Bebe

She won the Best New Artist award at the 2005 Latin Grammy Awards, and was nominated for five awards total. Some other eras were in official use in modern times or are still in use in several countries alongside the current international Anno Domini era. Her breakthrough album as a well known artist (in Spain) was entitled Pafuera Telarañas. Even though Anno Domini was in widespread use by the ninth century, Before Christ (or its equivalent) did not become widespread until the late fifteenth century. Her parents were members of the folk group Surberina. Another system was to date from the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, which as early as Hippolytus and Tertullian was believed to have occurred in the consulate of the Gemini (AD 29), which appears in the occasional medieval manuscript. She was born Bebe Rebolledo in Valencia, Spain. The Era of Martyrs, which numbered years from the accession of Diocletian in 284, who launched the last yet most severe persecution of Christians, prevailed in the East and is still used officially by the Coptic and used to be used by the Ethiopian church.

Bebe is a Spanish singer. Outside the Carolingian Empire, Spain continued to date by the Era of the Caesars, or Spanish Era, well into the Middle Ages, which counted beginning with 38 BC.
. This endorsement by Charlemagne and his successors popularizing the usage of the epoch and spreading it throughout the Carolingian Empire ultimately lies at the core of the system's prevalence until present times. On the continent of Europe, Anno Domini was introduced as the era of choice of the Carolingian Renaissance by Alcuin. Both Dionysius and Bede regarded Anno Domini as beginning at the incarnation, or conception, of Jesus, not his birth approximately nine months later (Annunciation style).

In this same history, he was the first to use the Latin equivalent of before Christ and established the standard for historians of no year zero, even though he used zero in his computus. A few generations later, the Anglo-Saxon historian Bede, who was familiar with the work of Dionysius, also used Anno Domini dating in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, finished in 731. The first historian or chronicler to use Anno Domini as his primary dating mechanism was Victor of Tonnenna, an African chronicler of the seventh century. The latest bound for the birth of Christ is the death of Herod the Great which occurred in 4 BC according to Kepler.

Almost all Biblical scholars believe that Dionysius was incorrect in his calculation, and that the date claimed for Jesus' birth was between 8 BC and 4 BC. Another formulation, dominant in the East during the early centuries of the Byzantine Empire, was developed by the Alexandrian monk Anninus. The Latin translator Jerome helped popularize Eusebius's AM count in the West. One popular formulation was that established by Eusebius of Caesarea, a historian at the time of Constantine I.

No single Anno Mundi epoch was dominant. These eras, sometimes called Anno Mundi, "year of the world" (abbreviated AM), by modern scholars, had their own disagreements. Byzantine chroniclers like Theophanes continued to date each year in their world chronicles on a different Judaeo-Christian basis — from the notional creation of the World as calculated by Christian scholars in the first five centuries of the Christian era. The Anno Domini system was developed by a Scythian monk named Dionysius Exiguus in Rome in 525, as an outcome of his work on calculating the date of Easter.

The papacy was in regular contact throughout the Middle Ages with envoys of the Byzantine world, and had a clear idea — sudden deaths and deposals notwithstanding — of who was the Byzantine emperor at any one time. The last consul nominated was Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius in 541. Use of consular dating ended when the emperor Justinian I discontinued appointing consuls in the mid sixth century, shortly after he required that the use of imperial regnal dating. Early Christians designated the year via a combination of consular dating, imperial regnal year dating, and Creation dating.

In 1422, Portugal became the last country of western Europe to adopt the Anno Domini era). The most important of these include the Seleucid era (in use until the eighth century), and the Spanish era (in use in official documents in Aragon, Valencia, and in Castile, into the fourteenth century. The beginning of the numbered year also varied from place to place, and was not largely standardized in Europe (except England) as January 1 until the sixteenth century. A great many local systems or eras were also important, for example the year from the foundation of one particular city, the regnal year of the neighboring Persian emperor, and eventually even the year of the reigning Caliph.

This system was used in Gaul, in Egypt until the Islamic conquest, and in the Eastern Roman Empire until its conquest in 1453. Documents and events began to be dated by the year of the cycle (e.g., "fifth indiction", "tenth indiction") in the fourth century, and was used long after the tax was no longer collected. Another common system was to use the indiction cycle (15 indictions made up an agricultural tax cycle, an indiction being a year in duration). His successors followed his practice until the memory of the Roman Republic faded (late in the second century or early in the third century), when they openly began to use their regnal year.

At first, Augustus would indicate the year of his rule by counting how many times he had held the office of consul, and how many times the Roman Senate had granted him Tribunican powers, carefully observing the fiction that his powers came from these offices granted to him, rather than from his own person or the many legions under his control. Another system that is less commonly found than thought was to use the regnal year of the Roman emperor. Pope Boniface IV (about AD 600) may have been the first to use both the ab urbe condita era and the Anno Domini era (he put AD 607 = AUC 1360). About AD 400 the Iberian historian Orosius used the ab urbe condita era.

Modern historians usually adopt the epoch of Varro, which we place in 753 BC. Several epochs were in use by Roman historians. Another method of dating, rarely used, was to indicate the year ab urbe condita, or "from the foundation of the City" (abbreviated AUC), where "the City" meant Rome. Sometimes one or both consuls might not be appointed until November or December of the previous year, and news of the appointment may not have reached parts of the Roman empire for several months into the current year; thus we find the occasional inscription where the year is defined as "after the consulate" of a pair of consuls.

This involved naming both consulares ordinares who had been appointed to this office on January 1 of the civil year. The earliest and most common practice was Roman 'consular' dating. This redundancy allows historians to construct parallel regnal lists for many kingdoms and polities by comparing chronicles from different regions, which include the same rulers. Like the other inhabitants of the Roman Empire, early Christians used one of several methods to indicate a specific year — and it was not uncommon for more than one to be used in the same document.

Anno Domini dating was not adopted in Western Europe until the eighth century. This article, however, is about the civil usage without a year zero. This results in a one-year shift between the two systems (eg −1 equals 2 BC). In keeping with 'standard decimal numbering', a negative sign '−' is added for earlier years, so counting down from year 2 would give 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, and so on.

This is a problem with some calculations; so in astronomical year numbering a zero is added, and the 'AD' and 'BC' are dropped. Historians do not use a year zero — AD 1 is the first year or epoch of the Anno Domini era, and 1 BC immediately precedes it as the first year before the epoch. It is often used in a more elaborate form such as Anno Nostrae Salutis (in the year of our salvation), Anno Salutis Humanae (in the year of human well-being), Anno Reparatae Salutis (in the year of accomplished salvation). It can be explained in the context of Christian belief, where the birth of Jesus saved mankind from eternal damnation.

Anno Salutis (often translated from Latin as in the year of salvation) is a dating style used up until the eighteenth century, which like Anno Domini dates years from the birth of Christ. do not presuppose faith in Christ and hence are more appropriate for interfaith dialog than the conventional B.C./A.D." When the People's Republic of China abolished the Republic of China era in 1949, it adopted Western years, calling that era gōngyuán, 公元, which literally means Common Era. .. For example, Cunningham and Starr (1998) write that "B.C.E./C.E.

This term is often preferred by those who want to avoid the association with the Christian era. Anno Domini is sometimes referred to as the Common Era (CE) instead. . The English usage adheres to the traditional practice of placing the abbreviation before the year, as in Latin (e.g., 64 BC, but AD 2001).

This Christian era is currently dominant all around the world in both commercial and scientific use.
Presently, it is the common, international standard, recognised by international institutions such as the United Nations and the Universal Postal Union.
This is due both to the tradition and to the fact that the solar Gregorian calendar has long time been considered to be astronomically correct.^[1]. This is the designation used to number years in the Christian Era, conventionally used with the Julian and Gregorian calendars.
"Before Christ", abbreviated as BC or B.C. is now usually used to denote years before Anno Domini years in English language.
More extensive, the years may be also designed by Anno Domini Nostri Iesu Christi, in English translation from Latin: "In the Year of Our Lord Jesus Christ". Anno Domini ("In the Year of the Lord"), abbreviated as AD or A.D. defines an epoch based on the traditionally-reckoned year of the birth (or actually Incarnation) of Jesus of Nazareth. In the Islamic world, traditional Islamic dating according to the Anno Hegiræ (in the year of the hijra) era remains in use to a varying extent, especially for religious purposes.

In Israel, the traditional Hebrew calendar, using an era dating from Creation, is in official use. This is one of the versions of the Buddhist calendar. This is the so-called Thai solar calendar or Thailand Buddhist Era clearly relied on the western solar calendar. 543.

In 1941, the Prime Ministre Phibunsongkhram decided to count the years since B.C. In 1912 the New Year's Day was shifted to April 1. In Thailand in 1888 King Chulalongkorn decreed a National Thai Era since founding of Bangkok on 1782, April 6. Juche means "autarchy, self-reliance".

The year 2004 was "Juche 93". North Korea uses a system that starts in 1912 (= Juche 1), the year of the birth of their founder Kim Il-Sung. It is still very common in Taiwan to date events via the Republic of China era, whose first year is 1912. The official Japanese system numbers years from the accession of the current emperor, regarding the calendar year during which the accession occurred as the first year.

This era was abolished with the fall of fascism in Italy on July 25, 1943.
Both attempts ultimately failed to replace the standard calendar.. Therefore, 1934, for example, was Year XII. The Italian Fascists used the standard system along with Roman numerals to denote the number of years since the establishment of the Fascist government in 1922. Napoléon finally abolished the calendar effective 1 January 1806, the day after 10 nivôse an XIV.

(see French Revolutionary Calendar). The French Revolution seriously attempted to displace the Anno Domini system by instead dating from 22 September 1792 = 1 vendémiaire an I (an means year in French) of the First French Republic.