water shuttles within the city and surrounding region. Since Dan Snyder took over the team, the Redskins have had a reputation for being very active during the off-season and signing free agent players to large contracts; not always ideal in the era of a salary cap. Meanwhile, Amtrak's Downeaster service to Maine originates at North Station. Some of Gibbs' other new signings, such as cornerback Shawn Springs and linebacker Marcus Washington did impress, however, while the jury remains out on talented running back Clinton Portis. Fast Northeast Corridor trains, which service New York City, Washington, D.C., and points in between, also stop at Route 128 Station in the southwestern suburbs of Boston. Despite an impressive defense, the team struggled offensively, and quarterback Mark Brunell - an off-season acquisition from the Jacksonville Jaguars - proved to be a major disappointment. Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and Chicago lines originate at South Station and stop at Back Bay. Gibbs' return to the franchise did not pay instant dividends, however, as the Redskins finished the 2004 season with a record of 6 wins and 10 losses. Intercity trains operate from two stations. Snyder also expanded FedEx Field to a league-high capacity of 91,665 seats. Through the Big Dig, the elevated highway was replaced with a tunnel. For the 2004 season, Snyder successfully lured former coach Joe Gibbs away from NASCAR to return as head coach and team president. The old elevated highway was constantly prone to heavy traffic. After two mediocre years, Spurrier resigned after the 2003 season with three years left on his contract. The most infamous portion, the Central Artery, runs through downtown Boston. The most controversial habits Snyder has practiced is the continuous hiring and firing of head coaches, first firing incumbent coach Norv Turner, firing replacement Marty Schottenheimer after only one season, and in 2002, hiring University of Florida head coach Steve Spurrier to replace Schottenheimer. US 1 and I-93 runs north to south through the city. His son, John Kent Cooke, was unable to pay the death duties for the business, and the team was later sold to Daniel Snyder in a deal that was the most expensive in sporting history. Snyder, who grew up as a Redskins fan and who made his money in cable television, has made many controversial moves since owning the team. I-95, which surrounds the city, is also known as Route 128. In 1997, Redskins owner Jack Kent Cooke died. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, also known as the Mass Pike. From 1961 to 1996 the Redskins played at D.C. Stadium, which was renamed RFK Stadium in 1969. The city also has a number of rotaries, which have confused many drivers. Also, the Redskins were the first team to have a fight song, "Hail to the Redskins.". Roads change names and lose and add lanes seemingly at random. The Redskins' band predates the Colts franchise by about 15 years. Except for the Back Bay and part of South Boston, the city has no street grid. The other is the Baltimore Ravens, who revived the band of the city's former NFL team, the Baltimore Colts. Boston's streets appear as though they were not planned—a common fiction is that they evolved from old cowpaths. The Redskins are one of only two teams in the NFL with an official marching band. Other airports serving the city and surrounding areas include:. In what would prove to be a temporary retirement, Gibbs pursued an interest in NASCAR. Logan International Airport, located in the East Boston neighborhood of the city, is the major airport serving Boston. The next football season, on March 5th, 1993, Joe Gibbs retired after 12 years of coaching with the Redskins. Main article: Boston transportation. The Redskins, the most dominant team in the NFL in the 1991 season, defeated the Buffalo Bills 37-24. The city is also the site of two major annual sporting events: the Boston Marathon and the Head of the Charles Regatta. The Redskins won their latest Super Bowl on January 26, 1992, in Super Bowl XXVI in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The most well-known include Boston College, Boston University, Northeastern University, and Harvard University. Rookie running back Timmy Smith had a great performance as well, running for a Super-Bowl record 203 yards. Boston's many colleges and universities field sports teams. This game is more famous for the stellar performance by quarterback Doug Williams who passed for four touchdowns in the second quarter en route to becoming the first black quarterback to lead his team to a Super Bowl victory. The team plays at Boston University's Nickerson Field. In this game, the Redskins routed the Denver Broncos 42-10 after starting the game in a 0-10 deficit, the largest come-from-behind victory in Super Bowl history. Another major league team is the lacrosse team Boston Cannons of Major League Lacrosse. The Redskins' second title was in Super Bowl XXII on January 31, 1988, in San Diego, California. Both teams play at Gillette Stadium. Future Hall of Famer John Riggins provided the game's signature play when, on 4th and 1, with the Redskins down 17-13 with 5 minutes left in the fourth quarter, he broke free for the then-longest run from scrimmage in Super Bowl history (43 yards). One touchdown later, the Redskins won their first NFL title in 40 years by a 27-17 score. Nearby Foxboro is the home of the New England Patriots (National Football League), Super Bowl Winners in the 2001, 2003, and 2004 seasons; and the New England Revolution (Major League Soccer). The first was Super Bowl XVII, where the Redskins defeated the Miami Dolphins 27-17 on January 30, 1983, in Pasedena, California. The game was played between the Boston Pilgrims (currently the Boston Red Sox) and the Pittsburgh Pirates. He coached the team to four Super Bowls, winning three of them. Boston was once the home of the National League baseball team Boston Braves as well as the site of the first World Series in 1903. In 1981, Redskins owner Jack Kent Cooke signed the offensive coordinator of the San Diego Chargers, Joe Gibbs, as their head coach. After eighty-six years, the Red Sox became the World Series Winners (World Champions) in 2004. The Redskins reached the NFC Conference Championship in 1973, defeating Dallas 33-3, only to lose to the undefeated Miami Dolphins 14-7 in Super Bowl VII. They play at Fenway Park, the oldest ballpark in active use in the United States. Allen helped to foster the team's rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys, which has turned into one of the NFL's most famous rivalries. The baseball team Boston Red Sox is a member of the American League of Major League Baseball. Two years later the team signed George Allen as their head coach. The Celtics have the distinction of having more World Championships than any other NBA team with 16 championships from 1957 to 1986. Also in 1969, long time owner, and President Emeritus, George Preston Marshall died. The TD Banknorth Garden near North Station is the home of two major league teams:. Lombardi led the team to a 7-5-2 record, their best since 1955, but died of cancer after the season ended. cities with teams from four major sports. In 1969, the Redskins hired future hall-of-famer Vince Lombardi — who gained fame coaching with the Green Bay Packers — to be their new head coach. See also: U.S. Even with the addition of Bobby Mitchell, the Redskins were still not performing up to expectations. Many of the Boston Harbor Islands are part of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area that is run by the National Park Service. Under threat of civil rights legal action by the Kennedy administration, the team became the final pro football franchise to integrate, in 1962 when the Redskins signed wide receiver Bobby Mitchell, a future hall-of-famer. There are also two self-guided walking tours: Harbor Walk (http://www.bostonharborwalk.com/), which is designed to allow people the walk the entire shore of Boston Harbor, and the Black Heritage Trail. Marshall continued to refuse to integrate the team, despite pressure from the Washington Post and the Federal Government (a typical comment by Post writer Shirley Povich was "Cleveland Browns runner Jim Brown integrated the Redskins' end zone"). Other sites of interest include Castle Island and Kenmore Square. However, after Baugh's retirement, the Redskins began a slow decline. The New England Aquarium as well as the Franklin Park Zoo are located within the city. The team's early success endeared them to the fans of Washington, D.C. The University of Massachusetts campus at Columbia Point houses the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library. Baugh also played numerous other positions, including cornerback and punter. Boston is home to several world-renowned museums, including the Museum of Fine Arts, the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, and the Museum of Science. In an era where the forward pass was rare, the Redskins used it as their primary method of gaining yards. It is also the site of the Esplanade where the Boston Pops Orchestra play their annual Fourth of July concerts to large crowds. They also signed an innovative rookie quarterback from Texas Christian University: future Pro Football Hall of Famer Sammy Baugh. The Charles River, with long stretches of parks along its banks, is a major recreation site for many Bostonians. Upon making the move, the team instantly won a title. Other notable districts/neighborhoods include Beacon Hill, Charlestown, Chinatown, Downtown Crossing, North End, and South Boston. in 1937. Back Bay is also the home of two of New England's tallest buildings: the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center. The move to Fenway Park was unsuccessful and attendance was poor, so Marshall decided to move the team to Washington, D.C. Once a shallow lagoon, the Back Bay district now includes many prominent landmarks and sites of interests such as the Christian Science Center, Boston Public Library, Copley Square, Newbury Street, and Trinity Church. Both teams played at Braves Field until the Redskins moved to Fenway Park (home of the Boston Red Sox) in an attempt to boost attendance. Such sites include:. To help differentiate the two teams, Marshall changed the name of the football Braves to the Redskins. Many are found along the Freedom Trail, which is marked by a red line or bricks embedded in the ground. While in Boston, the team took the same name as one of the local baseball teams at the time, the Boston Braves. Due to the city's prominent role in the American Revolution, several historic sites relating to that period are preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park. On the heels of Marshall's entry to the National Football League, and evidently influenced by his racial policies, the other NFL teams dropped all black players in 1933 and none signed blacks again until 1946. See also: Sites of interest in Boston. The city of Boston was awarded an NFL franchise in 1932, under the ownership of George Preston Marshall. Other television stations broadcasting in the Boston market are:. Buffalo Bills 37-24. Most Boston television stations have their transmitters in nearby Needham and Newton. Denver Broncos 42-10, XXVI (won) vs. The city is also served by several Spanish-language television stations including those of Univision (WUNI channel 27, licensed to Worcester), TeleFutura (WUTF channel 66), and Telemundo (WNEU channel 60, licensed to Merrimack, New Hampshire, and simulcast on WTMU-LP channel 32). Los Angeles Raiders 38-9, XXII (won) vs. The city is served by stations representing every major American network including:. Miami Dolphins 27-17, XVIII (lost) vs. The Boston television DMA, which also includes Manchester, New Hampshire, is the fifth largest in the United States [1] (http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html). Miami Dolphins 14-7, XVII (won) vs. A variety of FM radio formats serve the area as well as NPR stations WBUR and WGBH. VII (lost) vs. Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO 680 AM, sports/talk station WEEI 850 AM, and news radio WBZ 1030 AM. League Championships: 1937, 1942; Super Bowl: 1982, 1987, 1991. Boston has the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the Boston radio market being the ninth largest in the United States. The Washington Redskins are a National Football League team whose team headquarters is based in Ashburn, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C.. The Improper Bostonian (http://www.improper.com/) is a biweekly "what's happening" guide to the Boston area. Doug Williams. Just Rentals and Just Property are exclusive to Real Estate and are bi-weekly. Joe Theismann. The Boston Independent Media Center (http://boston.indymedia.org/) provides alternative views. Bruce Smith - Defensive end; the NFL's all-time leader in sacks. Spare Change is a bi-weekly paper. Ricky Sanders. As of October 2004, the Weekly Dig is owned by Boston Magazine. Mark Rypien. The Boston Phoenix, The Improper Bostonian, and the Weekly Dig are weekly newspapers. Art Monk. A local edition of The Metro, a free paper, is also available. Brian Mitchell. The Boston Globe, owned by the New York Times Company, and The Boston Herald are Boston's two major daily newspapers. Wilbur Marshall. See also: Media in Boston.. Charles Mann. The New England Medical Center is affiliated with Tufts University while the Boston Medical Center is the primary teaching facility for the Boston University School of Medicine. Dexter Manley. Other medical institutions include Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, the Lahey Clinic, and Children's Hospital. Chip Lohmiller. Another hospital affiliated with Harvard Medical is Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Jim Lachey. Rated as one of the best in the world, Mass General is the third oldest general hospital in the U.S., and the oldest and largest in New England. Joe Jacoby. One such hospital is the Massachusetts General Hospital (Mass General), which is affiliated with the Harvard Medical School. Russ Grimm. As the home to some of the world's most respected research hospitals, Boston enjoys an international reputation in the medical field. Darrell Green. It is also a major seaport along the United States east coast. Brad Edwards. The Port of Boston is the largest and busiest seaport in Massachusetts. Stephen Davis. Teradyne, one of the world's leading manufacturer of semiconductors and other electronic equipment, has its corporate headquarters located in Boston. Gary Clark. Boston Scientific is located in Natick, and Gillette is headquartered in Boston. Dave Butz. Raytheon has its global headquarters in nearby Waltham while Novell also has its corporate headquarters there. Larry Brown. Shoe and athletic apparel maker Reebok is headquartered in nearby Canton. Warrick Holdman - Ex-Bears and Browns linebacker. Boston headquartered Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s, and has made Boston one of the top financial cities in the United States. David Patten - A Superbowl winner with the New England Patriots. Other important industries include financial services, especially mutual funds and insurance. Casey Rabach. Boston's colleges and universities have drawn high-tech industries to the city, including computer hardware and software companies like EMC Corporation (headquartered in Hopkinton) and Akamai (headquartered in nearby Cambridge), as well as biotechnology companies like Millennium Pharmaceuticals and Biogen Idec. Jason Campbell. See also: An annotated bibliography of fiction set in Boston (http://www.cas.suffolk.edu/richman/Boston/bosbib.htm) (external weblink). Carlos Rogers - Cornerback; the team's first selection in the 2005 NFL Draft. See also: List of television shows set in Boston. Santana Moss. Boston is also home to a wide array of musical talent from bands like Boston, Godsmack, and Aerosmith, to the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Boston Pops, the Boston Symphony Chamber Players, the Boston Philharmonic, the Boston Lyric Opera Company, and the Handel and Hayden Society (the oldest choral company in the U.S.) among many others. Marcus Washington - Made his first Pro Bowl in 2005. The weekend following Labor Day, the boutiques on Newbury Street close as over thirty art galleries spill out onto the street, providing unlimited access to their contents during Art Newbury Street. Sean Taylor - The team's first selection in the 2004 NFL Draft. The Boston Film Festival is held annually in early September. Shawn Springs. The Boston Globe Jazz and Blues Festival takes place each June; the Boston Early Music Festival takes place every odd-numbered year. Chris Samuels - Former Pro Bowl offensive tackle. The Boston Ballet is a world-renowned classical dance company. Patrick Ramsey. Avant garde theatres are scattered throughout the city, especially along Huntington Avenue. Clinton Portis - Speedy former Denver running back. The Theater District, south of Boston Common, contains a number of ornate theatres, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre and The Wang Center for the Performing Arts. Jon Jansen. Mark Twain once wrote of it, In New York they ask "how much money does he have?" In Philadelphia, they ask, "who were his parents?" In Boston they ask, "how much does he know?" It is also considered one of the most culturally impressive cities in the world. Cornelius Griffin. Boston is considered to be a highly intellectual city. Chris Cooley. Surrounding cities host Babson College, Bentley College, Brandeis University, Hellenic College, Lesley University, the Longy School of Music, Merrimack College, Pine Manor College, Regis College, Tufts University and Wellesley College, among others. LaVar Arrington - 3-time Pro Bowl linebacker. Other schools in Boston proper include Berklee College of Music, Boston Conservatory, the Boston Architectural Center, Boston University, Emerson College, Emmanuel College, Fisher College, the Massachusetts College of Art, the New England Conservatory of Music, Northeastern University, Simmons College, and Suffolk University. 33 Sammy Baugh. The greater Boston area is home to over 100 colleges. Charley Taylor. Cambridge is also the home of the world-renowned Massachusetts Institute of Technology. John Riggins. Harvard University, the nation's oldest university, was founded in Cambridge, where it maintains its main campus, though the bulk of its current land holdings lie in Boston. Bobby Mitchell. However, it moved from the city's South End to then-rural Chestnut Hill to escape Boston's rapid urbanization in the late nineteenth century. Wayne Millner. Boston College was the first institution of higher education to be founded in Boston. George Preston Marshall (owner). The Boston area is well-known for its colleges and universities. Vince Lombardi (coach). See also: List of colleges and universities in Massachusetts.. Curly Lambeau. The city also serves as the home of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit as well as the headquarters of the 1st District of the Federal Reserve Bank. Paul Krause. The National Archives has a regional center in nearby Waltham. Sonny Jurgensen. O'Neil Federal Building. Stan Jones. Kennedy Federal Office Building and the Thomas P. Deacon Jones. Properties include the John F. Sam Huff. Boston is also the United States federal government center for New England. Ken Houston. The Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport) operates Boston's Logan International Airport. Joe Gibbs (coach). The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority runs the "T", Boston's public transport system. Ray Flaherty. In addition to city government, numerous state authorities and commissions play a role in the life of Bostonians, including the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (water and sewer) and the state's Department of Conservation and Recreation, formerly known as the Metropolitan District Commission (some parks and most beaches). Turk Edwards. The School Committee is appointed by the mayor, as are city department heads. Bill Dudley. The President of the City Council is elected by the Councilors from within themselves. Sammy Baugh. The top four vote-getters are elected. Cliff Battles. Each voter casts up to four votes for at-large councilors; no more than one vote per candidate. George Allen (coach). There are four at-large seats. There are nine wards or neighborhood seats, each elected by plurality voting by the residents of that ward. The City Council is elected every two years. The mayor is elected to a four-year term by plurality voting (see List of Mayors of Boston, Massachusetts). Boston has a "strong mayor" system in which the mayor, Thomas Menino, is is vested with extensive executive powers. Boston is notable for having one of the most attractive and livable urban cores in the country; rents and housing prices are correspondingly high. Dorchester is probably the most diverse Boston neighborhood being populated with every ethnic group. Roxbury and Mattapan, located south of downtown, are populated largely by African Americans and Hispanics, as well as middle-class families priced out of more expensive neighborhoods. The South End, south of the Back Bay, is populated by gays, artists, yuppies, African Americans, and Hispanics—it is noted for its restaurant scene and bohemian atmosphere. The Back Bay, west of the Public Garden, is one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in the United States—it includes the shops and restaurants on Newbury Street and the two tallest skyscrapers in Boston. Allston/Brighton, for example, is populated mostly by students from nearby Boston University and recent graduates. Each of the neighborhoods has a distinct character. The city is divided into many neighborhoods (http://www.cityofboston.gov/neighborhoods/), including: Allston, Back Bay, Beacon Hill, Brighton, Charlestown, Dorchester, East Boston, Jamaica Plain, Mattapan, Fenway/Kenmore, the North End, Hyde Park, Roslindale, Roxbury, South Boston, the South End, Chinatown, Bay Village and West Roxbury. Out of the total population, 25.6% of those under the age of 18 and 18.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. 19.5% of the population and 15.3% of families are below the poverty line. The per capita income for the city is $23,353. Males have a median income of $37,435 versus $32,421 for females. The median income for a household in the city is $39,629, and the median income for a family is $44,151. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 90.2 males. For every 100 females there are 92.8 males. The median age is 31 years. In the city the population is spread out with 19.8% under the age of 18, 16.2% from 18 to 24, 35.8% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.31 and the average family size is 3.17. 37.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. There are 239,528 households out of which 22.7% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.4% are married couples living together, 16.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 51.9% are non-families. Census data does not account for this significant segment of the community because of confusing terminology, as Brazilians speak Portuguese and often do not consider themselves Hispanic or Latino. These figures become less reliable due to the large undocumented Brazilian population, estimated by some studies to approach 250,000 in Massachusetts. 14.44% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. The racial makeup of the city is 54.48% White, 25.33% Black or African American, 0.40% Native American, 7.52% Asian American, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 7.83% from other races, and 4.39% from two or more races. Boston is the capital of "Irish America". There are 251,935 housing units at an average density of 2,008.5/km² (5,202.5/mi²). The Irish are the largest ethnic group in the city of Boston. The population density is 4,696.9/km² (12,165.8/mi²). As of the census2 of 2000, there are 589,141 people, 239,528 households, and 115,212 families residing in the city. In the winter, the Frog Pond at Boston Common doubles as a popular ice-skating rink. The outer suburbs of Boston, which tend to be forested, have vibrantly-colored foliage every autumn that attracts many tourtists. Mark Twain is quoted as saying If you don't like the weather in New England, just wait a few minutes. Boston is no exception to this rule. (1,100 mm) of snowfall a year, though this increases dramatically as one goes inland away from the city. It also coincidentally averages 42 in. (1,100 mm) of rainfall a year. The city averages 42 in. The coldest month is January with an average high of 35.6 °F (2 °C) and a low of 21.5 °F (−6 °C). The hottest month is August, with an average high of 80 °F (27 °C) and a low of 64 °F (18 °C). It has been known to snow in October and get quite warm in February. The summers are usually warm and humid, while the winters are cold and windy. The weather in Boston, like much of New England, changes rapidly. The Neponset River forms the boundary between the city and its southeast neighbors, Quincy and Milton. To the east lies Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands, many of which are open to the public. The Charles River separates Boston from Cambridge, and Charlestown. Boston is bordered by the cities of Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Watertown, Newton, and Quincy, and the towns of Winthrop, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, and Milton. Only Beacon Hill, the smallest of the three original hills, remains partially intact. Much of the Back Bay, and South End are built on reclaimed land—two and a half of Boston's three original hills were used as a source of material for the landfill. The total area is 45.98% water. 125.4 km² (48.4 mi²) of it is land and 106.7 km² (41.2 mi²) of it is water. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 232.1 km² (89.6 mi²). Related articles. Despite these losses, Boston's ambiance has improved in recent years — city streets bustle with a vitality not seen since the 1920s, crime and poverty remain low for an American city, and once again Boston has become a hub of intellectual, technological, and political ideas. Recently, Boston has experienced a loss of regional institutions and traditions, which once gave it a very distinct social character, as it has become part of the more homogenized BosWash megalopolis. Their execution sparked riots in London, Paris and Germany, and helped to reinforce the image of Boston as a hotbed of intolerance. On August 23, 1927, Italian anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti were sent to the electric chair after a seven-year trial in Boston. Today it is known as "The T" and is run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Also, on September 1, 1897, the Tremont Street Subway opened as the first underground streetcar subway in North America. During the 1800s, the first medical school for women, The Boston Female Medical School (which later merged with the Boston University School of Medicine), opened in Boston on November 1, 1848. The city has several notable "firsts." Both the first school in America, Boston Latin School (1635), and the first college in America, Harvard College (1636), were founded in the early days of Boston. It was chartered as a city in 1822, and by the mid-1800s it was one of the largest manufacturing centers in the nation, noted for its garment production, leather goods, and machinery industries. After the revolutionary war, the city became one of the world's wealthiest international trading ports, exporting products such as rum, fish, salt and tobacco. During this period, Paul Revere made his famous midnight ride. The Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, and several of the early battles of the Revolution (such as the Battle of Lexington and Concord, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston) occurred in or near the city. Boston played a key role in sparking both the American Revolution and the ensuing American Revolutionary War. Indeed, Puritan values of hard work, moral uprightness, and education remain a part of Boston's culture. These values molded an extremely stable and well-structured society in Boston. Winthrop's sermon, "a City upon a Hill," captured this idea. Early colonists believed that Boston was a community with a special covenant with God. Founded on September 17, 1630, on a peninsula called Shawmut by the Native Americans who lived there, Boston is named after Boston, England, a town in Lincolnshire from which several prominent colonists originated. Its history is inherently intertwined with the history of the United States. Boston has an illustrious history that spans nearly four centuries. Main article: History of Boston. Greater Boston is one of the top-ten largest metropolitan areas in the United States, the fifteenth in the Americas, and the one of the top-fifty largest in the world. The Greater Boston metropolitan area, including nearby cities and towns such as Cambridge, Brookline, and Quincy as well as many suburban communities further from the city, has a population of approximately 5.8 million residents. As of the 2000 census, its population was 589,141. Its nicknames include "Beantown", "The Hub" (shortened from Oliver Wendell Holmes' phrase The Hub of the Universe), "The City of Higher Learning" (due to the plethora of universities and colleges in the Boston area) and The Athens of America, due to its great influence on cultural, intellectual, and political matters. It is the unofficial capital of the region known as New England as well as one of the oldest and wealthiest cities in the United States, with an economy based on education, health care, finance, and high technology. The city is also the county seat of Suffolk County. Boston is the capital and the largest city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. MLB.com (http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/mlb/history/postseason/mlb_ws_recaps.jsp?feature=1903). Accessed June 1, 2005. 1903 World Series - Major League Baseball: World Series History. Accessed May 15, 2005. Skyscrapers.com (http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/?id=101045). Boston Skyscrapers. Portland, Oregon. Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. Taipei, Republic of China. Padua, Italy. Haifa, Israel. Melbourne, Australia. Hangzhou, People's Republic of China. Barcelona, Spain. Strasbourg, France. Kyoto, Japan. Faith from Buffy the Vampire Slayer, specifically South Boston. Sharon McKendrick and her mother Maggie from the 1961 version of the Parent Trap. The characters from the TV sitcom Cheers. Trapper John McIntyre and Major Charles Emerson Winchester III from M*A*S*H. Manchester Airport in Manchester, New Hampshire. Green Airport in Providence, Rhode Island. F. T. Hanscom Field in Lexington and Bedford. Boston Celtics (Basketball - National Basketball Association). Boston Bruins (Ice hockey - National Hockey League). USS Constitution. Paul Revere's House. Old North Church. Old State House. Massachusetts State House. Granary Burying Ground. Faneuil Hall. Bunker Hill Monument. Boston Common, with the Boston Public Garden being adjacent. Channel 68 - WBPX (PAX). Channel 62 - WMFP (Shop At Home). Channel 56 - WLVI (WB). Channel 48 - WYDN (DayStar). Channel 46 - WWDP (ShopNBC). Channel 38 - WSBK (UPN). PBS - WGBH Channel 2, which also operates WGBX channel 44, is a major producer of PBS programs. FOX - WFXT Channel 25. NBC - WHDH Channel 7. ABC - WCVB Channel 5. CBS - WBZ Channel 4. Specifically, "12 Prospero Place, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.". Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events movie takes place in Boston, as seen on the envelope at the end of the movie. Zodiac, by Neal Stephenson; an eco-thriller focusing on industrial pollution in the Boston Harbor. The Sound and the Fury, by William Faulkner; part of the story finds its setting in Boston. The Handmaid's Tale, by Margaret Atwood; post-nuclear Cambridge and Boston are the setting of this dystopian novel. Looking Backward, utopian novel written in 1887 and set in Boston in 2000. The Bostonians, by Henry James; life in aristocratic Boston during the late nineteenth century. The Da Vinci Code, by Dan Brown; Boston is the home of protagonist Robert Langdon. Parker. The Spenser detective novels, by Robert B. Curley. The Last Hurrah, by Edwin O'Connor; O'Connor's 1956 account of big-city politics, inspired by the career of longtime Boston Mayor James M. Walk East on Beacon!. What's the Worst That Could Happen?. Vig (Money Kings). The Verdict. Un Ballo in Maschera, Opera by Giuseppe Verdi. Thomas Crown Affair. Still We Believe: The Boston Red Sox Movie. Elsewhere. St. Southie. A Small Circle of Friends. The Paper Chase. Night School. Next Stop Wonderland. Mystic River. Monument Ave.. Love Story. Legally Blonde. Harvard Man. Good Will Hunting. The Friends of Eddie Coyle. Fever Pitch. Coma. The Brink's Job. The Boondock Saints. Blue Hill Avenue. Blown Away. Blow. Boston LBGT Pride parade and festival (http://www.bostonpride.org/). Boston Marathon, the world-famous 26-mile run. Saint Patrick's Day Parade. Fourth of July on the Esplanade (fireworks and music on a massive scale). First Night (http://www.firstnight.org/) Boston's major New Year's Eve arts and activity festival, attracting over 1.5m people. Siege of Boston. Battle of Lexington and Concord. Boston Tea Party. Boston Massacre. American Revolutionary War. American Revolution. |