This page will contain external links about Art Deco, as they become available.Art DecoThe Art Deco spire of the Chrysler Building, built 1928-1930, commemorated on a US stampArt Deco (French: Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes) was an early twentieth century movement in the decorative arts, that also grew in influence to affect architecture, fashion and the visual arts. OverviewArt Deco derived its name from the World's fair held in Paris in 1925, formally titled the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, which showcased French luxury goods and reassured the world that Paris remained the international center of style after World War I. Art Deco did not originate with the Exposition; it was a major style in Europe from the early 1920s, though it did not catch on in the U.S. until about 1928, when it quickly modulated into the Streamline Moderne during the 1930s, the decade with which Americanized Art Deco is most strongly associated today. Paris remained the center of the high end of Art Deco design, epitomized in furniture by Jacques-Emile Ruhlmann, the best-known of Art Deco furniture designers and perhaps the last of the traditional Parisian ébénistes, and Jean-Jacques Rateau, the firm of Süe et Mare, the screens of Eileen Gray, wrought iron of Edgar Brandt, metalwork and lacquer of Swiss-Jewish Jean Dunand, the glass of René Lalique and Maurice Marinot, clocks and jewelry by Cartier. The term Art Deco was coined during the Exposition of 1925 but did not receive wider usage until it was re-evaluated in the 1960s. Its practitioners were not working as a coherent community. It is considered to be eclectic, being influenced by a variety of sources, to name a few:
Corresponding to these influences, the Art Deco is characterised by use of materials such as aluminium, stainless steel, lacquer, inlaid wood, sharkskin, and zebraskin. The bold use of zigzag and stepped forms, and sweeping curves (unlike the sinuous curves of the Art nouveau), chevron patterns, and the sunburst motif. Some of these motifs were ubiquitous- for example the sunburst motif was used in such varied contexts as a lady's shoe, a radiator grille, the auditorium of the Radio City Music Hall and the spire of the Chrysler Building. Art Deco was an opulent style and this opulence is attributed as a reaction to the forced austerity during the years of World War I. Art Deco was a popular style for interiors of cinema theatres and ocean liners such as the Ile de France and Normandie. A parallel movement following close behind, the Streamline or Streamline Moderne, was influenced by manufacturing and streamlining techniques arising from science and mass production- shape of bullet, liners, etc., where aerodynamics are involved. Once the Chrysler Air-Flo design of 1933 was successful, "streamlined" forms began to be used even for objects such as pencil sharpeners and refrigerators. In architecture, this style was characterised by rounded corners, used predominantly for buildings at road junctions. Some historians see Art Deco as a type of or early form of Modernism. Art Deco slowly lost patronage in the West after reaching mass production, where it began to be derided as gaudy and presenting a false image of luxury. Eventually the style was cut short by the austerities of World War II. In colonial countries such as India, it became a gateway for Modernism and continued to be used well into the 1960s. A resurgence of interest in Art Deco came with graphic design in the 1980s, where its association with film noir and 1930s glamour led to its use in ads for jewelry and fashion. This is still the image of Art Deco held in the minds of most Americans. Noted Art Deco artists and designers
Noted Art Deco architects
Noted Art Deco designsChicago's Carbon and Carbide Building The Supreme Court Building in Ottawa, Canada Far Eastern University Campus in downtown Manila, Philippines The North Building of the Peace Hotel in Shanghai, China
Jean Gardner's book Houses of the Art Deco Years ISBN 1898030715 looks at the influence of art deco upon suburban housing styles in England. She considers each architectural feature, chapter by chapter, to reveal how various art deco styles influenced British domestic architecture in 1920s and 1930s. This page about Art Deco includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about Art Deco News stories about Art Deco External links for Art Deco Videos for Art Deco Wikis about Art Deco Discussion Groups about Art Deco Blogs about Art Deco Images of Art Deco |
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She considers each architectural feature, chapter by chapter, to reveal how various art deco styles influenced British domestic architecture in 1920s and 1930s. Austin, Texas is the summer home to North America's largest urban bat colony, an estimated 1,500,000 Mexican free-tailed bats, who eat an estimated 10,000 to 30,000 pounds of insects each night and attract 100,000 tourists each year. Jean Gardner's book Houses of the Art Deco Years ISBN 1898030715 looks at the influence of art deco upon suburban housing styles in England. In the United Kingdom all bats are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Acts, and even disturbing a bat or its roost can be punished with a heavy fine. This is still the image of Art Deco held in the minds of most Americans. A likely root to this myth is that insect-eating bats seeking prey may dive erratically toward people, who attract mosquitoes and gnats, leading the squeamish to believe that the bats are trying to get in their hair. A resurgence of interest in Art Deco came with graphic design in the 1980s, where its association with film noir and 1930s glamour led to its use in ads for jewelry and fashion. An old wives' tale has it that bats will entangle themselves in people's hair. In colonial countries such as India, it became a gateway for Modernism and continued to be used well into the 1960s. The association of the fear of the night with the animal was treated as a literary challenge by Kenneth Oppel, who created a best selling series of novels, beginning with Silverwing, which feature bats as the central heroic figures much in a similar manner as the classic novel Watership Down did for rabbits. Eventually the style was cut short by the austerities of World War II. The bat is a primary animal associated with fictional characters of the night such as both villains like Dracula and heroes like Batman. Art Deco slowly lost patronage in the West after reaching mass production, where it began to be derided as gaudy and presenting a false image of luxury. In Western Culture, the bat is often a symbol of the night and its forboding nature. Some historians see Art Deco as a type of or early form of Modernism. Chinese lore claims the bat is a symbol of longevity and happiness, and is similarly lucky in Poland and geographical Macedonia and among the Kwakiutl and Arabs. In architecture, this style was characterised by rounded corners, used predominantly for buildings at road junctions. Among some Native Americans, such as the Creek, Cherokee and Apache, the bat is a trickster spirit. Once the Chrysler Air-Flo design of 1933 was successful, "streamlined" forms began to be used even for objects such as pencil sharpeners and refrigerators. Bats are also a symbol of ghosts, death and disease. A parallel movement following close behind, the Streamline or Streamline Moderne, was influenced by manufacturing and streamlining techniques arising from science and mass production- shape of bullet, liners, etc., where aerodynamics are involved. Bats are closely associated with vampires, who are said to be able to shapeshift into bats, fog or wolves. Art Deco was a popular style for interiors of cinema theatres and ocean liners such as the Ile de France and Normandie. The bat is sacred in Tonga and West Africa and is often considered the physical manifestation of a separable soul. Art Deco was an opulent style and this opulence is attributed as a reaction to the forced austerity during the years of World War I. Treat them with the respect due to any wild animal. Some of these motifs were ubiquitous- for example the sunburst motif was used in such varied contexts as a lady's shoe, a radiator grille, the auditorium of the Radio City Music Hall and the spire of the Chrysler Building. Larger bats can give a nasty bite. The bold use of zigzag and stepped forms, and sweeping curves (unlike the sinuous curves of the Art nouveau), chevron patterns, and the sunburst motif. Where rabies is not endemic, as throughout most of western Europe, small bats can be considered as harmless. Corresponding to these influences, the Art Deco is characterised by use of materials such as aluminium, stainless steel, lacquer, inlaid wood, sharkskin, and zebraskin. In certain countries, such as the UK, it is illegal to handle bats without a license. It is considered to be eclectic, being influenced by a variety of sources, to name a few:. For full detailed information on all aspects of bat management, including how to capture a bat, what to do in case of exposure, and how to bat-proof a house humanely, see the Centers for Disease Control's website on bats and rabies. Its practitioners were not working as a coherent community. Due to the risk of rabies and also due to health problems related to their guano, bats should be excluded from inhabited parts of houses. The term Art Deco was coined during the Exposition of 1925 but did not receive wider usage until it was re-evaluated in the 1960s. The bat should soon leave. Paris remained the center of the high end of Art Deco design, epitomized in furniture by Jacques-Emile Ruhlmann, the best-known of Art Deco furniture designers and perhaps the last of the traditional Parisian ébénistes, and Jean-Jacques Rateau, the firm of Süe et Mare, the screens of Eileen Gray, wrought iron of Edgar Brandt, metalwork and lacquer of Swiss-Jewish Jean Dunand, the glass of René Lalique and Maurice Marinot, clocks and jewelry by Cartier. The best way to do this is to close all the doors and windows to the room except one to the outside. until about 1928, when it quickly modulated into the Streamline Moderne during the 1930s, the decade with which Americanized Art Deco is most strongly associated today. If it is certain that nobody has been exposed to the bat, it should be removed from the house. Art Deco did not originate with the Exposition; it was a major style in Europe from the early 1920s, though it did not catch on in the U.S. This also applies if the bat is found dead. Art Deco derived its name from the World's fair held in Paris in 1925, formally titled the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, which showcased French luxury goods and reassured the world that Paris remained the international center of style after World War I. If a bat is found in a house and the possibility of exposure cannot be ruled out, the bat should be sequestered and an animal control officer called immediately, so that the bat can be analyzed. . Bats have very small teeth and can bite a sleeping person without necessarily being felt. Art Deco (French: Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes) was an early twentieth century movement in the decorative arts, that also grew in influence to affect architecture, fashion and the visual arts. If a bat is found in living quarters near a child, mentally handicapped person, intoxicated person, sleeping person, or pet, the person or pet should receive immediate medical attention for rabies. Far Eastern University Campus in the City of Manila, Philippines. Although one should not have an unreasonable fear of bats, one should avoid handling them or having them in one's living space, as with any wild animal. Former Pennsylvania Railroad 30th Street Station and Suburban Station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although most bats do not have rabies, those that do may be clumsy, disoriented, and unable to fly, which makes it more likely that they will come into contact with humans. South Beach in Miami Beach, Florida. However, of the very few cases of rabies reported in the United States every year, most are caused by bat bites. 720 and 730 Fort Washington Avenue, in the Hudson Heights area of Manhattan in New York City, New York. Only 0.5% of bats carry rabies. Carbon and Carbide Building. The following advice is only relevant to areas with endemic rabies.. Chicago Board of Trade Building. Scientists in the field have listened to bats and have been able to identify some sounds with some behavior bats will make right after the sounds are made. Chicago, Illinois
Waterman Phileas fountain pen. The fission part is the breaking apart and mixing of subgroups by switching roosts with bats, ending up with bats in different trees and often with different roostmates. The Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal in Cincinnati, Ohio. The fusion part is all the individuals in a roosting area. The city hall of Asheville, North Carolina, built 1926 - 28 [1]. The fission-fusion social structure is seen among several species of bats. Designed by Bruce Goff. Bats vary in social structure, with some bats leading a solitary life and others living in caves colonized by more than a million bats. Boston Avenue Methodist Church in Tulsa, Oklahoma. At the age of two years bats are sexually mature. The Colleen Moore Dollhouse at the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry. Young microbats become independent at the age of 6 to 8 weeks, megabats not until they are four months old. Eltham Palace extension, south-east London. The ability to fly is congenital, but after birth the wings are too small to fly. The East and West Stands at Arsenal Stadium in London. Only the mother cares for the young, and there is no continuous partnership with male bats. Marine Building in Vancouver. Pups have even been seen to feed on other mothers' milk if their mother is dry. Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa. Mother bats are able to find their young in huge colonies of millions of other pups. Université de Montréal central building. Bats often form nursery roosts, with many females giving birth in the same area, be it a cave, a tree hole, or a cavity in a building. Radio City Music Hall. It would be difficult for an adult bat to carry more than one young, but normally only one young is born. Anzac War Memorial, Sydney built 1929-34 designed C Bruce Dellit (1900-1942), Sculptor: Rayner Hoff. However, a newborn bat can cling to the fur of the mother and be transported, although they soon grow too large for this. The India of Inchinnan office block, Inchinnan, Renfrewshire, Scotland. Pups are usually left in the roost when they are not nursing. The former Byrant and May match factory in Speke, Liverpool. A baby bat is referred to as a pup. The Hoover Building, Perivale, London. Mother bats usually have only one offspring per year. The city was rebuilt in the Art Deco style. More about microbat vision. Napier, New Zealand - In 1931 the city of Napier was levelled by the Napier earthquake and ensuing fires. Because their wings are much thinner than those of birds, bats can maneuver more quickly and more precisely than birds. The Montreal Eaton 9th floor restaurant is a copy of the huge SS Ile de France first class dining room. The skin on their wing membranes is much more elastic and can stretch much more than what is usually seen among mammals. The ocean liners Ile de France, Normandie and RMS Queen Mary. The cross section of the finger bone is also flattened instead of circular as is the bone in a human finger, making it even more flexible. Asmara, the capital city of Eritrea. One reason is that the cartilage in their fingers lacks calcium and other minerals nearer the tips, increasing their ability to bend without splintering. Buffalo City Hall in Buffalo, New York. The finger bones of a bat are much more flexible than those of other mammals. Peace Hotel in Shanghai. While other mammals have one-way valves only in their veins to prevent the blood from flowing backwards, bats also have the same mechanism in their arteries. The Mapes Hotel in Reno, Nevada. They are very sharp in order to bite through the chitin armour of insects or the skin of fruits. Guardian Building in Detroit. The teeth of microbats resemble those of the insectivorans. Fisher Building in Detroit. This is the process of echolocation, a skill they share with dolphins and whales. Golden Gate Bridge. By emitting high-pitched sounds and listening to the echoes, the microbats locate prey and other nearby objects. Dallas Fair Park Hall of State. Their senses of smell and hearing, however, are excellent. Chrysler Building. But although the eyes of most species of microbats are small and poorly developed, the sense of vision is still functional, especially at long distances, beyond the range of echolocation. Empire State Building. Most microbats are active at night or at twilight. The Bullock's Wilshire Building in Los Angeles, California (now home to Southwestern University School of Law). However, molecular studies have placed them as sister group to Fereuungulata, a large grouping including carnivorans, pangolins, odd-toed ungulates, even-toed ungulates, and whales. The Argyle Hotel in Los Angeles, California. Bats are traditionally grouped with the tree shrews (Scandentia), colugos (Dermoptera), and the primates in superorder Archonta because of the similarities between Megachiroptera and these mammals. Owen Williams. Archaeopteropus, formerly classified as the earliest known Megachiropteran, is now classified as a Microchiropteran. Williams. The oldest known definite bat fossils, such as Icaronycteris, Archaeonycteris, Palaeochiropteryx and Hassianycteris, are from the early Eocene (about 50 million years ago), but they were already very similar to modern microbats. Ernest A. However a late Cretaceous tooth from South America resembles that of an early Microchiropteran bat. Thomas Wallis. Little is known about the evolution of bats, since their small, delicate skeletons do not fossilize well. Ralph Walker. Most studies of eutherian relationships have attempted to avoid this issue by assuming monophyly of Chiroptera. Joseph Sunlight. Other genetic evidence points to Chiroptera diphyly microbat polyphyly. Clifford Strange. Some genetic evidence, however, has pointed to the common ancestry of Megachiroptera and at least some Microchiroptera. Giles Gilbert Scott. When adaptations to flight are discounted in a cladistic analysis, the Megachiroptera are allied to the primates by anatomical features that are not shared with Microchiroptera. Rowland. There is controversial but well-supported evidence that Megachiroptera evolved flight separately from Microchiroptera; if so, the Microchiroptera would have uncertain affinities. Wirt C. Megabats eat fruit, nectar or pollen while microbats eat insects, blood (small quantities of blood of animals), small mammals, and fish, relying on echolocation for navigation and finding prey. William van Alen. The major distinction between the two suborders is based on other factors:. George Val Myer. Despite the name, not all megabats are larger than microbats. James McKissack. There are two suborders of bats:. Edwin Lutyens. Though sometimes called "flying rodents", "flying mice," or even bugs, bats are neither mice nor rodents. Henry Vaughan Lanchester. . Ely Jacques Kahn. Tenerife provides a recent example with the introduced Egyptian bat. Raymond Hood. This role explains environmental concerns when an bat is introduced in a new setting. Charles Holden. Indeed, many tropical plants are now found to be totally dependent on them, not just as pollinators, but eating the resulting fruits and so spreading their seeds. Oliver Hill. Some of the smaller bat species are important pollinators of some tropical flowers. Banister Flight Fletcher. The ghost bat (Macroderma gigas) of Australia is one example of a carnivorous bat that cannibalizes other bats. Ernest Cormier. These bats include the leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) of central America and South America, and the related bulldog bats (Noctilionidae) that feed on fish. George Coles. Most of the remaining 30 percent feed on fruits and their juices; three bat species eat blood but some prey on vertebrates. Pablo Antonio. About 70 percent of bats are insectivorous. Carl Paul Jennewein. The word Chiroptera can be translated from the Greek words for "hand wing," as the structure of the open wing is very similar to an outspread human hand, with a membrane (patagium) between the fingers that also stretches between hand and body. Walter Dorwin Teague. (Other mammals, such as flying squirrels or gliding phalangers, can glide for limited distances but are not capable of true flight). Sue et Mar. Their most distingushing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammal capable of flight. Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann. Bats are mammals in the order Chiroptera. Paul Manship. Pettigrew's summary on Flying Primate Hypothesis. Tamara de Lempicka. John D. Jules Leleu. The John Hopikins University Press, Baltimore and London. René Lalique. " Walker's BATS of the World". Georg Jensen. 1994. Eileen Gray. Nowak, Ronald M. Alexandra Exter. Trinidad and Tobago. Erté (Romain de Tirtoff) (1892-1990). A Ministry of Agriculture Publication. Jean Dupas. Bats in Agriculture. Jean Dunand. 1961. Adolphe Mouron Cassandre. Greenhall, Arthur H. "Machine age" technology such as the radio and skyscraper. Phyllostomidae (Leaf-nosed bats) This family contains (among others) the Vampire bats. Lithe athletic "modern" female forms; flappers' bobbed haircuts. Mormoopidae (Ghost-faced or Moustached bats). Animal motifs and forms; tropical foliage; ziggurats; crystals; "sunbursts"; stylized fountain motifs. Mystacinidae (New Zealand short-tailed bats). Everything associated with Jazz, Jazz Age or "jazzy". Noctilionidae (Bulldog bats or Fisherman bats). Severe forms of Neoclassicism: Boullée, Schinkel. Superfamily Noctilionoidea
Fractionated, crystalline, facetted form of decorative Cubism and Futurism. Thyropteridae (Disk-winged bats). Léon Bakst's sets and costumes for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. Myzopodidae (Sucker-footed bats). Ancient Greek sculpture and pottery design of the less naturalistic "archaic period". Natalidae (Funnel-eared bats). "Primitive" arts of Africa, Egypt, or Aztec Mexico. Superfamily Nataloidea
Early work from the Wiener Werkstätte; functional industrial design. Antrozoidae (Pallid bats). Molossidae (Free-tailed bats). Superfamily Molossoidea
Superfamily Vespertilionoidea
Superfamily Rhinolophoidea
Emballonuridae (Sac-winged or Sheath-tailed bats). Superfamily Emballonuroidea
Suborder Megachiroptera (megabats)
The ears of microbats don't form a closed ring, but the edges are separated from each other at the base of the ear. Microbats lack the claw at the second toe of the forelimb. Microbats use echolocation, whereas megabats do not. Microchiroptera (microbats/echolocating bats). Megachiroptera (megabats). |