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Headlands and bays

The bay at San Sebastián, Spain

A headland is an area of land adjacent to water on three sides. A bay is the reverse, an area of water bordered by land on three sides. Large headlands may also be called peninsulas, long, narrow and high headlands promontories. When headlands dramatically affect the ocean currents they are often called capes. A gulf generally occupies an area larger than a bay and may itself contain one or more bays.

Geology and geography

Headlands and bays are usually found together on the same stretch of coastline. Headlands and bays form on discordant coastlines, where bands of rock of alternating resistance run perpendicular to the coast. Bays form where weak (less resistant) rocks (such as sands and clays) are eroded, leaving bands of stronger (more resistant) rocks (such as chalk, limestone, granite) forming a headland, or peninsula. Wave refraction occurs on headlands concentrating wave energy on them, so many other landforms, such as caves, natural archs and stacks, form on headlands. Wave refraction disperses wave energy through the bay, and along with the sheltering effect of the headlands this protects bays from storms. This effect means that the waves reaching the shore in a bay are usually constructive waves, and because of this most bays feature a beach. A bay may be only metres across, or it could be hundreds of kilometres across.

Sometimes bays form where movements of the earth's crust (tectonics) bring areas of land together, or move them apart. Usually these bays are referred to as seas or gulfs and not bays.

"Capes and bays geography" is a derogatory term for the approach to teaching geography that requires students to learn by rote the names of large number of geographical features rather than taking a more theoretically driven approach.

List of some well-known headlands

  • Africa
    • Cape Agulhas in South Africa
    • Cape of Good Hope in South Africa
    • Cape Juby in Morocco
    • Cape Guardafui in Somalia
  • Europe
    • Cabo da Roca in Portugal
    • Cape Arkona in Germany
    • Cape Finisterre in Spain
    • North Cape in Norway
    • Cape Wrath in Scotland
    • Cap Gris Nez in France
    • Pointe du Raz in France
  • Asia
    • Kanyakumari or Cape Comorin in Tamil Nadu, India
    • Cape Engaño on the Philippines
    • Indira Point in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
    • Cape Dezhnev in Russia
  • North American, Central America and the Caribbean
    • Cape Canaveral in Florida, USA
    • Cape Chidley in Newfoundland and Labrador/Nunavut, Canada
    • Cape Cod in Massachusetts, USA
    • Cape Hatteras in North Carolina, USA
    • Cape Henry in Virginia, USA
    • Cape Prince of Wales in Alaska, USA
    • Cape Girardeau in Missouri, USA "The only inland cape in the world."
  • South America
    • Cape Froward in Chile
    • Cape Horn in Chile
    • Cape Virgenes in Argentina
  • Oceania
    • Cape Egmont in New Zealand
    • Cape Foulwind in New Zealand
    • Cape Leeuwin in Australia
    • Cape Reinga in New Zealand
    • Cape York in Australia
    • East Cape in New Zealand
    • North Cape in New Zealand
    • South East Cape in Australia
    • Young Nick's Head in New Zealand

List of some well-known bays

  • Africa
    • Gulf of Guinea
    • Gulf of Sidra - coast of Tunisia and Libya
  • Europe - Atlantic
    • Bay of Biscay in France and Spain
    • Lyme Bay off the southern coast of England
  • Europe - Baltic Sea
    • Gulf of Bothnia between Sweden and Finland
    • Gulf of Finland between Finland and Estonia
    • Bay of Gdansk between Poland and Kaliningrad Oblast
      • Bay of Puck
      • Vistula Bay
    • Bay of Pomerania, between Poland and Germany
      • Bay of Szczecin, between Poland and Germany
    • Bay of Greifswald in Germany
    • Bay of Mecklenburg, between Germany and Denmark
    • Bay of Lubeck, in Germany
    • Bay of Kiel, between Germany and Denmark
    • Riddarfjärden in Stockholm, Sweden
  • Europe - Mediterranean Sea
    • Adriatic Sea's Gulf of Kotor in Montenegro
  • Asia
    • Bay of Bengal, near Bengal (India/Bangladesh)
    • Bohai Gulf (China)
      • Bohai Bay
      • Laizhou Bay
      • Liaodong Bay
    • Gulf of Cambay(Khambhat), Gujarat (India)
    • Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat (India)
    • Manila Bay on Luzon island in the Philippines
    • Persian Gulf between Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran
    • Red Sea
    • Subic Bay on Luzon island in the Philippines, the site of a former US Navy base
  • North American, Central America and the Caribbean
    • Baffin Bay, between Canada and Greenland
    • Bahía de Banderas, Mexico
    • Bay of Green Bay in Wisconsin
    • Bay of Pigs on Cuba
    • Bay of Fundy, between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
    • Buzzards Bay in Massachusetts
    • Cape Cod Bay in Massachusetts
    • Chesapeake Bay mostly in Maryland
    • Delaware Bay between Delaware and the New Jersey
    • Galveston Bay in Texas
    • Georgian Bay on Lake Huron
    • Grand Traverse Bay in Michigan
    • Gulf of California between the Baja California peninsula and the Mexican mainland.
    • Gulf of Santa Catalina in California
    • Gulf of Maine in Maine
    • Gulf of Mexico between Mexico and the United States
    • Hudson Bay, between the Canadian provinces and territories of Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and Nunavut
    • James Bay, between Ontario and Quebec, opens to Hudson Bay to the north
    • Massachusetts Bay in Massachusetts
    • Mobile Bay in Alabama
    • Monterey Bay in California
    • Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island
    • Penobscot Bay in Maine
    • Saginaw Bay in Michigan
    • San Francisco Bay in California
    • Tampa Bay in Florida
  • South America
  • Oceania
    • Great Australian Bight off the south coast of Australia
    • Botany Bay, near Sydney, Australia
    • Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia
    • Bay of Islands, New Zealand
    • Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
    • Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand
    • Hawke Bay, New Zealand
    • North Taranaki Bight, New Zealand
    • Port Phillip Bay, Australia
    • South Taranaki Bight, New Zealand
    • Tasman Bay, New Zealand

A couple of non-gulfs (actually straits) are:

  • Gulf of Oman
  • Gulf of Aden

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A couple of non-gulfs (actually straits) are:. Bonneville is the name of a full-size Pontiac--see Pontiac Bonneville. "Capes and bays geography" is a derogatory term for the approach to teaching geography that requires students to learn by rote the names of large number of geographical features rather than taking a more theoretically driven approach. See Triumph Motorcycles. Usually these bays are referred to as seas or gulfs and not bays. Bonneville is the name of a motorcycle manufactured by Triumph. Sometimes bays form where movements of the earth's crust (tectonics) bring areas of land together, or move them apart. Bonneville crater is a Martian crater visited by the Mars Exploration Rover in 2004.

A bay may be only metres across, or it could be hundreds of kilometres across. Bonneville is the name or part of the name of several communes in France:. This effect means that the waves reaching the shore in a bay are usually constructive waves, and because of this most bays feature a beach. . Wave refraction disperses wave energy through the bay, and along with the sheltering effect of the headlands this protects bays from storms. Bonneville-sur-Touques, in the Calvados département. Wave refraction occurs on headlands concentrating wave energy on them, so many other landforms, such as caves, natural archs and stacks, form on headlands. Bonneville-la-Louvet, in the Calvados département.

Bays form where weak (less resistant) rocks (such as sands and clays) are eroded, leaving bands of stronger (more resistant) rocks (such as chalk, limestone, granite) forming a headland, or peninsula. La Bonneville-sur-Iton, in the Eure département. Headlands and bays form on discordant coastlines, where bands of rock of alternating resistance run perpendicular to the coast. Bonneville-et-Saint-Avit-de-Fumadières, in the Dordogne département. Headlands and bays are usually found together on the same stretch of coastline. Bonneville-Aptot, in the Eure département. . Bonneville, in the Somme département.

A gulf generally occupies an area larger than a bay and may itself contain one or more bays. La Bonneville, in the Manche département. When headlands dramatically affect the ocean currents they are often called capes. Bonneville, in the Haute Savoie département. Large headlands may also be called peninsulas, long, narrow and high headlands promontories. Bonneville, in the Charente département. A bay is the reverse, an area of water bordered by land on three sides. Bonneville County is located in Southwestern Idaho.

A headland is an area of land adjacent to water on three sides. Bonneville Lock and Dam is the name of a dam structure built across the Columbia River, on the border between Washington and Oregon. Gulf of Aden. It is public land, administered by the state government, and has a website here. Gulf of Oman. Its dry, hard, flat surface made it a favorite of early auto racers and it has been the site of most of the world land speed record runs. Tasman Bay, New Zealand. Bonneville Salt Flats is the name of an ancient lake bed in Utah.

South Taranaki Bight, New Zealand. Port Phillip Bay, Australia. North Taranaki Bight, New Zealand. Hawke Bay, New Zealand.

Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Bay of Islands, New Zealand. Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia.

Botany Bay, near Sydney, Australia. Great Australian Bight off the south coast of Australia. Oceania

    . South America.

    Tampa Bay in Florida. San Francisco Bay in California. Saginaw Bay in Michigan. Penobscot Bay in Maine.

    Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island. Monterey Bay in California. Mobile Bay in Alabama. Massachusetts Bay in Massachusetts.

    James Bay, between Ontario and Quebec, opens to Hudson Bay to the north. Hudson Bay, between the Canadian provinces and territories of Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and Nunavut. Gulf of Mexico between Mexico and the United States. Gulf of Maine in Maine.

    Gulf of Santa Catalina in California. Gulf of California between the Baja California peninsula and the Mexican mainland. Grand Traverse Bay in Michigan. Georgian Bay on Lake Huron.

    Galveston Bay in Texas. Delaware Bay between Delaware and the New Jersey. Chesapeake Bay mostly in Maryland. Cape Cod Bay in Massachusetts.

    Buzzards Bay in Massachusetts. Bay of Fundy, between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Bay of Pigs on Cuba. Bay of Green Bay in Wisconsin.

    Bahía de Banderas, Mexico. Baffin Bay, between Canada and Greenland. North American, Central America and the Caribbean

      . Subic Bay on Luzon island in the Philippines, the site of a former US Navy base.

      Red Sea. Persian Gulf between Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran. Manila Bay on Luzon island in the Philippines. Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat (India).

      Gulf of Cambay(Khambhat), Gujarat (India). Liaodong Bay. Laizhou Bay. Bohai Bay.

      Bohai Gulf (China)

        . Bay of Bengal, near Bengal (India/Bangladesh). Asia
          . Adriatic Sea's Gulf of Kotor in Montenegro.

          Europe - Mediterranean Sea

            . Riddarfjärden in Stockholm, Sweden. Bay of Kiel, between Germany and Denmark. Bay of Lubeck, in Germany.

            Bay of Mecklenburg, between Germany and Denmark. Bay of Greifswald in Germany. Bay of Szczecin, between Poland and Germany. Bay of Pomerania, between Poland and Germany

              .

              Vistula Bay. Bay of Puck. Bay of Gdansk between Poland and Kaliningrad Oblast

                . Gulf of Finland between Finland and Estonia.

                Gulf of Bothnia between Sweden and Finland. Europe - Baltic Sea

                  . Lyme Bay off the southern coast of England. Bay of Biscay in France and Spain.

                  Europe - Atlantic

                    . Gulf of Sidra - coast of Tunisia and Libya. Gulf of Guinea. Africa
                      .

                      Young Nick's Head in New Zealand. South East Cape in Australia. North Cape in New Zealand. East Cape in New Zealand.

                      Cape York in Australia. Cape Reinga in New Zealand. Cape Leeuwin in Australia. Cape Foulwind in New Zealand.

                      Cape Egmont in New Zealand. Oceania

                        . Cape Virgenes in Argentina. Cape Horn in Chile.

                        Cape Froward in Chile. South America

                          . Cape Girardeau in Missouri, USA "The only inland cape in the world.". Cape Prince of Wales in Alaska, USA.

                          Cape Henry in Virginia, USA. Cape Hatteras in North Carolina, USA. Cape Cod in Massachusetts, USA. Cape Chidley in Newfoundland and Labrador/Nunavut, Canada.

                          Cape Canaveral in Florida, USA. North American, Central America and the Caribbean

                            . Cape Dezhnev in Russia. Indira Point in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.

                            Cape Engaño on the Philippines. Kanyakumari or Cape Comorin in Tamil Nadu, India. Asia

                              . Pointe du Raz in France.

                              Cap Gris Nez in France. Cape Wrath in Scotland. North Cape in Norway. Cape Finisterre in Spain.

                              Cape Arkona in Germany. Cabo da Roca in Portugal. Europe

                                . Cape Guardafui in Somalia.

                                Cape Juby in Morocco. Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. Cape Agulhas in South Africa. Africa

                                  .