Apple

As wages increased, the quantity of apples was toned down to a single fruit. As of 2005, her US album sales rank her as the top-selling female recording artist in the US. As apples were a very common crop, teachers would often be given baskets of apples by students. In 1995 she received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. This stemmed from the fact that teachers during the 16th to 18th centuries were poorly paid, so parents would compensate the teacher by providing food. Among her many awards are two Oscars, six Emmys, eleven Golden Globes, ten Grammys, a Tony award, two Cable Ace awards, the American Film Institute's Lifetime Achievement Award, as well as a number of other awards. In the United States, Denmark and Sweden, an apple (polished) is a traditional gift for a teacher. This "grand slam" as an honoree has never been duplicated by any other performer in history.

Apples are said to increase a woman's chances of conception as well as remove birthmarks when rubbed on the skin. Over the years, Streisand has been the recipient of an award in every medium she has worked in. In some places, bobbing for apples is a traditional Halloween activity. Streisand is considered a favorite icon to some in the gay community — some of her earliest performances were at gay clubs, her son Jason is openly gay, and in 1992 she campaigned against Colorado's Amendment 2, which prevented cities or state government from extending equal civil rights protections to homosexuals. Danish folklore says that apples wither around adulterers. This was affectionately satirized by Mike Myers's "Linda Richman" series of sketches on Saturday Night Live, during one of which Streisand herself made a surprise appearance with Madonna and Roseanne. Irish folklore claims that if an apple is peeled into one continuous ribbon and thrown behind a woman's shoulder, it will land in the shape of the future husband's initials. Streisand's strong, larger-than-life personality has made her an icon to some members of her fan base.

Swiss folklore holds that William Tell courageously shot an apple from his son's head with his crossbow, defying a tyrannical ruler and bringing freedom to his people. Streisand lost the suit and was ordered to pay the photographer's attorneys' fees.[2]. Apple Computer and Apple records have also adopted the apple for their companies. She attracted unfavorable attention for a 2003 lawsuit she filed against a photographer whose aerial photos documenting the California coast included an image of her Malibu estate. Its logo represents an apple in the constructivist style. Streisand is known for her outspoken liberal political views, and is a staunch supporter of the Democratic Party. The name of the Russian party Yabloko means "apple". She briefly dated Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in the early 1970s, had long-term relationships with hairdresser-turned-producer Jon Peters and tennis player Andre Agassi, and later married actor James Brolin in 1998.

The apple blossom is the state flower of Arkansas and Michigan. She was married to Elliott Gould from 1963 to 1971, with whom she had her only child, son Jason Gould (who later appeared as her character's son in The Prince of Tides). The ancient Kazakh city of Almaty, 'Father of Apples' (Turkic language alma, apple, + ata, father), owes its name to the forests of wild apples (Malus sieversii) found naturally in the area.
. Later, the princess is jostled into coughing up the piece, miraculously returning to life. The film was very successful commercially and Streisand garnered positive reviews. In the European fairy tale Snow White, the titular princess is killed by choking on an apple given to her by her stepmother. In 2004, Streisand reappeared on the big screen in the comedy Meet the Fockers, playing opposite Dustin Hoffman, Ben Stiller, and Robert DeNiro among others.

According to a popular legend, Isaac Newton, upon witnessing an apple fall from its tree, was inspired to conclude that a similar 'universal gravitation' attracted the moon toward the Earth as well (this legend is discussed in more detail in the article on Isaac Newton). [1] Some claimed that her well-known uncompromising, tough behavior was to blame for the slight, while others felt that Hollywood was punishing her for being a woman, and if a man behaved the same way, he would have been given recognition. It is often an attribute associated with Venus who is shown holding it. There was more controversy when Prince of Tides received even more nominations, including Best Picture, but Streisand still was snubbed for Best Director. Thus, secular art as well made use of the apple as symbol of love and sexuality. There was controversy when Yentl received five Academy Award nominations but none for the major categories of Best Picture, Actress, or Director. At times artists would co-opt the apple, as well as other religious symbology, whether for ironic effect or as a stock element of symbolic vocabulary. Steven Spielberg called Yentl a masterpiece, and many critics praised both it and Prince of Tides.

Another instance in Roman and Greek mythology is the story of the Pleiades. For Yentl (1983) she was producer, director, writer, and star, an experience she largely repeated for The Prince of Tides (1991). In ancient Greece, throwing an apple at a person's bed was an invitation for sexual intercourse. She has produced a number of her own films, setting up Barwood Films in 1972. Atalanta, also of Greek mythology, was distracted during a race by three golden apples thrown for that purpose by a suitor, Hippomenes. When High Society magazine later published the original photos of her bare breasts, Streisand sued them. Another Greek mythological figure, Paris, had to give a golden apple inscribed Kallisti "To the most beautiful one", (which had come from the goddess of discord, Eris) to the most beautiful goddess, thus indirectly causing the Trojan War. She quickly regretted the move and bought up all prints of the film, deleting the scene.

In the Old Testament the apple was significant of the fall of man; in the New Testament it is an emblem of the redemption from that fall, and as such is also represented in pictures of the Madonna and Infant Jesus. In 1970, she had a topless scene in The Owl and the Pussycat. This also reflects the evolution of the symbol in religion. Streisand's initial outing with First Artists, while not a huge commercial success, was the personal Up the Sandbox (1972). When held in Adam's hand, the apple symbolises sin. Along with Paul Newman and Sidney Poitier, Barbra Streisand formed First Artists Production Company in 1970 so these actors could secure properties and develop movie projects for themselves. When Christ is portrayed holding an apple, he represents the Second Adam who brings life. Her second Academy Award was as composer of the song "Evergreen", from A Star Is Born (1976) and was the first time a woman had received this award (the film itself, though, was widely criticized as a vanity project).

It is often used to symbolise the fall into sin, or sin itself. She also starred in the original screwball comedies What's Up, Doc? (1972), with Ryan O'Neal, and For Pete's Sake (1974), and the hugely successful drama The Way We Were with Robert Redford. Another reason for the adoption of the apple as Christian symbol is that in Latin, the words for "apple" and for "evil" are identical (malum). Her next two movies were also based on musicals, Jerry Herman's Hello, Dolly! (1969) and Alan Jay Lerner's and Burton Lane's On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970), while her fourth film was based on the Broadway play The Owl and the Pussycat (1970). Celtic mythology includes a story about Conle who receives an apple which feeds him for a year but also makes him irresistibly desire fairyland. Her first film was a reprise of her Broadway hit, Funny Girl (1968), for which she won the 1968 Academy Award for Best Actress, sharing it with Katharine Hepburn (The Lion in Winter), the first time there was a tie in this Oscar category. The larynx in the human throat has been called Adam's apple because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit sticking in the throat of Adam. Guilty Pleasures (called Guilty Too in the UK), a collaboration with Barry Gibb and a sequel album to their previous Guilty, was released worldwide in 2005.

This tradition was reflected in artistic renderings of the fall from Eden. Her most recent albums have been Christmas Memories (2001), a collection of somber holiday songs, and The Movie Album (2003), featuring famous movie themes and backed by a large symphony orchestra. The influence of the antiquity was still strong, and the pagan symbology was absorbed into the new religion. At the end of the last millennium, she still was the number-one female singer in the United States, with at least 2 # 1 albums in each decade since she had started out. Though the forbidden fruit in that account is not identified, popular European Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that Eve incited Adam to share with her. She later toured Australia with that programme, called Timeless, which was also released on a two-disc album by Columbia. This tradition is also reflected in the book of Genesis. On New Year's Eve 1999 she returned to the concert stage, scoring another personal triumph for giving the highest grossing single concert in Las Vegas history to date.

The 'fruit-bearing tree' referred to by Tacitus in his description of Norse runic divination may have been the apple, or the rowan. Barbra Streisand: The Concert, went on to be the top grossing concert of the year, earned 2 Emmy Awards, the prestigous Peabody Award, and the taped broadcast on HBO is to-date, the highest rated concert special in HBO's 30year history. In Norse mythology, Iðunn was the keeper of the 'apples of immortality' which kept the Gods young. Ticket prices ranged from $50 to $1,500 - making Streisand the highest paid concert performer in history. One of the Greek hero Heracles' Twelve Labours was to travel to the Garden of the Hesperides and pick the golden apples off the Tree of Life growing at its center. Streisand also hit the cover of every major magazine, in anticipation of what TIME MAGAZINE named, "The Music Event of the Century." The tour was one of the biggest all-media merchandise parlays in history. Apples appear in many religious traditions, often as a mystical and forbidden fruit. Tickets to the limited tour were sold out in under 1 hr.

A derivative of apple curd, apple milk is widely used throughout Tibet. In September 1993, Streisand made news again, announcing her first public concert tour in 27years. Apples are historically known for producing "apple milk". A year later, Streisand made an unusal comeback, landing a #1 Album, BACK TO BROADWAY, which was certified Platinum prior to release. The predominant phenolic phytochemicals in apples are quercetin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B2 (PMID 14558772). A Concert Tour was suggested to her and she debated it for nearly 2 yrs, due to her immense stage fright. Lee said that all apples are high in the critical phytonutrients and that the amount of phenolic compounds in the apple flesh and in the skin vary from year to year, season to season and from growing region to growing region (November/December 2004 issue of the Journal of Food Science). However, Streisand's music career was on hold.

The researchers used red delicious apples grown in New York state to provide the extracts to study the effects of phytochemicals. Streisand later introduced Clinton at his Inauguration in 1992. "Cy" Lee of Cornell University found that the apple phenolics, which are naturally occurring antioxidants found in fresh apples, can protect nerve cells from neurotoxicity induced by oxidative stress. Streisand's concert fundraising events helped propel Clinton into the spotlight and into office. Chang Y. She was again, proclaimed the most influential entertainer by the New York Times, for her relationship with President William Clinton. A group of chemicals in apples could protect the brain from the type of damage that triggers such neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer's and Parkinsonism. Around 1992, however, music success was not in Streisand's favor.

They may also help with heart disease, weight loss and controlling cholesterol. The movie was a box office hit, bringing in close to 100Million at the Box Office and was Nominated for 7 Academy Awards. Research suggests that apples may reduce the risk of colon cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer. At the same time, Ms Streisand presented her 2nd film as a director, THE PRINCE OF TIDES. Apples have long been considered healthy, as indicated by the proverb an apple a day keeps the doctor away. A separate disc, entitled "Highlights from Just for the Record" featured two dozen tracks, including live material, greatest hits, and rarities, from her early recordings up to 1991. Apples are eaten with honey at the Jewish New Year of Rosh Hashanah to symbolise a sweet new year. In 1991 she released a four-disc box set, entitled Just for the Record.

Similar treats in the US are candy apples (coated in a hard shell of crystallised sugar syrup), and caramel apples, coated with cooled caramel. The album featured some songs reworked by Stephen Sondheim especially for this recording, was critically acclaimed, nominated as ALBUM OF THE YEAR and landed Streisand her 8th Grammy as Best Female Vocalist. In the UK, a toffee apple is a traditional confection made by coating an apple in hot toffee and allowing it to cool. This was an unexpected commercial success, holding the coveted #1 BillBoard position for 3 weeks straight, and being certified 3x Platinum. They are also used cooked in meat dishes. Streisand returned to her musical theater roots with 1985's The Broadway Album. Apples are also made into apple butter and apple jelly. In 1982, music critic Stephen Holden wrote that Streisand was "The most influential mainstream American pop singer since Frank Sinatra.".

Puréed apples are generally known as apple sauce. When the 1970s ended, Streisand was named the most successful female singer in the US, with only Elvis Presley and The Beatles having sold more albums. They are often eaten baked or stewed, and they can also be dried and eaten or re-consitituted (soaked in water, alcohol or some other liquid) for later use. During the 1970s she was also highly prominent in the pop charts, with number-one records like "The Way We Were", "Evergreen", "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)" and "Woman In Love"; some of these came from soundtrack records to her films. Apples are an important ingredient in many winter desserts, for example apple pie, apple crumble, apple crisp and apple cake. Starting in 1969, Streisand tackled contemporary songwriters; she foundered on attempts to tackle rock, but finally found success with the pop and ballad-oriented, Richard Perry-produced Stoney End in 1971, whose Laura Nyro-written title track was a big hit. They make a popular lunchbox fruit as well. Beginning with My Name Is Barbra her albums were often medley-filled keepsakes of her television specials.

Apple wine can also be made. Her early works in the 1960s (her debut, The Second Barbra Streisand Album, The Third Album, My Name Is Barbra, etc.) are considered classic renditions of theatre and nightclub standards, including her famously ironic version of "Happy Days Are Here Again". Distilled apple cider produces the spirits applejack and Calvados. Barbra Streisand has recorded more than 60 albums, almost all with the Columbia Records label. Apples can be canned, juiced, and optionally fermented to produce apple juice, cider, vinegar, and pectin.
. Imported apples from New Zealand and other more temperate areas are competing with US production and increasing each year. The first special, My Name Is Barbra (1965), is considered by many to be the best, and has been praised by critics and fans.

In the United States, more than 60% of all the apples sold commercially are grown in Washington state. After some notable television guest appearances, Streisand built on her success with a number of television specials for CBS. France, Italy, South Africa and Chile are among the leading apple exporters. Starting in 1962 Streisand also appeared on Broadway, first in a small but star-making role in the musical I Can Get It for You Wholesale (1962) when she was still a teenager, and then as lead role Fanny Brice in Jule Styne's and Bob Merrill's Funny Girl (1964). Turkey is also a leading producer. Her recording success continued, and at one time, Streisand's first three albums appeared simultaneously on Billboard's pop albums Top Ten - an amazing feat considering it was at a time when rock and roll and The Beatles dominated the charts. The United States is the third leading producer, accounting for 7.5% of world production. She signed her first recording contract with Columbia Records in 1962 and her first album, The Barbra Streisand Album, won two Grammy Awards in 1963.

Argentina is the second leading producer, with more than 15% of the world production. It was also at this time that she shortened her first name to Barbra to make it more distinctive. China produced almost half of this total. She originally had wanted to be an actress, and appeared in a number of Off-Off-Broadway productions, including one with then-aspiring actress Joan Rivers, but when her boyfriend Barry Dennen helped her shape a club act — first performed in a gay bar in Manhattan's Greenwich Village in 1960 — she became a big success as a singer. 45 million metric tons of apples were grown worldwide in 2002, with a value of about 10 billion USD. Following a music competition, she became a nightclub singer in her teens. Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock.
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Dwarf trees will bear about 50-100 kg (3-5 bushels) of fruit per year. She was educated at Beis Yakov School and then famed Erasmus Hall High School, where she graduated fourth in her class, and overlapped by a year future collaborator Neil Diamond. A few cultivars, left unpruned, will grow to be extremely large, causing them to bear a great deal of fruit that is difficult to harvest. This criticism, many speculate, led to a lifelong insecurity about her appearance, despite enormous success in every facet of show business. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Her well-intentioned mother did not encourage her daughter to pursue a show business career, opining that Barbara was not attractive enough. Mature trees typically bear 100-200 kg (5-10 bushels) of apples each year. Her father died when she was only 15 months old, and she had a lifelong turbulent relationship with her stepfather.

The latest tool in the organic repertoire is to spray a light coating of kaolin clay, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, and also helps prevent apple sun scald. She was born Barbara Joan Streisand in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York then moved to another area in Brooklyn. Apples are difficult to grow organically, though a few orchards have done so with commercial success, using disease-resistant cultivars and the very best cultural controls. . For other Lepidoptera larvae which feed on apple trees, see List of Lepidoptera which feed on Malus.
. Others include Apple maggot and codling moth. Barbra Streisand (born April 24, 1942) is an iconic American singer, theatre and film actress, composer, and film producer and director.

The plum curculio is the most serious insect pest. Tony Special Award (1970). Among the most serious disease problems are fireblight, a bacterial disease; and Gymnosporangium rust, apple scab, and black spot, three fungal diseases. Funny Girl (1964), musical - Tony Nomination for Best Leading Actress in a Musical. White clover is a component of many grass seed mixes, and many bees are poisoned by insecticides while visiting the flowers on the orchard floor. I Can Get It for You Wholesale (1962), musical - Tony Nomination for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical. Nor should bee-attractive plants be allowed to establish in the orchard floor if insecticides are used.

Spraying for insect pests must never be done during flowering because it kills pollinators. A trend in orchard management is the use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which reduces needless spraying when pests are not present, or more likely, are being controlled by natural predators. Nearly all commercial orchards pursue an aggressive program of chemical sprays to maintain high fruit quality, tree health, and high yields. The trees are susceptible to a number of fungal and bacterial diseases and insect pests.

Good thinning helps even out the cycle, so that a reasonable crop can be grown every year. If the fruit is not thinned when the tree carries a large crop, it may produce very little flower the following year. Apples are prone to biennial bearing. Apples (or any fruit) planted on a south facing slope in the northern hemisphere (or north facing in the southern hemisphere), will flower early and be particularly vulnerable to spring frost.

Home growers may not have a body of water to help, but can utilise north slopes or other geographical features to retard spring flowering. Areas of the USA, such as the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, the southern shore of Lake Ontario, and around some smaller lakes, where this cooling effect of water, combined with good, well-drained soils, has made apple growing concentrations possible in these areas. Growing apples near a body of water gives an advantage by slowing spring warm up, which retards flowering until frost is less likely. If the pistil has turned black, the flower is ruined and will not produce fruit.

Frost damage can be evaluated 24 hours after the frost. If the frost is not too severe, the tree can be wetted with water spray before the morning sun hits the flowers, and it may save them. It is best to plant apples on a slope for air drainage, but not on a south facing slope (in the northern hemisphere) as this will encourage early flowering and increase susceptibility to frost. A common problem is a late frost that destroys the delicate outer structures of the flower.

It generally requires multiple bee visits to deliver sufficient grains of pollen to accomplish complete pollination. Inadequate pollination can result from either a lack of pollinators or pollenizers, or from poor pollinating weather at flowering time. Apples having less than 3 seeds will usually not mature and will drop from the trees in the early summer. Well pollinated apples are the best quality, and will have 7 to 10 seeds.

Symptoms of inadequate pollination are small and misshapen apples, slowness to ripen, and low seed count. Bumble bee queens are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in enough quantity to be significant pollinators. Some wild bees such as carpenter bees and other solitary bees may help. Home growers may find these more acceptable in suburban locations because they do not sting.

Orchard mason bees are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Honeybee hives are most commonly used, and arrangements may be made with a commercial beekeeper who supplies hives for a fee. During the flowering each season, apple growers usually provide pollinators to carry the pollen. Home growers with a single tree, and no other cultivars in the neighbourhood can do the same on a smaller scale.

Growers with old orchard blocks of single cultivars sometimes provide bouquets of crab apple blossoms in drums or pails in the orchard for pollenizers. Quality nurseries have pollenizer compatibility lists. Some cultivars produce very little pollen, or the pollen is sterile, so these are not good pollenizers. Orchard blocks may alternate rows of compatible cultivars, or may have periodic crab apple trees, or grafted-on limbs of crab apple.

Before planting, it is important to arrange for pollenizers, cultivars of apple or crab apple that provide plentiful, viable and compatible pollen. Pollination management is an important component of apple culture. Apples are self-incompatible and must be cross-pollinated to develop fruit. Apples do require good drainage, and heavy soils or flat land should be tilled to make certain that the root systems are never in saturated soil.

They do require some protection from the wind and should not be planted in low areas that are prone to late spring frosts. Apples are relatively indifferent to soil conditions and will grow in a wide range of pH values and fertility levels. Good training of limbs and careful nipping of buds growing in the wrong places, are extremely important during this time, to build a good scaffold that will later support a fruit load. After the small tree is planted in the orchard, it must grow for 3-5 years (semi-dwarf) or 4-10 years (standard trees) before it will bear sizable amounts of fruit.

Some trees are produced with a dwarfing "interstem" between a standard rootstock and the tree, resulting in two grafts. Full dwarf trees are often supported of posts or trellises and planted in high density orchards which are much simpler to culture and greatly increase productivity per unit of land. Dwarf rootstocks are generally more susceptible to damage from wind and cold. While many rootstocks are available to commercial grower, those sold to homeowners who want just a few trees are usually one of two cultivars: a standard seedling rootstock that gives a full-size tree, or a semi-dwarf rootstock that produces a somewhat smaller tree.

Rootstocks affect the ultimate size of the tree. In time, the two sections grow together and produce a healthy tree. The upper stem and branches of the rootstock are cut away and replaced with the scion. Then, a small section of branch called a scion is obtained from a mature apple tree of the desired cultivar.

This is allowed to grow for a year. First, a rootstock is produced either as a seedling or cloned using tissue culture or layering. These small trees are usually purchased from a nursery where they are produced by grafting or budding. Apple orchards are established by planting two to four year old trees.

The sweetness and texture of Honeycrisp have been so popular with consumers that Minnesota orchards have been cutting down their established, productive trees to make room for it, a heretofore unheard of practice. Its most important introductions have included Haralson (which is the most widely cultivated apple in Minnesota), Wealthy, Honeygold, and Honeycrisp. For example, the Excelsior Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota has, since the 1930s, introduced a steady progression of important hardy apples that are widely grown, both commercially and by backyard orchardists, throughout Minnesota and Wisconsin. Some breeders have crossed ordinary apples with crabapples or unusually hardy apples in order to produce hardier cultivars.

Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars. Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Apples can also form bud sports (mutations on a single branch). The words "seedling", "pippin", and "kernel" in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling.

Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics. Seedling apples are different from their parents, sometimes radically. Like most perennial fruits, apples are ordinarily propagated asexually by grafting. In recent years, many apple connoisseurs have come to regard the Red Delicious as inferior to cultivars such as Fuji and Gala due to its merely mild flavour and insufficiently firm texture.

state of Washington made its reputation for apple growing on Red Delicious. As an example, the U.S. Tastes in apples vary from one person to another and have changed over time. Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavour are popular in Asia and especially India.

Most North Americans and Europeans favour sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have a strong minority following. Modern apples are, as a rule, sweeter than older cultivars. Cider apples are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavour that dessert apples cannot. Although most cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), some are cultivated specifically for cooking (cooking apples) or producing cider.

Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance are out there to discover; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been kept alive by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Many of them have excellent flavour (often better than most modern cultivars), but may have other problems which make them commercially unviable, such as low yield, liability to disease, or poor tolerance for storage or transport. Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and have a variety of textures and colours.

Other desired qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colourful skin, absence of russeting, ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, typical 'Red Delicious' apple shape, long stem (to allow pesticides to penetrate the top of the fruit), and popular flavour. Commercially-popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Apples do not flower in tropical climates because they have a chilling requirement. Different cultivars are available for temperate and subtropical climates.

There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples. The legendary placename Avalon is thought to come from a Celtic evolution of the same root as the English "apple", as is the name of the town of Avellino, near Naples in Italy. The scientific name malus, on the other hand, comes from the Latin word for apple, and ultimately from the Greek mēlon. The prevailing theory is that "apple" may be one of the most ancient Indo-European words (*abl-) to come down to English in a recognisable form.

The word apple comes from the Old English word aeppel, which in turn has recognisable cognates in a number of the northern branches of the Indo-European language family. Winter apples, picked in late autumn and stored just above freezing, have been an important food in Asia and Europe for millennia, as well as in Argentina and in the United States since the arrival of Europeans. To a greater degree than other tree fruit, except possibly citrus, apples store for months while still retaining much of their nutritive value. The apple tree was probably the earliest tree to be cultivated, and apples have remained an important food in all cooler climates.

domestica, mainly for increased cold tolerance. These and other Malus species have been used in some recent breeding programmes to develop apples suitable for growing in climates unsuitable for M. Other species that were previously thought to have made contributions to the genome of the domestic apples are Malus baccata and Malus sylvestris, but there is no hard evidence for this in older apple cultivars. sieversii, recently planted by the US government at a research facility, resist many diseases and pests that affect domestic apples, and are the subject of continuing research to develop new disease-resistant apples.

Some individual M. This tree is still found wild in the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Xinjiang, China. It has no common name in English, but is known where it is native as "alma"; in fact, the city where it is thought to originate is called Alma-Ata, or "father of the apples". The wild ancestor of Malus domestica is Malus sieversii.