This page will contain wikis about Arkansas, as they become available.Arkansas |
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| State nickname: The Natural State | |
| Other U.S. States | |
| Capital | Little Rock |
| Largest city | Little Rock |
| Governor | Mike Huckabee |
| Official languages | English |
| Area | 137,732 kmē (29th) |
| - Land | 134,856 kmē |
| - Water | 2,876 kmē (2.09%) |
| Population (2000) | |
| - Population | 2,673,400 (33rd) |
| - Density | 19.82 /kmē (34th) |
| Admission into Union | |
| - Date | June 15, 1836 |
| - Order | 25th |
| Time zone | Central: UTC-6/DST-5 |
| Latitude | 33°N to 36°30'N |
| Longitude | 89°41'W to 94°42'W |
| Width | 385 km |
| Length | 420 km |
| Elevation | |
| - Highest | 839 m |
| - Mean | 198 m |
| - Lowest | 17 m |
| Abbreviations | |
| - USPS | AR |
| - ISO 3166-2 | US-AR |
| Web site | www.state.ar.us |
Arkansas (pronounced [ˈɑrkənˌsɔ]) is a southern state in the southern United States. The population according to the 2000 census was 2,673,400. Its U.S. postal abbreviation is AR, and its Associated Press abbreviation is Ark. It was admitted in 1836.
USS Arkansas was named in honor of this state.
The early French explorers of the state gave it its name, which is probably a phonetic spelling for the French word for "downriver" people, a reference to the Quapaw people and the river along which they settled. Other Native American nations living in present-day Arkansas were Caddo and Osage Nation.
On June 15, 1836, Arkansas became the 25th state of the United States as a slave state. Arkansas seceded from the Union on May 6, 1861 during the American Civil War. Under the Military Reconstruction Act, Congress, by June 1868, had readmitted Arkansas, as well as North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama and Florida.
The state is the only one with an official pronunciation. The traditional form "arkanSAW" was made official by the state legislature in 1881.
The current governor of Arkansas is Mike Huckabee, a Republican. Huckabee, who had been elected lieutenant governor in a 1993 special election, ascended to the governor's office when Governor Jim Guy Tucker, a Democrat, was convicted of felony mail fraud as part of the Whitewater Scandal. This led to a state "Constitutional crisis" when Tucker refused to give up the governor's office for a short period of time, because the Arkansas Constitution does not allow a convicted felon to be governor of the state. Tucker had been lieutenant governor under Bill Clinton and had become governor as a result of Clinton's election to the presidency.
Arkansas' two U.S. Senators are Democrats Blanche L. Lincoln and Mark Pryor. The state has four congressional districts. Three seats are held by Democrats Marion Berry (District 1), Vic Snyder (District 2), Michael Avery Ross (District 4), and one by Republican John Boozman (District 3). The State Legislature is overwhelmingly controlled by Democrats, and a majority of Statewide offices are held by Democrats. This arrangement is extremely rare in the modern South, were a majority of state and local offices are held by Republicans.
In Arkansas, the lieutenant governor is elected separately from the governor and thus can be from a different political party.
Each office's term is four years long.
See: List of Arkansas Governors
See: List of Arkansas counties, List of cities in Arkansas, List of Arkansas townships.
The capital of Arkansas is Little Rock. Arkansas is the only state in the US where diamonds are found naturally.
The eastern Arkansas border is the Mississippi River. Arkansas shares its southern border with Louisiana, its northern border with Missouri, its eastern border with Tennessee and Mississippi, and its western border with Texas and Oklahoma. Arkansas is a beautiful land of mountains and valleys, thick forests and fertile plains. Northwest Arkansas is part of the Ozark Plateau including the Boston Mountains, to the south are the Ouachita Mountains and these regions are divided by the Arkansas River; the southern and eastern parts of Arkansas are called the Lowlands.
The so called Lowlands are better known as the Delta and the Grand Prairie. The land along the Mississippi river is referred to as the "Delta" of Arkansas. It gets this name from the formation of its rich alluvial soils formed from the flooding of the mighty Mississippi. The Grand Prairie is slightly away from the Mississippi river in the southeast portion of the state and consists of a more undulating landscape. Both are fertile agricultural areas and home to much of the crop agriculture in the state.
Petit Jean State Park, one of many attractions that give the state's nickname The Natural State.Arkansas is home to many caves, such as Blanchard Springs Caverns. Hot Springs National Park and the Buffalo National River can also be found within its borders.
The state's total gross state product for 2003 was $76 billion. Its Per Capita Personal Income for 2003 was $24,384, 50th in the nation. The state's argiculture outputs are poultry and eggs, soybeans, sorghum, cattle, cotton, rice, hogs, and milk. Its industrial outputs are food processing, electric equipment, fabricated metal products, machinery, paper products, bromine, and vanadium.
See also: List of people from Arkansas
As of 2003, the state's population was 2,725,714 according to Census Bureau estimates.
48.8% is male, and 51.2% is female.
Racially, Arkansas is:
The five largest ancestry groups in the state are: American (15.9%), African American (15.7%), Irish (9.5%), German (9.3%), English (7.9%).
Arkansas, like most other southern states, is overwhelmingly Protestant. The religious affiliations of the people are as follows:
The three largest Protestant denominations in Arkansas are: Baptist (42% of the total state population), Methodist (9%), Pentecostal (6%).
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The three largest Protestant denominations in Arkansas are: Baptist (42% of the total state population), Methodist (9%), Pentecostal (6%). LRY had drifted away from the Unitarian Universalist Association, and had severe internal problems that led to its collapse. The religious affiliations of the people are as follows:. Common Ground was called after the collapse of LRY (Liberal Religious Youth), the youth organization that preceded YRUU. Arkansas, like most other southern states, is overwhelmingly Protestant. It was created in 1981 and 1982, at two conferences, Common Ground 1 & 2. The five largest ancestry groups in the state are: American (15.9%), African American (15.7%), Irish (9.5%), German (9.3%), English (7.9%). YRUU (Young Religious Unitarian Universalists) is the youth organization that exists inside the Unitarian Universalist Association. Racially, Arkansas is:. A comprehensive discussion of Unitarian Universalism can be found in the book Challenge of a Liberal Faith by George N.
Marshall (ISBN 0933840314). 48.8% is male, and 51.2% is female. These are
often termed "seventh principle" activities because of the seventh principle quoted above. Its industrial outputs are food processing, electric equipment, fabricated metal products, machinery, paper products, bromine, and vanadium. Many UU congregations have undertaken a series of organizational and practical steps to be acknowledged as a "Welcoming Congregation", a congregation which has taken specific steps to welcome and integrate gay and lesbian members. The state's argiculture outputs are poultry and eggs, soybeans, sorghum, cattle, cotton, rice, hogs, and milk. Politically conservative Unitarian Universalists point out that neither religious liberalism nor the Principles and Purposes of the UUA require liberal politics. Its Per Capita Personal Income for 2003 was $24,384, 50th in the nation. But the principles of compassion, respect, justice, and diversity are the foundation of all UU politics. The state's total gross state product for 2003 was $76 billion. Like the beliefs of Unitarian Universalists, their politics are decided by individuals. Hot Springs National Park and the Buffalo National River can also be found within its borders. This is not to say that the politics of UUs are uniform. Arkansas is home to many caves, such as Blanchard Springs Caverns. Others work to end homelessness, racism, domestic violence, homophobia, sexual assault, and HIV/AIDS. Both are fertile agricultural areas and home to much of the crop agriculture in the state. Some work for causes such as environmental protection, peace, feminism, gun control, free speech, safe and legal abortion, and animal rights. The Grand Prairie is slightly away from the Mississippi river in the southeast portion of the state and consists of a more undulating landscape. Most Unitarian Universalists oppose the death penalty and many are active in political movements to end it in the US. It gets this name from the formation of its rich alluvial soils formed from the flooding of the mighty Mississippi. William Sinkford, is African-American, making Unitarian Universalism the first traditionally white religion to be headed by a member of an ethnic minority. The land along the Mississippi river is referred to as the "Delta" of Arkansas. The current head of the Unitarian Universalist Association, Rev. The so called Lowlands are better known as the Delta and the Grand Prairie. The Selma to Montgomery marches for voting rights are best known as Bloody Sunday, although technically that refers only to September 7, the most violent day of the three. Northwest Arkansas is part of the Ozark Plateau including the Boston Mountains, to the south are the Ouachita Mountains and these regions are divided by the Arkansas River; the southern and eastern parts of Arkansas are called the Lowlands. Reeb and approximately 20% of UU ministers marched with Martin Luther King in the three marches from Selma, Alabama, to Montgomery. Arkansas is a beautiful land of mountains and valleys, thick forests and fertile plains. Two weeks after his death, Viola Fauver Gregg Liuzzo, a Unitarian Universalist civil rights activist, was murdered by white supremacists after her participation in the protest march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama. Arkansas shares its southern border with Louisiana, its northern border with Missouri, its eastern border with Tennessee and Mississippi, and its western border with Texas and Oklahoma. and a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, was clubbed in Selma, Alabama on March 8, 1965, and died two days later of massive head trauma. The eastern Arkansas border is the Mississippi River. Reeb, a minister at All Souls Church, Unitarian, in Washington, D.C. Arkansas is the only state in the US where diamonds are found naturally. James J. The capital of Arkansas is Little Rock. UUs were and are still very involved in the fight to end racism in the US. See: List of Arkansas counties, List of cities in Arkansas, List of Arkansas townships.. It is therefore common to see Unitarian Universalists and Quakers working together. See: List of Arkansas Governors. Unitarian Universalists and Quakers still share certain principles, notably that they are creedless religions with a long-standing commitment to social justice. Each office's term is four years long. Anthony was a Unitarian and Quaker, and was extremely influential in the women's suffrage movement. In Arkansas, the lieutenant governor is elected separately from the governor and thus can be from a different political party. Susan B. This arrangement is extremely rare in the modern South, were a majority of state and local offices are held by Republicans. In the nineteenth century, Unitarians and Universalists were active in abolitionism, the women's movement, and other liberal social reform movements. The State Legislature is overwhelmingly controlled by Democrats, and a majority of Statewide offices are held by Democrats. Unitarian Universalists have often been active in liberal political activism, notably the civil rights movement, the gay rights movement, the social justice movement, and the feminist movement. Three seats are held by Democrats Marion Berry (District 1), Vic Snyder (District 2), Michael Avery Ross (District 4), and one by Republican John Boozman (District 3). Another common covenant is as follows:. The state has four congressional districts. Paul Beedle, former minister of the Universalist Unitarian Church of Riverside (http://www.uuchurchofriverside.org), discusses the foundations of the faith, quoting a common Unitarian Universalist affirmation:. Senators are Democrats Blanche L. Lincoln and Mark Pryor. In his sermon Rev. Arkansas' two U.S. While the circumstances of this service were not ordinary, it is an excellent example of a Unitarian Universalist service in many ways. Tucker had been lieutenant governor under Bill Clinton and had become governor as a result of Clinton's election to the presidency. One UU service that was held the week after the September 11 attack is posted online (http://members.aol.com/revpaulbeedle/20010916.html). This led to a state "Constitutional crisis" when Tucker refused to give up the governor's office for a short period of time, because the Arkansas Constitution does not allow a convicted felon to be governor of the state. But there are also UU congregations which have liked the term fellowship and retained it even though they have grown much larger. Huckabee, who had been elected lieutenant governor in a 1993 special election, ascended to the governor's office when Governor Jim Guy Tucker, a Democrat, was convicted of felony mail fraud as part of the Whitewater Scandal. These congregations tend to be younger and smaller than other UU societies and may favor less traditional service forms. The current governor of Arkansas is Mike Huckabee, a Republican. Some congregations are explicitly known not as churches but as fellowships. The traditional form "arkanSAW" was made official by the state legislature in 1881. Music is not limited to traditional hymns, but often includes instrumental music or singing songs from other traditions. The state is the only one with an official pronunciation. Teenagers often participate in "Coming of Age," a program in which they explore their own personal beliefs and spirituality. Under the Military Reconstruction Act, Congress, by June 1868, had readmitted Arkansas, as well as North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama and Florida. Other rituals replace these traditions, including Water Communion, Flower Communion, and dedications of children and babies. Arkansas seceded from the Union on May 6, 1861 during the American Civil War. However, most UU churches do not perform the traditional Christian rites, such as baptism, or communion or confirmation, though many that continue these practices are also members of the Council of Christian Churches within the Unitarian Universalist Association (CXCUUA). On June 15, 1836, Arkansas became the 25th state of the United States as a slave state. There is usually a structured service that includes the singing of hymns and a sermon by the minister of the congregation. Other Native American nations living in present-day Arkansas were Caddo and Osage Nation. Religious services are usually held on Sundays and often resemble, to a certain extent, the form and format of Protestant worship. The early French explorers of the state gave it its name, which is probably a phonetic spelling for the French word for "downriver" people, a reference to the Quapaw people and the river along which they settled. Other symbols include a slightly off center cross within a circle (a Universalist symbol associated with the Humiliati movement in the mid twentieth century) and a pair of open hands releasing a dove. USS Arkansas was named in honor of this state. The most common symbol of Unitarian Universalism is the flaming chalice, often framed by two overlapping rings that represent Unitarianism and Universalism. It was admitted in 1836. Some churches might be difficult to distinguish from a liberal Protestant church, while others might not seem like a church at all to members of more traditional faiths. postal abbreviation is AR, and its Associated Press abbreviation is Ark. As in theology, Unitarian Universalist worship and ritual are often a combination of elements derived from other faith traditions alongside original practices and symbols. Its U.S. At first the new organization called themselves the "American Unitarian Association", but since the UUA is the owner of that name, they eventually agreed to call themselves the "American Unitarian Conference.". The population according to the 2000 census was 2,673,400. In 2000, a few Unitarian Universalists founded the American Unitarian Conference (AUC) for the purpose of promoting classical Unitarianism. Arkansas (pronounced [ˈɑrkənˌsɔ]) is a southern state in the southern United States. In 1995 the UUA helped establish the International_Council_of_Unitarians_and_Universalists (ICUU). Williams Baptist College. In 2002, the CUC split off from the UUA. University of the Ozarks. In the same year, the Canadian Unitarian Council (CUC) formed and became an arm of the UUA to service the needs and interest of Canadian Unitarian Universalists. University of Central Arkansas. In 1961, the American Unitarian Association (AUA) merged with the Universalist Church of America (UCA), thus forming the Unitarian Universalist Association. University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff. Both Unitarianism and Universalism evolved over time into inclusive, tolerant religions, without strict dogmas. University of Arkansas at Monticello. One observation made years ago about Unitarianism and Universalism, long before their merger, was that (paraphrase) "Universalists believe that God is too good to condemn man, while Unitarians believe that man is too good to be condemned by God.". University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. These two religious bodies always had a great deal of commonality and communication between them; they were often associated in the public eye. University of Arkansas at Little Rock. In 1793, Universalism emerged as a particular denomination in the United States, eventually called the Universalist Church in America. University of Arkansas - Fort Smith. It denied the doctrine of eternal damnation; instead, it proclaimed that a loving God would redeem all souls. University of Arkansas. Universalism was another Christian heresy with a long history. University of Arkansas System
Ouachita Baptist University. The dispute culminated in the foundation of the American Unitarian Association as a separate denomination in 1825. Lyon College. As conflict grew between Unitarian and Trinitarian factions, Unitarians gained a key faculty position at Harvard in 1805. John Brown University. Beginning in the late 18th century, a Unitarian movement began within some of these churches. Hendrix College. After the American Revolution, they became independent and organized as individual churches, electing their own ministers. Henderson State University. In the United States, the Unitarian movement began primarily in the Congregationalist parish churches of New England. These churches, which are still seen today in nearly every New England town square, trace their roots to the division of the Puritan colonies into parishes for the administration of their religious needs. Harding University. Michael Servetus, a Spanish proto-Unitarian, was burned at the stake in Geneva, in 1553, on the orders of John Calvin. Central Baptist College. Unitarian churches were formally established in Transylvania and Poland (the Socinians) in the sixteenth century. Arkansas Tech University. Unitarianism was rejected by orthodox Christianity at the First Council of Nicaea in 325, but it resurfaced subsequently in church history. Arkansas State University. The term may refer to any belief about the nature of Jesus that affirms God as a singular entity and rejects the doctrine of the Trinity. Arkansas Baptist College. Traditionally, Unitarianism was a heretical doctrine emerging out of Christianity. National Center for Toxicological Research website (http://www.fda.gov/nctr/). Here are three of the speeches submitted:. Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center website (http://www.dbnrrc.ars.usda.gov/). These are short speeches that could be made in the course of an elevator ride. Arkansas Cherokee Indian Research (http://www.comanchelodge.com/chickamauga-cherokee.html). Recently, the UU World magazine asked for contributions of "elevator speeches" explaining UUism. Non-Religious – 6%. The Unitarian Universalist attitude toward the Christian Bible and other sacred works is given in "Our Unitarian Universalist Faith: Frequently Asked Questions". Other Religions – 0%. Within weeks, Strayhorn reversed her decision. Other Christian – 1%. In May 2004, Texas Comptroller Carole Keeton Strayhorn ruled that Unitarian Universalism was not a religion because it "does not have one system of belief," and stripped the Red River Unitarian Universalist Church in Denison, Texas of its tax-exempt status. Roman Catholic – 5%. The lack of creed or dogma has been a cause for ridicule among some who argue that Unitarian Universalism is thus without religious content. Protestant – 84%. This principle is often referred to as the "seventh principle.". 1.3% mixed race. Most recently, the last principle (adopted in 1985), "Respect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a part" and the last source (adopted in 1995), "Spiritual teachings of earth-centered traditions which celebrate the sacred circle of life and instruct us to live in harmony with the rhythms of nature" were added to explicitly include members with Neopagan, Native American and other Nature-centered spiritualities. 0.7% American Indian. Unitarian Universalism is often referred to by its adherents as a living tradition, and the principles and purposes have been modified over time to reflect changes in spiritual beliefs among the membership. 0.8% Asian. Official permission was granted by the UUA to include them here:. 3.2% Hispanic. The modern form of these was adopted in 1984 and is presented here, as published in church literature and on the UUA website (http://www.uua.org/aboutuua/principles.html/reg.html). 15.7% Black. Although they do not have an official creed or dogma, Unitarian Universalist congregations operate from a set of base Principles and Purposes. 78.6% White non-Hispanic. RE classes may deal with moral values and the problems of growing up, as well as exploring the teachings and traditions of other religions. Interstate 55. Children who are brought up in the UU faith often, though not necessarily, attend Sunday religious education (RE) classes, which are somewhat akin to Sunday School in Protestant churches. Interstate 40. Parents who do not subscribe to a particular dogma but who want to give their children some kind of religious background are also drawn to the UU faith. Interstate 30. Often parents choose to bring up their children in the UU faith as a compromise if the mother and father come from different religious backgrounds. Unitarian Universalism often draws on adult "refugees" from other faiths. People join the UU faith for a variety of reasons. While some people are raised in the UU faith, a greater number of members have come from other religious backgrounds. One UU minister, the Reverend James Ford, has even been acknowledged as a Zen master. Many UU congregations have study groups which study the doctrines and spiritual practices of Neopaganism, Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, and other faith traditions. This vast diversity of views is considered a strength by the UU faith, since its emphasis is on the common search for meaning among its members rather than adherence to any particular doctrine. A large portion of its members consider themselves humanists, and many may hold Christian, Buddhist, Jewish, pagan, atheist, agnostic, pantheist, or other beliefs, or may not choose a particular theological label. Unitarian Universalist churches welcome gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered people as well as the disabled, and the church does not discriminate on the basis of skin color, national origin, or ethnicity. A major difference between Unitarian Universalism and other major religions is a strong emphasis on tolerance and acceptance. It is a syncretic religion, which respects all the major religious traditions, and religious services often draw from the various world faiths. Unitarian Universalism is a creedless religion. Unitarian Universalist churches worldwide are represented in the International Council of Unitarians and Universalists (ICUU). The UUSC works to promote social justice and human rights around the world. The Unitarian Universalist Service Committee is a related nonsectarian organization which started out of an effort to smuggle Jews and other targeted groups out of Nazi Germany. Unitarian Universalism has its origin, and most of its adherents, in the United States, where its largest organization is the Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA). Its roots are in Protestantism, although Christian beliefs are no longer required for adherents to modern Unitarian Universalism and most Unitarian Universalists (UUs) do not consider themselves Christian. Unitarian Universalism (UU or UUism) is a liberal religious tradition that was formed by the merger of Unitarian and Universalist groups. Spiritual teachings of earth-centered traditions which celebrate the sacred circle of life and instruct us to live in harmony with the rhythms of nature. Humanist teachings which counsel us to heed the guidance of reason and the results of science, and warn us against idolatries of the mind and spirit. Jewish and Christian teachings which call us to respond to God's love by loving our neighbors as ourselves;. Wisdom from the world's religions which inspires us in our ethical and spiritual life;. Words and deeds of prophetic women and men which challenge us to confront powers and structures of evil with justice, compassion, and the transforming power of love;. Direct experience of that transcending mystery and wonder, affirmed in all cultures, which moves us to a renewal of the spirit and an openness to the forces which create and uphold life;. Respect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a part. The goal of world community with peace, liberty, and justice for all;. The right of conscience and the use of the democratic process within our congregations and in society at large;. A free and responsible search for truth and meaning;. Acceptance of one another and encouragement to spiritual growth in our congregations;. Justice, equity and compassion in human relations;. The inherent worth and dignity of every person;. |