Apple

As wages increased, the quantity of apples was toned down to a single fruit. www.outlawthemovie.com. As apples were a very common crop, teachers would often be given baskets of apples by students. Funding is being obtained thro a website set up by Vertigo Films and Blinque London. This stemmed from the fact that teachers during the 16th to 18th centuries were poorly paid, so parents would compensate the teacher by providing food. Currently in pre-production this film has made British film history by being the first film totally funded by small executive producers. In the United States, Denmark and Sweden, an apple (polished) is a traditional gift for a teacher. ""OUTLAW"" is a film by acclaimed British film director NIck Love (Goodbye Charlie Bright, The Football Factory, The Business) Set in the UK in not so distant a future, it is essentially The Seven Samurai for a modern day.

Apples are said to increase a woman's chances of conception as well as remove birthmarks when rubbed on the skin. The attention paid to her cleavage meant that the film had a running battle with censors in several states, as well as with the Hays Office. In some places, bobbing for apples is a traditional Halloween activity. The film is remembered mostly because Hughes invented the push-up brassière for his new star Jane Russell to wear. Danish folklore says that apples wither around adulterers. The film also starred Walter Huston as Doc Holliday. Irish folklore claims that if an apple is peeled into one continuous ribbon and thrown behind a woman's shoulder, it will land in the shape of the future husband's initials. The Outlaw is a 1943 Western movie about Billy the Kid that marked the début of Jane Russell; it was directed by Howard Hughes.

Swiss folklore holds that William Tell courageously shot an apple from his son's head with his crossbow, defying a tyrannical ruler and bringing freedom to his people. The Western outlaw is typically a criminal who operates from a base in the wilderness, and opposes, attacks or disrupts the fragile institutions of new settlements. Apple Computer and Apple records have also adopted the apple for their companies. The outlaw is familiar to contemporary readers as an archetype in Western movies, depicting the lawless expansionism period of the United States in the late 19th century. Its logo represents an apple in the constructivist style. But outlawry was once a term of art in the law, and one of the harshest judgments that could be pronounced on anyone's head. The name of the Russian party Yabloko means "apple". The stereotype owes a great deal to English folklore precedents, in the tales of Robin Hood and of gallant highwaymen.

The apple blossom is the state flower of Arkansas and Michigan. Although Simon's point of view was supported by Winston Churchill, American and Soviet attorneys insisted on a trial, and he was thus overruled. The ancient Kazakh city of Almaty, 'Father of Apples' (Turkic language alma, apple, + ata, father), owes its name to the forests of wild apples (Malus sieversii) found naturally in the area. Prior to the Nuremberg Trials, the British jurist Lord Chancellor John Allsebrook Simon attempted to resurrect the concept of outlawry in order to provide for summary executions of captured Nazi war criminals. Later, the princess is jostled into coughing up the piece, miraculously returning to life. Still, the possibility of being declared an outlaw for derelictions of civil duty continued to exist in English law until 1879 and in Scots law until the late 1940s. In the European fairy tale Snow White, the titular princess is killed by choking on an apple given to her by her stepmother. In the civil context, outlawry became obsolescent in civil procedure by reforms that no longer required summoned defendants to appear and plead.

According to a popular legend, Isaac Newton, upon witnessing an apple fall from its tree, was inspired to conclude that a similar 'universal gravitation' attracted the moon toward the Earth as well (this legend is discussed in more detail in the article on Isaac Newton). In the context of criminal law, outlawry faded not so much by legal changes as by the greater population density of the country, which made it harder for wanted fugitives to evade capture; and by the international adoption of extradition pacts. It is often an attribute associated with Venus who is shown holding it. Because the outlaw has defied civil society, that society was quit of any obligations to the outlaw —outlaws had no civil rights, could not sue in any court on any cause of action, though they were themselves personally liable. Thus, secular art as well made use of the apple as symbol of love and sexuality. ed., Cambridge, 1898, reprinted 1968)). At times artists would co-opt the apple, as well as other religious symbology, whether for ironic effect or as a stock element of symbolic vocabulary. Maitland, The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I (1895, 2nd.

Another instance in Roman and Greek mythology is the story of the Pleiades. W. In ancient Greece, throwing an apple at a person's bed was an invitation for sexual intercourse. Pollock and F. Atalanta, also of Greek mythology, was distracted during a race by three golden apples thrown for that purpose by a suitor, Hippomenes. A man who slew a thief was expected to declare the fact without delay, otherwise the dead man’s kindred might clear his name by their oath and require the slayer to pay wergild as for a true man (F. Another Greek mythological figure, Paris, had to give a golden apple inscribed Kallisti "To the most beautiful one", (which had come from the goddess of discord, Eris) to the most beautiful goddess, thus indirectly causing the Trojan War. An outlaw might be killed with impunity; and it was not only lawful but meritorious to kill a thief flying from justice — to do so was not murder.

In the Old Testament the apple was significant of the fall of man; in the New Testament it is an emblem of the redemption from that fall, and as such is also represented in pictures of the Madonna and Infant Jesus. No one was allowed to give him food, shelter, or any other sort of support — to do so was to commit the crime of couthutlaugh (or aiding and abetting), and to be in danger of the ban oneself. This also reflects the evolution of the symbol in religion. The outlaw was debarred from all civilised society. When held in Adam's hand, the apple symbolises sin. To be declared an outlaw was to suffer a form of civil death. When Christ is portrayed holding an apple, he represents the Second Adam who brings life. Outlawry also existed in other legal codes of the time, such as the ancient Norse and Icelandic legal code.

It is often used to symbolise the fall into sin, or sin itself. In the earlier law of Anglo-Saxon England, outlawry was also declared when a person committed a homicide and could not pay the weregild, the blood-money, due to the victim's kin. Another reason for the adoption of the apple as Christian symbol is that in Latin, the words for "apple" and for "evil" are identical (malum). In British common law, an outlaw was a person who had defied the laws of the realm, by such acts as ignoring a summons to court, or fleeing instead of appearing to plead when charged with a crime. Celtic mythology includes a story about Conle who receives an apple which feeds him for a year but also makes him irresistibly desire fairyland. . The larynx in the human throat has been called Adam's apple because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit sticking in the throat of Adam. However, romanticised outlaws became stock characters in several fictional settings, particularly in Western movies.

This tradition was reflected in artistic renderings of the fall from Eden. An outlaw, a person living the lifestyle of outlawry, meaning literally "outside of the law." In the common law of England, a judgment declaring someone an outlaw was one of the harshest penalties in the legal system. The influence of the antiquity was still strong, and the pagan symbology was absorbed into the new religion. When the government of the First Spanish Republic was unable to reduce the Cantonalist rebellion centered in Cartagena, Spain, the Cartagena fleet was declared piratic, allowing any nation to prey on it. Though the forbidden fruit in that account is not identified, popular European Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that Eve incited Adam to share with her. Eric Robert Rudolph. This tradition is also reflected in the book of Genesis. Ned Kelly.

The 'fruit-bearing tree' referred to by Tacitus in his description of Norse runic divination may have been the apple, or the rowan. Perot Rocaguinarda - Catalan bandit, pictured as the gentlemanly bandit Roque Guinart in Don Quixote. In Norse mythology, Iðunn was the keeper of the 'apples of immortality' which kept the Gods young. Joco Udmanić - Serb in Yugoslavia. One of the Greek hero Heracles' Twelve Labours was to travel to the Garden of the Hesperides and pick the golden apples off the Tree of Life growing at its center. Jovo Stanisavljević - Čaruga - Serb in Yugoslavia. Apples appear in many religious traditions, often as a mystical and forbidden fruit. Veerappan Indian (of India) bandit.

A derivative of apple curd, apple milk is widely used throughout Tibet. Rob Roy MacGregor - Scottish Chieftain. Apples are historically known for producing "apple milk". William Wallace - Leader of the Scottish resistance to Edward I. The predominant phenolic phytochemicals in apples are quercetin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B2 (PMID 14558772). Robin Hood - Legendary Medieval English outlaw. Lee said that all apples are high in the critical phytonutrients and that the amount of phenolic compounds in the apple flesh and in the skin vary from year to year, season to season and from growing region to growing region (November/December 2004 issue of the Journal of Food Science). Song Jiang - Historical Chinese outlaw immortalised in the classic Water Margin.

The researchers used red delicious apples grown in New York state to provide the extracts to study the effects of phytochemicals. Erik the Red. "Cy" Lee of Cornell University found that the apple phenolics, which are naturally occurring antioxidants found in fresh apples, can protect nerve cells from neurotoxicity induced by oxidative stress. Jack Black. Chang Y. Ma Barker. A group of chemicals in apples could protect the brain from the type of damage that triggers such neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer's and Parkinsonism. Bonnie & Clyde.

They may also help with heart disease, weight loss and controlling cholesterol. John Dillinger. Research suggests that apples may reduce the risk of colon cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer. List of Western Outlaws. Apples have long been considered healthy, as indicated by the proverb an apple a day keeps the doctor away. Cole Younger. Apples are eaten with honey at the Jewish New Year of Rosh Hashanah to symbolise a sweet new year. Jesse James.

Similar treats in the US are candy apples (coated in a hard shell of crystallised sugar syrup), and caramel apples, coated with cooled caramel. Billy the Kid. In the UK, a toffee apple is a traditional confection made by coating an apple in hot toffee and allowing it to cool. Butch Cassidy. They are also used cooked in meat dishes. Apache Kid. Apples are also made into apple butter and apple jelly.

Puréed apples are generally known as apple sauce. They are often eaten baked or stewed, and they can also be dried and eaten or re-consitituted (soaked in water, alcohol or some other liquid) for later use. Apples are an important ingredient in many winter desserts, for example apple pie, apple crumble, apple crisp and apple cake. They make a popular lunchbox fruit as well.

Apple wine can also be made. Distilled apple cider produces the spirits applejack and Calvados. Apples can be canned, juiced, and optionally fermented to produce apple juice, cider, vinegar, and pectin. Imported apples from New Zealand and other more temperate areas are competing with US production and increasing each year.

In the United States, more than 60% of all the apples sold commercially are grown in Washington state. France, Italy, South Africa and Chile are among the leading apple exporters. Turkey is also a leading producer. The United States is the third leading producer, accounting for 7.5% of world production.

Argentina is the second leading producer, with more than 15% of the world production. China produced almost half of this total. 45 million metric tons of apples were grown worldwide in 2002, with a value of about 10 billion USD. Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock.

Dwarf trees will bear about 50-100 kg (3-5 bushels) of fruit per year. A few cultivars, left unpruned, will grow to be extremely large, causing them to bear a great deal of fruit that is difficult to harvest. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Mature trees typically bear 100-200 kg (5-10 bushels) of apples each year.

The latest tool in the organic repertoire is to spray a light coating of kaolin clay, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, and also helps prevent apple sun scald. Apples are difficult to grow organically, though a few orchards have done so with commercial success, using disease-resistant cultivars and the very best cultural controls. For other Lepidoptera larvae which feed on apple trees, see List of Lepidoptera which feed on Malus. Others include Apple maggot and codling moth.

The plum curculio is the most serious insect pest. Among the most serious disease problems are fireblight, a bacterial disease; and Gymnosporangium rust, apple scab, and black spot, three fungal diseases. White clover is a component of many grass seed mixes, and many bees are poisoned by insecticides while visiting the flowers on the orchard floor. Nor should bee-attractive plants be allowed to establish in the orchard floor if insecticides are used.

Spraying for insect pests must never be done during flowering because it kills pollinators. A trend in orchard management is the use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which reduces needless spraying when pests are not present, or more likely, are being controlled by natural predators. Nearly all commercial orchards pursue an aggressive program of chemical sprays to maintain high fruit quality, tree health, and high yields. The trees are susceptible to a number of fungal and bacterial diseases and insect pests.

Good thinning helps even out the cycle, so that a reasonable crop can be grown every year. If the fruit is not thinned when the tree carries a large crop, it may produce very little flower the following year. Apples are prone to biennial bearing. Apples (or any fruit) planted on a south facing slope in the northern hemisphere (or north facing in the southern hemisphere), will flower early and be particularly vulnerable to spring frost.

Home growers may not have a body of water to help, but can utilise north slopes or other geographical features to retard spring flowering. Areas of the USA, such as the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, the southern shore of Lake Ontario, and around some smaller lakes, where this cooling effect of water, combined with good, well-drained soils, has made apple growing concentrations possible in these areas. Growing apples near a body of water gives an advantage by slowing spring warm up, which retards flowering until frost is less likely. If the pistil has turned black, the flower is ruined and will not produce fruit.

Frost damage can be evaluated 24 hours after the frost. If the frost is not too severe, the tree can be wetted with water spray before the morning sun hits the flowers, and it may save them. It is best to plant apples on a slope for air drainage, but not on a south facing slope (in the northern hemisphere) as this will encourage early flowering and increase susceptibility to frost. A common problem is a late frost that destroys the delicate outer structures of the flower.

It generally requires multiple bee visits to deliver sufficient grains of pollen to accomplish complete pollination. Inadequate pollination can result from either a lack of pollinators or pollenizers, or from poor pollinating weather at flowering time. Apples having less than 3 seeds will usually not mature and will drop from the trees in the early summer. Well pollinated apples are the best quality, and will have 7 to 10 seeds.

Symptoms of inadequate pollination are small and misshapen apples, slowness to ripen, and low seed count. Bumble bee queens are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in enough quantity to be significant pollinators. Some wild bees such as carpenter bees and other solitary bees may help. Home growers may find these more acceptable in suburban locations because they do not sting.

Orchard mason bees are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Honeybee hives are most commonly used, and arrangements may be made with a commercial beekeeper who supplies hives for a fee. During the flowering each season, apple growers usually provide pollinators to carry the pollen. Home growers with a single tree, and no other cultivars in the neighbourhood can do the same on a smaller scale.

Growers with old orchard blocks of single cultivars sometimes provide bouquets of crab apple blossoms in drums or pails in the orchard for pollenizers. Quality nurseries have pollenizer compatibility lists. Some cultivars produce very little pollen, or the pollen is sterile, so these are not good pollenizers. Orchard blocks may alternate rows of compatible cultivars, or may have periodic crab apple trees, or grafted-on limbs of crab apple.

Before planting, it is important to arrange for pollenizers, cultivars of apple or crab apple that provide plentiful, viable and compatible pollen. Pollination management is an important component of apple culture. Apples are self-incompatible and must be cross-pollinated to develop fruit. Apples do require good drainage, and heavy soils or flat land should be tilled to make certain that the root systems are never in saturated soil.

They do require some protection from the wind and should not be planted in low areas that are prone to late spring frosts. Apples are relatively indifferent to soil conditions and will grow in a wide range of pH values and fertility levels. Good training of limbs and careful nipping of buds growing in the wrong places, are extremely important during this time, to build a good scaffold that will later support a fruit load. After the small tree is planted in the orchard, it must grow for 3-5 years (semi-dwarf) or 4-10 years (standard trees) before it will bear sizable amounts of fruit.

Some trees are produced with a dwarfing "interstem" between a standard rootstock and the tree, resulting in two grafts. Full dwarf trees are often supported of posts or trellises and planted in high density orchards which are much simpler to culture and greatly increase productivity per unit of land. Dwarf rootstocks are generally more susceptible to damage from wind and cold. While many rootstocks are available to commercial grower, those sold to homeowners who want just a few trees are usually one of two cultivars: a standard seedling rootstock that gives a full-size tree, or a semi-dwarf rootstock that produces a somewhat smaller tree.

Rootstocks affect the ultimate size of the tree. In time, the two sections grow together and produce a healthy tree. The upper stem and branches of the rootstock are cut away and replaced with the scion. Then, a small section of branch called a scion is obtained from a mature apple tree of the desired cultivar.

This is allowed to grow for a year. First, a rootstock is produced either as a seedling or cloned using tissue culture or layering. These small trees are usually purchased from a nursery where they are produced by grafting or budding. Apple orchards are established by planting two to four year old trees.

The sweetness and texture of Honeycrisp have been so popular with consumers that Minnesota orchards have been cutting down their established, productive trees to make room for it, a heretofore unheard of practice. Its most important introductions have included Haralson (which is the most widely cultivated apple in Minnesota), Wealthy, Honeygold, and Honeycrisp. For example, the Excelsior Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota has, since the 1930s, introduced a steady progression of important hardy apples that are widely grown, both commercially and by backyard orchardists, throughout Minnesota and Wisconsin. Some breeders have crossed ordinary apples with crabapples or unusually hardy apples in order to produce hardier cultivars.

Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars. Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Apples can also form bud sports (mutations on a single branch). The words "seedling", "pippin", and "kernel" in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling.

Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics. Seedling apples are different from their parents, sometimes radically. Like most perennial fruits, apples are ordinarily propagated asexually by grafting. In recent years, many apple connoisseurs have come to regard the Red Delicious as inferior to cultivars such as Fuji and Gala due to its merely mild flavour and insufficiently firm texture.

state of Washington made its reputation for apple growing on Red Delicious. As an example, the U.S. Tastes in apples vary from one person to another and have changed over time. Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavour are popular in Asia and especially India.

Most North Americans and Europeans favour sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have a strong minority following. Modern apples are, as a rule, sweeter than older cultivars. Cider apples are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavour that dessert apples cannot. Although most cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), some are cultivated specifically for cooking (cooking apples) or producing cider.

Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance are out there to discover; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been kept alive by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Many of them have excellent flavour (often better than most modern cultivars), but may have other problems which make them commercially unviable, such as low yield, liability to disease, or poor tolerance for storage or transport. Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and have a variety of textures and colours.

Other desired qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colourful skin, absence of russeting, ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, typical 'Red Delicious' apple shape, long stem (to allow pesticides to penetrate the top of the fruit), and popular flavour. Commercially-popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Apples do not flower in tropical climates because they have a chilling requirement. Different cultivars are available for temperate and subtropical climates.

There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples. The legendary placename Avalon is thought to come from a Celtic evolution of the same root as the English "apple", as is the name of the town of Avellino, near Naples in Italy. The scientific name malus, on the other hand, comes from the Latin word for apple, and ultimately from the Greek mēlon. The prevailing theory is that "apple" may be one of the most ancient Indo-European words (*abl-) to come down to English in a recognisable form.

The word apple comes from the Old English word aeppel, which in turn has recognisable cognates in a number of the northern branches of the Indo-European language family. Winter apples, picked in late autumn and stored just above freezing, have been an important food in Asia and Europe for millennia, as well as in Argentina and in the United States since the arrival of Europeans. To a greater degree than other tree fruit, except possibly citrus, apples store for months while still retaining much of their nutritive value. The apple tree was probably the earliest tree to be cultivated, and apples have remained an important food in all cooler climates.

domestica, mainly for increased cold tolerance. These and other Malus species have been used in some recent breeding programmes to develop apples suitable for growing in climates unsuitable for M. Other species that were previously thought to have made contributions to the genome of the domestic apples are Malus baccata and Malus sylvestris, but there is no hard evidence for this in older apple cultivars. sieversii, recently planted by the US government at a research facility, resist many diseases and pests that affect domestic apples, and are the subject of continuing research to develop new disease-resistant apples.

Some individual M. This tree is still found wild in the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Xinjiang, China. It has no common name in English, but is known where it is native as "alma"; in fact, the city where it is thought to originate is called Alma-Ata, or "father of the apples". The wild ancestor of Malus domestica is Malus sieversii.