This page will contain discussion groups about Binocular, as they become available.BinocularsBinocularsBinocular telescopes, or binoculars, are two identical or mirror-symmetrical telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, one to be viewed through each of the user's eyes. By contrast, relatively small single-tube telescopes are often called "monoculars". The advantages of a binocular over a monocular telescope are:
The most commonly seen binoculars are of a size to be held by hand, and contain optical elements to fold the optical path so that the physical length of the binoculars is less than the focal length of the lenses. The folding of the optical path allows the separation between the objective lenses to be increased, allowing larger lenses to be used and giving a better sensation of depth. All practical binoculars display an erect image, obtained either by using simple Galilean optics ("field glasses", "opera glasses"), or by using optical prisms both to erect the image and to fold the optical path. Larger binoculars become uncomfortable and difficult to hold steady, and are mounted on tripods or other supports. Very large binoculars with a very wide separation (up to 15 meters, weight 10 tonnes, for ranging Second World War naval gun targets 25km away) have been used for accurate rangefinding, although late twentieth century technology made this application redundant. An extreme example, although not one would that normally be called binoculars, is the Large Binocular Telescope in Arizona, USA, which produced its "First Light" image on 26 October 2005. The LBT comprises two 8-meter reflector telescopes. While not intended to be held to the eyes of a viewer (!), the use of two telescopes to view the same object gives additional information due to the larger field of view that results from the separation of the objective mirrors. Prismatic binocularsBinoculars with prisms to shorten the optical path and erect the image may have double Porro prism design which gives a Z-shaped optical path. This results in a set of binoculars which is wide, with objective lenses which are well-separated but offset from the eyepieces. Binoculars which use roof prisms (either the Abbe-Koenig or Schmidt-Pechan designs) are narrower, more compact, lighter, and more expensive than those which use Porro prisms. They have objective lenses which are approximately in line with the eyepieces. Design detailsBinoculars to be used to view objects which are not at a fixed distance must have a focussing arrangement. In some cases the two telescopes are focused independently by changing the distance between ocular and objective lenses. It is more convenient for the viewer to focus both tubes with one action (usually rotation of a central focussing wheel), and for one of the two eyepieces to be adjustable to compensate for differences between the viewer's eyes (usually by rotating the eyepiece in its mount). Once this adjustment has been made for a given viewer, the binoculars can be refocussed on an object at a different distance by using the focusing wheel to move both tubes together without eyepiece readjustment. The distance between the eyepieces on most binoculars can be adjusted to accommodate viewers with different eye separation. Optical parametersOptical layout of a binocular with a double-Porro designThe diameter of the objective lenses determines the light-gathering power and the ultimate resolving power of the binoculars. The ratio of the focal lengths of the objective and the ocular lenses gives the linear magnifying power (expressed in "diameters"). It is customary to categorise binoculars by the magnification × the objective diameter in mm; e.g. 7×50. The magnification required depends upon the application, but with the major proviso that large magnifications give an image much more susceptible to shake when hand-held. The objective lens needs to be large enough to give acceptable resolution in all circumstances, but must be larger for low-light and night use. The field of view depends upon the optical construction of the binoculars. Simple Galilean binoculars have the disadvantage of a narrower field of view—this is the reason for the prevalence of the more complex optical arrangements used. For general hand-held use, subject to shake, 7 diameters is a good compromise between power and image steadiness for most people. 7×30 is good for daytime use. For general night use, a 50mm objective gives maximum brightness for 7 diameters magnification; objective diameter must be increased for higher magnifications at night. Hand-held binoculars range from small 3x10 Galilean opera glasses used in theaters, to glasses with 7 to 12 diameters magnification and 30 to 50mm objectives for typical outdoor use. Larger models with objectives of up to about 150mm are used on supports, typically for amateur astronomy. Much larger binoculars have been made by dedicated amateur astronomers, essentially using two refracting or reflecting astronomical telescopes, with results claimed to be impressive. Of particular relevance for low-light and astronomical viewing, as against astrophotography, is the ratio between magnifying power and objective lens diameter. Binoculars concentrate the light gathered by the objective into a beam, the exit pupil whose diameter is the objective diameter divided by the magnifying power. For maximum effective light-gathering and brightest image, the exit pupil should equal the diameter of the fully dilated human eye—about 7mm, reducing with age. Light gathered by a larger exit pupil is wasted. However, for viewing stars and small astronomical objects, a large exit pupil will mostly image the night sky background, effectively decreasing contrast, making the detection of faint objects more difficult except perhaps in remote locations with negligible light pollution. A large exit pupil facilitates viewing larger objects such as nearby galaxies, though. The current trend favours models with 5mm exit pupil, such as 10x50, or 8x40; 7x50 is falling out of favour. For daytime use an exit pupil of 3mm—matching the eye's contracted pupil—is sufficient. Optical constructionU.S. Navy binocularsWhen light strikes an interface between two materials of different refractive index (e.g., at an air-glass interface), some of the light is transmitted, some reflected. In any sort of image-forming optical instrument (telescope, camera, microscope, etc.), ideally no light should be reflected; instead of forming an image, light which reaches the viewer after being reflected is distributed in the field of view, and reduces the contrast between the true image and the background. Reflection can be reduced, but not eliminated, by applying optical coatings to interfaces; this is of great importance for any optical instrument with multiple interfaces. Light can also be reflected from the interior of the instrument, but it is simple to minimise this to negligible proportions. Phase-corrected prism coating and dielectric prism coating are recent (in 2005) effective techniques for reducing reflections. When light traverses an optically transmissive material, some light is absorbed. This reduces brightness, and is also undesirable, although less of a problem than reflections in most cases. (The advanced naval binocular rangefinders of the mid-twentieth century had perhaps 150 glass elements; absorption of light would have been significant.) Different optical construction affects reflections and brightness. A Porro prism binocular will inherently produce an intrinsically brighter image than a roof prism binocular of the same magnification, objective size, and optical quality, as less light is absorbed along the optical path. However, as of 2005, the optical quality of the best roof-prism binoculars with up-to-date coating processes as used in Schmidt-Pechan models is comparable with the best Porro glasses, and it appears that roof prisms will dominate the market for high-quality portable binoculars in spite of their higher price. The major European optical manufacturers (Leica, Zeiss, Swarovski) have discontinued their Porro lines; Japanese manufacturers (Nikon, Fujinon, etc.) may follow suit. When buying binoculars of lower price, Porro prism binoculars can be expected to give more image quality for money. Image stabilisationShake can be much reduced, and higher magnifications used, with binoculars using image stabilisation technology. Parts of the instrument which change the position of the image may be held steady by powered gyroscopes or by powered mechanisms driven by gyroscopic or inertial detectors, or may be mounted in such a way as to oppose and dampen sudden movement. Stabilisation may be enabled or disabled by the user as required. These techniques allow binoculars up to 20× to be hand-held, and much improve the image stability of lower-power instruments. There are some disadvantages: the image may not be quite as good as the best unstabilised binoculars when tripod-mounted, and stabilised binoculars contain more advanced technology to go wrong, and to become obsolete. They are also more expensive, heavier, and battery life tends to be short. Stabilisation is not suitable when tracking moving objects. MaintenanceIf the binoculars are not collimated properly, i.e., if the images from the two tubes are not properly aligned, then they will give poor results and can be uncomfortable and tiring to use. This may be due to poor manufacturing quality control (more likely with cheaper binoculars) or to a shock (being dropped) or drift over time. If the binoculars are basically sound, this can be remedied by small movements to the prisms, often by turning screws accessible without opening the binoculars. While it is inadvisable for the non-expert to try to repair quality instruments, collimation by the owner may be justified for maladjusted binoculars which are not good enough to merit the expense of professional attention. Instructions for checking binoculars for collimation errors, and for collimating them, can be found on the Internet (search for collimation binoculars and the model). A well-collimated pair of binoculars should produce, when viewed through human eyes and processed by a human brain, a single circular, apparently three-dimensional, image, with no visible indication that we are actually viewing two distinct images from slightly different viewpoints. Departure from the ideal causes, at best, vague discomfort and visual fatigue, but the perceived field of view will be close to circular anyway. The cinematic convention to represent a view through binoculars as two circles partially overlapping in a figure-of-eight shape is not true to life. Choosing binocularsNaval ship binocularsIdeally a pair of binoculars will produce two uniformly sharp images, each of perfect quality, with no errors of geometry or colour-correction and no internal reflections. The two images will be identical (apart from the slightly different viewpoint), with no differences in size, orientation, aberrations, etc. Real binoculars depart to a greater or lesser extent from the ideal. All binoculars should be accurately aligned and collimated, comfortable to use, and robust. Roof-prism models will be lighter and more compact for a given size, but more expensive than equivalent Porro models. Hermetically sealed binoculars filled with dry gas (usually nitrogen) will not be susceptible to clouding due to condensation at low temperatures; this will also help to prevent mildew, although air may leak in over a period of years if the binoculars are not overhauled. Completely waterproof (submersible) binoculars are available. All binoculars should be reasonably free from reflections. Fully multi-coated (FMC) models should be better in this respect than others. For roof-prism models, phase coating is better. The magnification and objective diameter must be chosen to suit the requirement, remembering that higher magnification exaggerates shake when hand-held, and that larger objective lenses increase the weight and size. For general-purpose use, 8x40 is a good combination. 7x50 is brighter for night use. Larger objective diameters have better light-gathering power, and can view fainter objects for astronomical use. If more compact binoculars are required, smaller objectives may be used at some loss of performance and increase in price. Image stabilisation much improves image steadiness and allows the use of higher magnification in hand-held applications. The trade-off is that compared to unstabilised binoculars of the same parameters, stabilised binoculars are more expensive, larger and heavier, less reliable due to their complexity, more subject to obsolescence, and consume batteries. Zoom binoculars, while in principle a good idea, do not perform very well. Some binoculars (and cameras) claim to be "focus-free". This is an example of marketing departments making a virtue of necessity. Such models would have been called "fixed-focus" in more honest times: they have a depth of field from a relatively large closest distance, to infinity, and perform exactly the same as a focussing model of the same optical quality (or lack of it) focussed on the middle distance. Binoculars of the same make and model may vary from unit to unit, although hopefully less so for the more highly priced models from quality manufacturers, so the experienced user may benefit from trying several samples. By the same token, many cheaper types of generally mediocre quality but basically sound design may have a few exceptionally good units. Some reputable binocular manufacturers as of 2005: 1. European Brands
2. Japanese Brands
P.S. Many of the above are OEM products of Kamakura or Chinese manufacturing plants. 3. Chinese Brands In the early years of the 21st century some mid-priced glasses have become available on the internal Chinese market. A few of them are said to be comparable both in performance and in price to some of the better brands; the great majority of them are inferior.
Binoculars are widely used by amateur astronomers, their wide field of view making them useful for comet and supernova seeking (giant binoculars) and general observation (portable binoculars). The major market is amongst bird watchers and hunters, who mostly prefer, and are prepared to pay for, the lighter but more expensive roof-prism models. This page about Binocular includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about Binocular News stories about Binocular External links for Binocular Videos for Binocular Wikis about Binocular Discussion Groups about Binocular Blogs about Binocular Images of Binocular |
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The major market is amongst bird watchers and hunters, who mostly prefer, and are prepared to pay for, the lighter but more expensive roof-prism models. In addition, Favre owns a number of team records, having printed his name into almost every passing category in the annals of Green Bay Packers history. Binoculars are widely used by amateur astronomers, their wide field of view making them useful for comet and supernova seeking (giant binoculars) and general observation (portable binoculars). (Last update: 2 January 2006) They include:. A few of them are said to be comparable both in performance and in price to some of the better brands; the great majority of them are inferior. As an active player, these numbers are subject to change. Chinese Brands In the early years of the 21st century some mid-priced glasses have become available on the internal Chinese market. Favre is closing in on a number of other NFL records and milestones. 3. And while several quarterbacks have achieved the legendary feat of the 99-yard touchdown pass, Favre's pass remained airborne longer than any of the others. Many of the above are OEM products of Kamakura or Chinese manufacturing plants. Tittle. P.S. The enormity of his accomplishments can be illustrated by the fact that only five other quarterbacks in NFL history have ever achieved two consecutive 30-touchdown passing seasons at least one time in their careers: Steve Bartkowski, Dan Fouts, Dan Marino, Jeff Garcia and Y.A. Japanese Brands. Louis Rams alone have played 13 different quarterbacks. 2. In that time, the St. European Brands. During the first 200 straight games started by Favre, 178 other quarterbacks started in the NFL. 1. He is currently in sole possession of fourth place for all-time NFL starting streaks of players in any position. Some reputable binocular manufacturers as of 2005:. Favre is the only professional athlete in any sport to have started every game his team has played over the past 14-season period. By the same token, many cheaper types of generally mediocre quality but basically sound design may have a few exceptionally good units. Favre's consecutive-starts streak is considered by many to be his most impressive record. Binoculars of the same make and model may vary from unit to unit, although hopefully less so for the more highly priced models from quality manufacturers, so the experienced user may benefit from trying several samples. Favre currently possesses a number of NFL records:. Such models would have been called "fixed-focus" in more honest times: they have a depth of field from a relatively large closest distance, to infinity, and perform exactly the same as a focussing model of the same optical quality (or lack of it) focussed on the middle distance. She is currently in stable condition. This is an example of marketing departments making a virtue of necessity. On December 13th, 2005 Brett's grandmother, Izella French, suffered a stroke. Some binoculars (and cameras) claim to be "focus-free". Brett and Deanna's home in Hattiesburg, Mississippi was also damaged by the storm. Zoom binoculars, while in principle a good idea, do not perform very well. However, none of his family members were injured. The trade-off is that compared to unstabilised binoculars of the same parameters, stabilised binoculars are more expensive, larger and heavier, less reliable due to their complexity, more subject to obsolescence, and consume batteries. Hurricane Katrina blew through Mississippi, destroying his family's home there. Image stabilisation much improves image steadiness and allows the use of higher magnification in hand-held applications. More recently, in late August 2005, Favre's family suffered another setback. If more compact binoculars are required, smaller objectives may be used at some loss of performance and increase in price. (She is expected to make a complete recovery.) After much speculation regarding the possibility of retirement, Favre announced his intention of playing the 2005-2006 season on March 10, 2005. Larger objective diameters have better light-gathering power, and can view fainter objects for astronomical use. Following aggressive treatment, she made progress and appears to be recovering well. 7x50 is brighter for night use. Soon after, Brett's wife, Deanna, was diagnosed with breast cancer. For general-purpose use, 8x40 is a good combination. Favre's brother-in-law, Casey Tynes, was killed in an all-terrain vehicle accident on Favre's Mississippi property. The magnification and objective diameter must be chosen to suit the requirement, remembering that higher magnification exaggerates shake when hand-held, and that larger objective lenses increase the weight and size. Several family crises followed Irvin Favre's death. For roof-prism models, phase coating is better. Mike McCarthy was set to meet with Brett about this after the Senior Bowl, which was held at Mobile, Alabama, a short drive from Hattiesburg, Mississippi, where Favre resides in the post-season. Fully multi-coated (FMC) models should be better in this respect than others. However, in an interview aired on ESPN in late January 2006, Favre said he would retire if he was asked to make the decision immediately, citing a need for family involvement and an inability to remain competitive mentally. All binoculars should be reasonably free from reflections. When last reported on the Yahoo Sports webpage, it was noted that Brett seemed to be 70-30 on the prospects of returning for another year based on Packers insiders. Completely waterproof (submersible) binoculars are available. Upon firing Sherman, Thompson noted that he was not firing Brett Favre, and wanted Favre to return for another year, but also noted that "Eventually Brett Favre's going to retire and go back to Mississippi," and that his decision to fire Sherman was based on what he felt was in the team's best interest in the long haul - regardless of what has come to be known amongst fans as the "Favre factor.". Hermetically sealed binoculars filled with dry gas (usually nitrogen) will not be susceptible to clouding due to condensation at low temperatures; this will also help to prevent mildew, although air may leak in over a period of years if the binoculars are not overhauled. First and foremost, Favre implied several times during the 2005 season that he would be less likely to return for one more season were Sherman to be dismissed. Roof-prism models will be lighter and more compact for a given size, but more expensive than equivalent Porro models. It should be noted that Favre's prospects of returning for a sixteenth season were reduced upon the firing of of Green Bay head coach Mike Sherman for two reasons. All binoculars should be accurately aligned and collimated, comfortable to use, and robust. Favre has yet to announce his intentions, and has said he will take a few weeks to unwind and speak with Packers' general manager, Ted Thompson before making a final decision. Real binoculars depart to a greater or lesser extent from the ideal. As the last minutes of the game ticked away, with the Packers leading the Seahawks 23-17, almost the whole Green Bay crowd started shouting "One more year", and holding up signs that tried to convince Favre to stay one more year, with even his wife joining in the festivities. The two images will be identical (apart from the slightly different viewpoint), with no differences in size, orientation, aberrations, etc. Some felt Favre acted like it was his last game, as he hugged and greeted his teammates, along with former teammates on the Seahawks, like Matt Hasselbeck and Mike Holmgren. Ideally a pair of binoculars will produce two uniformly sharp images, each of perfect quality, with no errors of geometry or colour-correction and no internal reflections. During Green Bay's last game of the 2005 season, Terry Bradshaw, Howie Long, and the rest of the Fox pregame staff predicted that their match with the Seattle Seahawks would be Favre's last game as a pro, while there was no media on the Green Bay Packers' offical website relating to it or supporting it. The cinematic convention to represent a view through binoculars as two circles partially overlapping in a figure-of-eight shape is not true to life. No matter what Favre decides he will be known in the NFL as one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time, and is considered a shoo-in first ballot selection for the Hall of Fame. Departure from the ideal causes, at best, vague discomfort and visual fatigue, but the perceived field of view will be close to circular anyway. Were Favre to retire after this season, the quarterback position would be taken over by first-round draft pick Aaron Rodgers. A well-collimated pair of binoculars should produce, when viewed through human eyes and processed by a human brain, a single circular, apparently three-dimensional, image, with no visible indication that we are actually viewing two distinct images from slightly different viewpoints. However, this cannot be blamed entirely on Favre, as Green Bay suffered the loss of many of its key players to injury and Favre had to play with third-string and lower players in a number of skill positions. Instructions for checking binoculars for collimation errors, and for collimating them, can be found on the Internet (search for collimation binoculars and the model). However, 2005 proved to be even worse; in fact, the worst season in Favre's career in which the Packers amassed a 4-12 record, Green Bay's first losing season since Favre joined the team. While it is inadvisable for the non-expert to try to repair quality instruments, collimation by the owner may be justified for maladjusted binoculars which are not good enough to merit the expense of professional attention. In 2004, he discussed the idea of retiring with his family but decided to come back for 2005 because his wife's battle with breast cancer was going well and her health had improved, and also his belief that he could do much better with the improvements to the Green Bay team and his own long-term work during the off season in losing weight and increasing his mobility. If the binoculars are basically sound, this can be remedied by small movements to the prisms, often by turning screws accessible without opening the binoculars. Beginning in 2001 and continuing through the 2005 season, questions have arisen as to whether Favre was going to retire. This may be due to poor manufacturing quality control (more likely with cheaper binoculars) or to a shock (being dropped) or drift over time. Brett Favre had an average season with over 3,000 yards for a record fourteenth consecutive time, but he also led the league in interceptions with one shy of 30. If the binoculars are not collimated properly, i.e., if the images from the two tubes are not properly aligned, then they will give poor results and can be uncomfortable and tiring to use. Third-year wideout Antonio Chatman saw some major playing time along with his normal special teams duties. Stabilisation is not suitable when tracking moving objects. Rookie, Nigeria-native Samkon Gado rushed for over a hundred yards three times before being lost for the rest of the season in game 14 due to a torn MCL, and veteran receiver Donald Driver excelled in the flanker position after replacing the injured Javon Walker. They are also more expensive, heavier, and battery life tends to be short. With all of the team's injury problems, a few unknown players rose up to try and help Favre lead the team. There are some disadvantages: the image may not be quite as good as the best unstabilised binoculars when tripod-mounted, and stabilised binoculars contain more advanced technology to go wrong, and to become obsolete. Third-string running back Tony Fisher, slot receiver Robert Ferguson and starting tight end Bubba Franks also missed playing time. These techniques allow binoculars up to 20× to be hand-held, and much improve the image stability of lower-power instruments. Second running back Najeh Davenport was lost for the season after breaking his ankle. Stabilisation may be enabled or disabled by the user as required. The Packers' misfortunes didn't end there. Parts of the instrument which change the position of the image may be held steady by powered gyroscopes or by powered mechanisms driven by gyroscopic or inertial detectors, or may be mounted in such a way as to oppose and dampen sudden movement. This bad luck was followed by the loss of running back Ahman Green, and rookie wide receiver Terrence Murphy. Shake can be much reduced, and higher magnifications used, with binoculars using image stabilisation technology. All-Pro wide receiver Javon Walker, Favre's favorite target, went down with a season-ending knee injury in the first game. When buying binoculars of lower price, Porro prism binoculars can be expected to give more image quality for money. Green Bay's 2005 season was a disappointment right from the beginning. The major European optical manufacturers (Leica, Zeiss, Swarovski) have discontinued their Porro lines; Japanese manufacturers (Nikon, Fujinon, etc.) may follow suit. However, it is not yet known if he will continue to play after the 2005-06 season. However, as of 2005, the optical quality of the best roof-prism binoculars with up-to-date coating processes as used in Schmidt-Pechan models is comparable with the best Porro glasses, and it appears that roof prisms will dominate the market for high-quality portable binoculars in spite of their higher price. The deal made Favre the first $100 million player in NFL history. A Porro prism binocular will inherently produce an intrinsically brighter image than a roof prism binocular of the same magnification, objective size, and optical quality, as less light is absorbed along the optical path. Since March 2001, Favre has been signed to a "lifetime" contract with the Packers, the first in team history. Different optical construction affects reflections and brightness. Green Bay would go on to lose that game 26-24. (The advanced naval binocular rangefinders of the mid-twentieth century had perhaps 150 glass elements; absorption of light would have been significant.). With a 17-yard pass to running back Ahman Green on September 18, 2005, in a game against the Cleveland Browns, Favre became only the third quarterback in NFL history to throw for 50,000 yards or more, along with Dan Marino and John Elway. This reduces brightness, and is also undesirable, although less of a problem than reflections in most cases. Favre won an ESPY Award for his Monday Night Football performance. When light traverses an optically transmissive material, some light is absorbed. He then went to his father's funeral in Pass Christian, Mississippi and returned in time to lead the Packers to a dominant 31-3 victory over the Denver Broncos, which resulted in the 2003 NFC North championship when the division-leading Minnesota Vikings dropped a heartbreaking 18-17 game to the Arizona Cardinals that same day. Phase-corrected prism coating and dielectric prism coating are recent (in 2005) effective techniques for reducing reflections. But I know he was watching tonight." He was named NFC Offensive Player of the Week. Light can also be reflected from the interior of the instrument, but it is simple to minimise this to negligible proportions. It's meant a great deal to me, to my dad, to my family, and I didn't expect this kind of performance. Reflection can be reduced, but not eliminated, by applying optical coatings to interfaces; this is of great importance for any optical instrument with multiple interfaces. I love him so much and I love this game. In any sort of image-forming optical instrument (telescope, camera, microscope, etc.), ideally no light should be reflected; instead of forming an image, light which reaches the viewer after being reflected is distributed in the field of view, and reduces the contrast between the true image and the background. Afterwards, Favre said, "I knew that my dad would have wanted me to play. When light strikes an interface between two materials of different refractive index (e.g., at an air-glass interface), some of the light is transmitted, some reflected. Favre elected to play and passed for four touchdowns in the first half, and 399 yards in a 41-7 destruction of the Raiders on international television (receiving applause from the highly partisan "Raider Nation"). For daytime use an exit pupil of 3mm—matching the eye's contracted pupil—is sufficient. The day before, his father, Irvin Favre, died suddenly of a heart attack. The current trend favours models with 5mm exit pupil, such as 10x50, or 8x40; 7x50 is falling out of favour. One of the defining moments of Favre's career, and his greatest game ever, took place on December 22, 2003, in a Monday Night Football game against the Oakland Raiders. A large exit pupil facilitates viewing larger objects such as nearby galaxies, though. Players and fans from around the league were highly critical of the play, and comedian Jimmy Kimmel even lampooned the episode in a skit during FOX NFL Sunday shortly after, depicting a "Strahan" and a "Favre" in an elegant ballet that culminated in "Strahan" sweeping "Favre" up off his feet and gently laying him on the ground. However, for viewing stars and small astronomical objects, a large exit pupil will mostly image the night sky background, effectively decreasing contrast, making the detection of faint objects more difficult except perhaps in remote locations with negligible light pollution. The Packers were winning the game handily—and did win 34-25—and Favre's offensive line had relegated Strahan to a non-factor for most of the game. Light gathered by a larger exit pupil is wasted. Favre claimed he'd changed the play at the line of scrimmage, but the rest of the team appeared to run a different play than Favre's. For maximum effective light-gathering and brightest image, the exit pupil should equal the diameter of the fully dilated human eye—about 7mm, reducing with age. It was Strahan's lone sack of the game and gave him the NFL's single-season sack record of 22.5, which topped Mark Gastineau's record of 22 set in 1984. Binoculars concentrate the light gathered by the objective into a beam, the exit pupil whose diameter is the objective diameter divided by the magnifying power. Favre was the target of controversy at the end of 2001 when, in the regular-season finale against the New York Giants at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, N.J., Favre rolled to his right and slid down at the feet of hard-charging Giants defensive end Michael Strahan. Of particular relevance for low-light and astronomical viewing, as against astrophotography, is the ratio between magnifying power and objective lens diameter. The streak ended in 2005, with the Packers finishing 4-12 overall. Much larger binoculars have been made by dedicated amateur astronomers, essentially using two refracting or reflecting astronomical telescopes, with results claimed to be impressive. Through the 2004 season, the Packers had the longest streak of non-losing seasons (13) in the NFL, despite an 8-8 record under coach Ray Rhodes, a 9-7 season under coach Mike Sherman, and no playoff berths in either 1999 or 2000. Larger models with objectives of up to about 150mm are used on supports, typically for amateur astronomy. However, Favre and the Packers continued posting positive results through the next few seasons. Hand-held binoculars range from small 3x10 Galilean opera glasses used in theaters, to glasses with 7 to 12 diameters magnification and 30 to 50mm objectives for typical outdoor use. Favre took the loss to the Broncos hard, and considered retirement in the offseason. For general night use, a 50mm objective gives maximum brightness for 7 diameters magnification; objective diameter must be increased for higher magnifications at night. Green Bay fought their way to Super Bowl XXXII but lost to John Elway and the Denver Broncos by the score of 31-24 at Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego. 7×30 is good for daytime use. Favre was named co-MVP of the league with Detroit Lions running back Barry Sanders, his third straight award. For general hand-held use, subject to shake, 7 diameters is a good compromise between power and image steadiness for most people. Favre and the Packers continued their dominance of the NFC the next season. Simple Galilean binoculars have the disadvantage of a narrower field of view—this is the reason for the prevalence of the more complex optical arrangements used. Favre threw two touchdown passes over 50 yards and scored another touchdown rushing, and the Packers won the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Super Bowl XXXI over the New England Patriots, 35-21. The field of view depends upon the optical construction of the binoculars. Green Bay compiled an NFL-best regular season record of 13-3, dispatched San Francisco 49ers and Carolina at Lambeau Field in the playoffs, and advanced to Super Bowl XXXI at the Louisiana Superdome, a short drive from Kiln. The objective lens needs to be large enough to give acceptable resolution in all circumstances, but must be larger for low-light and night use. Favre then led the Packers to their greatest season in 30 years in the 1996-97 season, winning his second consecutive MVP award in the process. The magnification required depends upon the application, but with the major proviso that large magnifications give an image much more susceptible to shake when hand-held. He remained in rehab for 46 days. 7×50. He went public with his problem in May 1996, and immediately sought rehabilitation after a press conference admitting his problem. It is customary to categorise binoculars by the magnification × the objective diameter in mm; e.g. While being treated for various injuries, Brett Favre developed an addiction to painkillers. The ratio of the focal lengths of the objective and the ocular lenses gives the linear magnifying power (expressed in "diameters"). Eventually he learned Holmgren's system and became one of the league's top quarterbacks, winning the first of three MVP awards in 1995, a season in which the Packers made it to the NFC Championship Game, upsetting the San Francisco 49ers to go further in the playoffs than any Packer team since the Vince Lombardi era. The diameter of the objective lenses determines the light-gathering power and the ultimate resolving power of the binoculars. In the early years under head coach Mike Holmgren, Favre struggled to keep his game under control, often making high-risk throws that resulted in many interceptions. The distance between the eyepieces on most binoculars can be adjusted to accommodate viewers with different eye separation. The 2003 season was just one chapter in the story of Favre's toughness. Once this adjustment has been made for a given viewer, the binoculars can be refocussed on an object at a different distance by using the focusing wheel to move both tubes together without eyepiece readjustment. Even more impressive was the fact that he tossed a league leading 32 touchdown passes. It is more convenient for the viewer to focus both tubes with one action (usually rotation of a central focussing wheel), and for one of the two eyepieces to be adjustable to compensate for differences between the viewer's eyes (usually by rotating the eyepiece in its mount). After the bye week, in spite of the fracture in his throwing thumb, he led the Packers to a 10-6 record in the regular season and a victory over the Seattle Seahawks in the playoffs. In some cases the two telescopes are focused independently by changing the distance between ocular and objective lenses. At the time the Packers were holding a record of 3-4 going into the bye week. Binoculars to be used to view objects which are not at a fixed distance must have a focussing arrangement. The next week's game against the Pittsburgh Steelers began the longest consecutive starts streak for a quarterback in NFL history, a number that continues to grow despite numerous injuries, including a broken thumb on his right (throwing) hand that he suffered in week 7 against the Rams during the 2003 season. They have objective lenses which are approximately in line with the eyepieces. Favre was so thrilled that he nearly forgot that he was supposed to be the holder on the extra point try. Binoculars which use roof prisms (either the Abbe-Koenig or Schmidt-Pechan designs) are narrower, more compact, lighter, and more expensive than those which use Porro prisms. Favre was summoned from the bench and proceeded to lead the team to a comeback victory, throwing the game-winning touchdown pass to Kitrick Taylor with 13 seconds remaining. This results in a set of binoculars which is wide, with objective lenses which are well-separated but offset from the eyepieces. He has started every Green Bay Packers game after September 20, 1992, when Don Majkowski went down injured against the Cincinnati Bengals. Binoculars with prisms to shorten the optical path and erect the image may have double Porro prism design which gives a Z-shaped optical path. Favre caught the deflection, but went down for a loss of 7 yards. . Starting the game in the second half, Favre's pass attempt was deflected by Ray Seals. While not intended to be held to the eyes of a viewer (!), the use of two telescopes to view the same object gives additional information due to the larger field of view that results from the separation of the objective mirrors. Favre's first NFL completion was to himself on September 13, 1992, in a game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The LBT comprises two 8-meter reflector telescopes. The hip condition was not listed among the reasons, which were:. An extreme example, although not one would that normally be called binoculars, is the Large Binocular Telescope in Arizona, USA, which produced its "First Light" image on 26 October 2005. On September 5, 2005, in an episode of The Top 5 Reasons You Can't Blame... series, ESPN Classic examined why the Falcons cannot be blamed for trading Favre. Very large binoculars with a very wide separation (up to 15 meters, weight 10 tonnes, for ranging Second World War naval gun targets 25km away) have been used for accurate rangefinding, although late twentieth century technology made this application redundant. Wolf overruled them and the Packers would never be the same. Larger binoculars become uncomfortable and difficult to hold steady, and are mounted on tripods or other supports. According to the Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel and other sources, during the physical after the trade, Favre was diagnosed with avascular necrosis, the same degenerative hip condition that ended Bo Jackson's career, and doctors recommended he be failed. All practical binoculars display an erect image, obtained either by using simple Galilean optics ("field glasses", "opera glasses"), or by using optical prisms both to erect the image and to fold the optical path. The trade is regarded as one of the most lopsided in NFL history, but nearly didn't happen. The folding of the optical path allows the separation between the objective lenses to be increased, allowing larger lenses to be used and giving a better sensation of depth. (Wolf, while general manager of the New York Jets, had intended to take Favre in the 1991 NFL draft, but Favre was taken by the Falcons on the pick previous to the Jets.). The most commonly seen binoculars are of a size to be held by hand, and contain optical elements to fold the optical path so that the physical length of the binoculars is less than the focal length of the lenses. The Packers general manager Ron Wolf traded a first round pick (17th overall) for Favre during the following offseason. The advantages of a binocular over a monocular telescope are:. Favre won the bet and Jerry Glanville paid him the money. By contrast, relatively small single-tube telescopes are often called "monoculars". His most notable accomplishments, aside from going 0 for 5 passing with two interceptions that year, were missing the team photo (he'd been out the night before), for which he was fined, and making a $100 bet with Jerry Glanville that he could throw the ball into the upperdeck of Fulton County Stadium. Binocular telescopes, or binoculars, are two identical or mirror-symmetrical telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, one to be viewed through each of the user's eyes. He got into repeated clashes with head coach Jerry Glanville. Yunnan State optics (MS series: Porro). In Atlanta, he was a third-string quarterback with unremarkable numbers and an affinity for partying. WDtian (from Yunnan State optics, all Porro). Favre was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the second round, 33rd overall in the 1991 NFL Draft. Navigator series: Roof; Ares series: Porro). An autopsy done the following day showed that Irvin Favre died of a sudden heart attack. Sicong (from Xian Stateoptics. Joe Gazzo of the Mississippi State Highway Patrol: "It didn't appear that the accident was serious enough to cause him to be unconscious, so that leads us to believe that a medical condition was what caused him to go off the road." Irvin Favre went off the road at 5:23 p.m., according to eye-witness reports, and was pronounced dead at 6:15 p.m. (Specialized in over-sized Porro binocualars). Said Sgt. Miyauchi Co. Coincidentally, on Sunday, December 21, 2003 Irvin Favre ran into a ditch near Kiln, where years earlier Brett Favre nearly died. (Apex/Apex Pro: Roof; Ultima: Porro). I just know that on that day, Brett Favre was larger than life.”. Vixen Co. Alabama coach Gene Stallings said, “You can call it a miracle or a legend or whatever you want to. (Activa, some are Roof, some are Porro). On September 8, Favre led Southern Miss to a comeback victory over Alabama. Minolta Co. Doctors would later remove 30 inches of Favre's small intestine. (EXWPI series: Roof). “All I kept asking [her] was ‘Will I be able to play football again?’” Favre recalled later. OLympus Co. On the way there, inside of the ambulance, his mother was sitting with him. (DCFSP/XP series; Roof, UCF series: Inverted Porro; PCFV/WP/XCF series: Porro). Only after his brother smashed the window with a golf club could he be evacuated to the hospital. Pentax Co. It flipped three times in the air, crashed into a tree and got stuck there. (BD series: Roof). When going around a bend a few tenths of a mile from his parents' house, Favre lost control of his car. Kowa Co. Favre's college career was turned upside down on July 14, 1990, when he was in a near-fatal car accident. (FMTSX, MTSX series: Porro). Favre capped off a six-and-a-half-minute drive with the game-winning touchdown pass with 23 seconds remaining. Fujinon Co. Favre led the Golden Eagles to a big upset of Florida State, then ranked sixth in the nation, September 2, 1989. (High Grade series, Monarch series,RAII, Spotter series: Roof; Prostar series, Superior E series, E series, Action EX series: Porro). He took over in the second half against Tulane on September 19, 1987 and led USM to a comeback victory with two touchdown passes. Nikon Co. Favre wanted to play under center instead and clawed his way up from the seventh string to the backup job and then to the starting position just three games into his freshman year. series, Porro variants?). It was from nearby Southern Miss—which wanted him to play defensive back. (I.S. Favre received only one scholarship offer after high school. Canon Co. Irvin Favre would later consider his son's Super Bowl victory in New Orleans against the New England Patriots among the best events of his life. Russian Military Binoculars (BPOc 10x42 7x30, BKFC series). "But I thought I did a good job in that what I was doing was in the best interest of the team.". Steiner (Commander, Nighthunter: Porro; Predator, Wildlife: Roof). "If I had wanted to showcase my son, I could have let him throw," Irvin Favre said later. Optolyth (Royal: Roof; Alpin: Porro). So, for the three years Brett was on the team, Irvin Favre lead a run-oriented offense, called the wishbone. Docter Optik (Nobilem: Porro). Irvin Favre said that he knew his son had a great arm but also knew that the school was blessed with good running backs. Zeiss GmbH (FL,Victory, Conquest: all are Roof; 7x50 BGAT/T, 15x60 BGA/T:Porro, but to be discontinued). He played quarterback, strong safety, placekicker and punter in a primarily option, run-oriented offense coached by his father, Irvin Favre. Swarovski Optik (SLC, EL: all are Roof; Habicht: Porro, but to be discontinued). Kiln, a small town, had no stop lights or paved roads. Leica GmbH (Ultravid, Duovid, Geovid: all are Roof). Favre went to Hancock North Central High School in Kiln, Mississippi (pronounced Kill). it is easier and more comfortable to steadily hand-hold and move a pair of binoculars than a single tube—the two hands and the head form a steady 3-point platform. . it is more comfortable to use both eyes for viewing, without the need to close or obstruct one eye to avoid confusion. He is of French and Choctaw ancestry; one of his paternal grandparents was a Choctaw Native American [1]. it gives a 3-dimensional image with depth: the two distinct views presented from slightly different viewpoints to each of the viewer's eyes merge to produce a single perceived view with a sensation of depth, allowing distances to be estimated. He has won three League MVP awards, and has proven himself to be both a most durable and loyal professional athlete as he is the only player in the history of modern professional sports to start every single game played by his team for nearly sixteen straight seasons. He is considered by many to be one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time. Brett Lorenzo Favre (pronounced "Färv") (born October 10, 1969 in Gulfport, Mississippi) has been the starting quarterback for the Green Bay Packers American football team in the National Football League since 1992. Interceptions: 255 (George Blanda holds the record of 277). Third all-time in career wins as a starting QB: 139 (Elway holds the record with 148, and Marino is 2nd with 147). Second all-time in record by a starting quarterback: 139-82 (John Elway holds the record with 148-82-1). Second all-time in pass attempts: 7,610 (Marino holds the record at 8,358). Second all-time in pass completions: 4,678 (Marino holds the record at 4,967). Second all-time in Passing yards: 53,615 (Marino holds the record with 61,361). Second all-time in Passing Touchdowns: 396 (Marino holds the record of 420). Longest touchdown pass: 99 yards (to Robert Brooks, 1995) (tied with several others). Most consecutive starts by a quarterback: 221 (241 including playoffs). Most NFL MVP awards: 3. Most consecutive NFL MVP awards: 3 (1995, 1996, 1997 [co-MVP with Barry Sanders]). Most 3,000-yard passing seasons: 14. Most consecutive 3,000-yard passing seasons: 14 (1992-2005). Most consecutive seasons with 20 or more touchdown passes: 12 (1994-2005). Most seasons with 30 or more touchdown passes: 8 (1994-1998, 2001, 2003-2004). He won the NFL's sexiest man competition run by Fox Sports on January 22, 2006. Appeared as himself in the 1998 comedy film There's Something About Mary. Is a partner in a Green Bay restaurant, 'Brett Favre's Steakhouse'; operation has a sister location, 'Brett Favre's Two Minute Grill,' in the Lambeau Field Atrium. Established the 'Brett Favre Fourward Foundation’ in 1996; in conjunction with his annual golf tournament, celebrity softball game and fundraising dinners, foundation has donated more than $2 million to charities in his home state of Mississippi as well as to those in his adopted state of Wisconsin. 10) in 1993. The school previously had retired his jersey (No. His high school, Hancock North Central (Kiln, Miss.), honored him in May 2004 by renaming its field, ‘Brett Favre Field,’ and unveiling a life-sized statue of the quarterback at the stadium’s entrance. Men's Health Magazine voted Favre the "Toughest Person in America" in 2003. According to Sports Illustrated, he was named a sports enemy of four states: North Dakota, South Dakota and Minnesota (each of them home mainly to Minnesota Vikings fans), and Illinois (home mainly to Chicago Bears fans). Louis Rams on Monday Night Football. That night, the Packers defeated the St. Wisconsin Governor Jim Doyle declared November 29, 2004 as Brett Favre Day to honor Favre's 200th consecutive NFL regular season start. Favre has been selected to play in the Pro Bowl eight times in his career. He is the only NFL player to have done this. Favre has won the National Football League's Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award a record three times, all in consecutive years (1995, 1996, and 1997; the last shared with Barry Sanders). Favre wanted a trade, and it could be argued that former Packers coach Mike Holmgren, himself a former quarterback, turned Favre from a good college quarterback without much of a pro future into a Hall of Fame pro quarterback. 1. Favre was terrible when the Falcons actually put him into one exhibition game and one regular-season game. 2. Favre was a party animal who drank too much, though he later quit drinking as part of treatment for an addiction to painkillers in 1996. 3. He was a casual person on a flashy Falcons team, with a flashy coach, and Favre and Glanville never got along. Favre didn't fit in. 4. Favre was a little-known player from a little-known college (his surname was even mispronounced "Favor" at the NFL Draft), whose preseason bragging about soon becoming the starter quickly wore thin. 5. |