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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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Anton[1] van Leeuwenhoek (October 24, 1632 - August 30, 1723, full name Thonius Philips van Leeuwenhoek) was a tradesman and scientist from Delft, in the Netherlands. Born the son of a basket weaver, he is best known for his contribution to improvement of the microscope and his contributions towards the establishment of cell biology. Using his handcrafted microscope he was the first to observe and describe muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels).

Van Leeuwenhoek ground over 500 optical lenses during his lifetime. He also created over 400 different types of microscopes, only nine of which still exist today. His microscopes were made of silver or copper metal frames holding home-wrought lenses. Those that survived the years are able to magnify up to 270 times. It is suspected, though, that Antoni possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times.

In 1654, he moved back to Delft and started a drapery business, since he had been educated as a textile salesman. He used a magnifying lens to study the quality of the cloth he sold, which magnified at about 3x power. These little devices are up to today still called "thread counters" in Dutch, when literally translated. The microscopes were very minute, and were held by the thumb and index finger. He was introduced to microscopy by Huygens to observe the quality of the fabrics that he sold. His microscope was used and improved by Christiaan Huygens for his own investigations into microscopy. From there, he grew an insatiable interest for the field. He spent his nights studying everything he could and carefully noted his observations.

After this important invention and his thorough use of it, he was introduced to the Royal Society by the famous Dutch Physician Regnier de Graaf. This resulted in his appointment in 1680. Ever since his invitation, he wrote approximately 560 letters to the society and other scientific institutions over a period of 50 years. These letters dealt with the subjects he had investigated. In 1674 he discovered infusoria (dated zoölogical category,) in 1676 he discovered bacteria, in 1677 he discovered spermatozoi and in 1682 he discovered the banded pattern of muscular fibers.

In 1660, Van Leeuwenhoek was appointed chamberlain of the Lord Regents of Delft. Nine years later he obtained a degree in geography, leading to his appointment as geographer in 1679.

He died at 91, on August 30, 1723.

His relation to religion

Antony van Leeuwenhoek was a solid Dutch Reformed, Calvinist. He often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures small and great.[2] He was born into the Dutch Reformed tradition, which had a high view of Scripture and salvation in Jesus, and a firm doctrine of creation. Of his religion, Richard Westfall of Indiana University writes, “He was baptized and buried in Calvinist churches, and his second wife was the daughter of a Calvinist minister.” This tradition, furthermore, understood and encouraged man’s role in the investigation of God’s handiwork in nature. A. Schierbeek, the Editor-in-Chief of the collected letters of Leeuwenhoek, explains that he was part of the ‘New Philosophy’ of scientists like Robert Boyle, who regarded the study of nature as “a work to the glory of God and the benefit of Man.” The newly-formed Royal Society was made up largely of Puritans with similar convictions, from which we can infer Leeuwenhoek shared with them a common bond of belief, since he took great pride in his relationship with the Royal Society, mentioning it on his title pages and even on his tombstone. Schierbeek observes, “His works are full of his admiration of creation and the Creator, a theme which is frequently found in writings of this period; in becoming better acquainted with creation, men wanted to get nearer the Creator, a conviction which is found among many of the early members of the Royal Society.” (Schierbeek, p. 200)[3]. Thus we see again that Christianity was the driving force during the rise of modern science.

Of Leeuwenhoek’s personal faith, Schierbeek says, “To this we must add his deep religious assurance, his complete faith in the ‘All-wise Creator,’ a never-flagging admiration for the perfection of the most minute, hidden mysteries of the work of His hands and the conviction that his researches would surely help to make His Omnipotence more universally known. Without ever lapsing into high-flown phrases he repeatedly gave evidence of his religious faith: ‘Let us lay the hand on our mouth, and reflect that the All-wise hath deemed this needful for the reproduction of all that hath received movement and growth, and so, the why and the wherefore we can but guess after.’” (Schierbeek, p. 31)[4].

It is clear, too, from his stand against non-Christian superstitions such as the doctrine of spontaneous generation, that he held to a Biblical doctrine of creation. He believed it foolish to think his little “animalcules” could have formed by chance, and he worked diligently to prove that all things reproduce after their kind, as the book of Genesis teaches. For example, after working for weeks observing the propagation of insects, Leeuwenhoek stated confidently, “. . . This must appear wonderful, and be a confirmation of the principle, that all living creatures deduce their origin from those which were formed at the Beginning.” (Schierbeek, p. 137)[5]. After another remarkable series of experiments on rotifers in 1702 he concluded:

The preceding kinds of experiments I have repeated many times with the same success, and in particular with some of the sediment which had been kept in my study for about five months. . . From all these observations, we discern most plainly the incomprehensible perfection, the exact order, and the inscrutable providential care with which the most wise Creator and Lord of the Universe had formed the bodies of these animalcules, which are so minute as to escape our sight, to the end that different species of them may be preserved in existence. And this most wonderful disposition of nature with regard to these animalcules for the preservation of their species; which at the same time strikes us with astonishment, must surely convince all of the absurdity of those old opinions, that living creatures can be produced from corruption of putrefaction. (Schierbeek, p. 171)[6]

From Leeuwenhoek’s writings we frequently sense the awe and wonder that can only emanate from a man who has a joyful, personal relationship with God the Creator. Dan Graves, in Scientists of Faith (Kregel, 1996), writes, “He often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures small and great. His virtues were perseverance, simplicity, and stubbornness. He loved truth above any theory, even his own. He asked of his challengers only that they prove their points as he proved his.” Schierbeek says, “Leeuwenhoek was driven by a passionate desire to penetrate more deeply into the mysteries of creation. To him, as to many others of his time, a watch was a greater specimen of craftsmanship than a clock in a tower; this opinion is reflected in his biological views. The microscope gave him the opportunity to study and admire the small organisms, the “animalcules,” and whenever he was able he expressed his admiration of the beautiful things he saw.” (Schierbeek, p. 196)[7][8]

Possible Vermeer connection

Van Leeuwenhoek was a contemporary of that other famous Delft citizen, painter Johannes Vermeer, who was baptized just four days earlier. It has been suggested that he is the man portrayed in two of Vermeer's paintings of the late 1660s, The astronomer and The geographer. Because they were both relatively important men in a city with only 24,000 inhabitants, it is possible that they were at least acquaintances. Also, it is known that Van Leeuwenhoek acted as the executor when the painter died in 1675. However, others argue that there appears to be little physical similarity[9].

Notes

^ The given name Anton can also be found written as Anthon, Anthony, Antonie, Antony, Anthonie, Antoni, and Anthoni.

References

  • ^  Van Berkel, K. (February 24 1996). Vermeer, Van Leeuwenhoek en De Astronoom. Vrij Nederland (Dutch magazine), p. 62–67.
  • ^ http://www.adherents.com/people/pl/Antony_van_Leeuwenhoek.html
  • ^ A. Schierbeek, PhD, Editor-in-Chief of the Collected Letters of A. v. Leeuwenhoek, Formerly Lecturer in the History of Biology in the University of Leyden, Measuring the Invisible World: The Life and Works of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek F R S, Abelard-Schuman (London and New York, 1959), QH 31 L55 S3, LC 59-13233 . This book (223 pp.) contains excerpts of Leeuwenhoek’s letters and focuses on his priority in several new branches of science, but makes several important references to his spiritual life and motivation.
  • ^ http://www.creationsafaris.com/wgcs_2.htm

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^ The given name Anton can also be found written as Anthon, Anthony, Antonie, Antony, Anthonie, Antoni, and Anthoni.. Through 2004, Abreu is a .305 hitter with 166 home runs and 674 RBI in 1167 games. However, others argue that there appears to be little physical similarity[9]. He also posted the league's tenth best OPS (.971) and eight highest in total bases (312). Also, it is known that Van Leeuwenhoek acted as the executor when the painter died in 1675. Abreu finished the season with a .301 average, 30 home runs and 105 RBI, and ranked among the National League top five in five offensive categories: runs (4th, 118), doubles (4th, 47), stolen bases (3rd, 40), walks (2nd, 127) and on base percentage (5th, .428). Because they were both relatively important men in a city with only 24,000 inhabitants, it is possible that they were at least acquaintances. Finally, in 2004, he got his first All-Star berth, being voted in as the "32nd man" in online voting on MLB.com.

It has been suggested that he is the man portrayed in two of Vermeer's paintings of the late 1660s, The astronomer and The geographer. In 2001 Abreu reached career highs in home runs (31) and RBI (110), and hit .308 in 2002 and .300 a year later. Van Leeuwenhoek was a contemporary of that other famous Delft citizen, painter Johannes Vermeer, who was baptized just four days earlier. His .335 average that season ranked third in the National League and was the highest posted by a Phillies player since outfielder Tony González hit .339 in 1967. 196)[7][8]. In 1999 he made a brief run at the batting title. The microscope gave him the opportunity to study and admire the small organisms, the “animalcules,” and whenever he was able he expressed his admiration of the beautiful things he saw.” (Schierbeek, p. In his first season with the Phillies, Abreu led his team with a .312 batting average and collected 17 home runs, 74 RBI, and 19 stolen bases in 151 games, with 271 putouts and 17 assists in right field.

To him, as to many others of his time, a watch was a greater specimen of craftsmanship than a clock in a tower; this opinion is reflected in his biological views. Despite the fact that Astros and Devil Rays both deeming him expendable, Abreu firmly established himself as one of the most promising young hitters and strong-armed rightfielders in the game. He asked of his challengers only that they prove their points as he proved his.” Schierbeek says, “Leeuwenhoek was driven by a passionate desire to penetrate more deeply into the mysteries of creation. Left unprotected in the 1997 expansion draft when Houston decided to keep fellow Venezuelan outfielder Richard Hidalgo, Abreu was selected by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, but minutes later he was traded to the Phillies for shortstop Kevin Stocker. He loved truth above any theory, even his own. He played only 74 games over two seasons. His virtues were perseverance, simplicity, and stubbornness. Abreu started his major league career with the Houston Astros on September 1, 1996.

Dan Graves, in Scientists of Faith (Kregel, 1996), writes, “He often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures small and great. . From Leeuwenhoek’s writings we frequently sense the awe and wonder that can only emanate from a man who has a joyful, personal relationship with God the Creator.
. 171)[6]. He bats left-handed and throws right-handed. (Schierbeek, p. Bob Kelly Abreu [ah-BRAY-oo] (born March 11, 1974 in Maracay, Aragua State, Venezuela) is a Major League Baseball right fielder who plays for the Philadelphia Phillies.

And this most wonderful disposition of nature with regard to these animalcules for the preservation of their species; which at the same time strikes us with astonishment, must surely convince all of the absurdity of those old opinions, that living creatures can be produced from corruption of putrefaction. Abreu is the first player in Phillies history and the first Venezuelan big leaguer to ever steal 30 bases and hit 30 home runs in one single season. From all these observations, we discern most plainly the incomprehensible perfection, the exact order, and the inscrutable providential care with which the most wise Creator and Lord of the Universe had formed the bodies of these animalcules, which are so minute as to escape our sight, to the end that different species of them may be preserved in existence. The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum displays the bat used by Abreu to hit the first home run in the Phillies’ new ballpark, Citizens Bank Park on April 12, 2004. The preceding kinds of experiments I have repeated many times with the same success, and in particular with some of the sediment which had been kept in my study for about five months. Abreu's longest homer was measured at 517'. After another remarkable series of experiments on rotifers in 1702 he concluded:. He set records with 24 home runs in a single round and 41 overall, topping Miguel Tejada's previous marks of 15 and 27, set a year earlier.

137)[5]. At Comerica Park –a field normally considered a "pitcher's park"–, Abreu won the Home Run Derby. This must appear wonderful, and be a confirmation of the principle, that all living creatures deduce their origin from those which were formed at the Beginning.” (Schierbeek, p. Louis Cardinals Jim Edmonds. For example, after working for weeks observing the propagation of insects, Leeuwenhoek stated confidently, “. Abreu was voted a starter of the NL outfield for the All-Star Game, finishing second in fan voting, behind St. He believed it foolish to think his little “animalcules” could have formed by chance, and he worked diligently to prove that all things reproduce after their kind, as the book of Genesis teaches. He also became the first player in major league history to hit nine home runs in a 10-game stretch.

It is clear, too, from his stand against non-Christian superstitions such as the doctrine of spontaneous generation, that he held to a Biblical doctrine of creation. Abreu also led the NL in slugging average (.792), on-base percentage (.535), walks (30) and was tied for the league lead with 30 RBI. 31)[4]. In May, Abreu was honored as the Player of the Month in the National League, after hit .396 and 11 home runs. Without ever lapsing into high-flown phrases he repeatedly gave evidence of his religious faith: ‘Let us lay the hand on our mouth, and reflect that the All-wise hath deemed this needful for the reproduction of all that hath received movement and growth, and so, the why and the wherefore we can but guess after.’” (Schierbeek, p. Bobby Bonds had seven straight 20/20 seasons (1969-75), while his son Barry had nine in a row (1990-98). Of Leeuwenhoek’s personal faith, Schierbeek says, “To this we must add his deep religious assurance, his complete faith in the ‘All-wise Creator,’ a never-flagging admiration for the perfection of the most minute, hidden mysteries of the work of His hands and the conviction that his researches would surely help to make His Omnipotence more universally known. One of three ML players with seven consecutive 20-HR, 20 stolen base seasons.

Thus we see again that Christianity was the driving force during the rise of modern science. .929 career OPS [18th among active players, 39th on the all-time list] (1996-2004). 200)[3]. .517 career slugging average [25th between active players, 62nd on the all-time list] (1996-2004). Schierbeek observes, “His works are full of his admiration of creation and the Creator, a theme which is frequently found in writings of this period; in becoming better acquainted with creation, men wanted to get nearer the Creator, a conviction which is found among many of the early members of the Royal Society.” (Schierbeek, p. .412 career on base percentage [6th among active players, 30th on all-time list] (1996-2004). Schierbeek, the Editor-in-Chief of the collected letters of Leeuwenhoek, explains that he was part of the ‘New Philosophy’ of scientists like Robert Boyle, who regarded the study of nature as “a work to the glory of God and the benefit of Man.” The newly-formed Royal Society was made up largely of Puritans with similar convictions, from which we can infer Leeuwenhoek shared with them a common bond of belief, since he took great pride in his relationship with the Royal Society, mentioning it on his title pages and even on his tombstone. 210 career stolen bases [ranks him 25th among active players] (1996-2004).

A. Rested only in 12 games in four consecutive seasons (2001-04). Of his religion, Richard Westfall of Indiana University writes, “He was baptized and buried in Calvinist churches, and his second wife was the daughter of a Calvinist minister.” This tradition, furthermore, understood and encouraged man’s role in the investigation of God’s handiwork in nature. Led league in games played (162, 2001). He often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures small and great.[2] He was born into the Dutch Reformed tradition, which had a high view of Scripture and salvation in Jesus, and a firm doctrine of creation. 7-time top 10 in walks (1998-2004). Antony van Leeuwenhoek was a solid Dutch Reformed, Calvinist. Twice reached the 30-30 club (2001, 2004).

. 6-time hit .300 or more in seven regular seasons (1998-2000, 2002-04). He died at 91, on August 30, 1723. Led league in power/speed number (34.3, 2004). Nine years later he obtained a degree in geography, leading to his appointment as geographer in 1679. Led league in triples (11, 1999). In 1660, Van Leeuwenhoek was appointed chamberlain of the Lord Regents of Delft. Led league in doubles (50, 2002).

In 1674 he discovered infusoria (dated zoölogical category,) in 1676 he discovered bacteria, in 1677 he discovered spermatozoi and in 1682 he discovered the banded pattern of muscular fibers. Silver Slugger Award (2004). These letters dealt with the subjects he had investigated. Twice All-Star (2004-05). Ever since his invitation, he wrote approximately 560 letters to the society and other scientific institutions over a period of 50 years. This resulted in his appointment in 1680.

After this important invention and his thorough use of it, he was introduced to the Royal Society by the famous Dutch Physician Regnier de Graaf. He spent his nights studying everything he could and carefully noted his observations. From there, he grew an insatiable interest for the field. His microscope was used and improved by Christiaan Huygens for his own investigations into microscopy.

He was introduced to microscopy by Huygens to observe the quality of the fabrics that he sold. The microscopes were very minute, and were held by the thumb and index finger. These little devices are up to today still called "thread counters" in Dutch, when literally translated. He used a magnifying lens to study the quality of the cloth he sold, which magnified at about 3x power.

In 1654, he moved back to Delft and started a drapery business, since he had been educated as a textile salesman. It is suspected, though, that Antoni possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times. Those that survived the years are able to magnify up to 270 times. His microscopes were made of silver or copper metal frames holding home-wrought lenses.

He also created over 400 different types of microscopes, only nine of which still exist today. Van Leeuwenhoek ground over 500 optical lenses during his lifetime. Using his handcrafted microscope he was the first to observe and describe muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels). Born the son of a basket weaver, he is best known for his contribution to improvement of the microscope and his contributions towards the establishment of cell biology.

Anton[1] van Leeuwenhoek (October 24, 1632 - August 30, 1723, full name Thonius Philips van Leeuwenhoek) was a tradesman and scientist from Delft, in the Netherlands. ^ http://www.creationsafaris.com/wgcs_2.htm. This book (223 pp.) contains excerpts of Leeuwenhoek’s letters and focuses on his priority in several new branches of science, but makes several important references to his spiritual life and motivation. Leeuwenhoek, Formerly Lecturer in the History of Biology in the University of Leyden, Measuring the Invisible World: The Life and Works of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek F R S, Abelard-Schuman (London and New York, 1959), QH 31 L55 S3, LC 59-13233 .

v. Schierbeek, PhD, Editor-in-Chief of the Collected Letters of A. ^ A. ^ http://www.adherents.com/people/pl/Antony_van_Leeuwenhoek.html.

62–67. Vrij Nederland (Dutch magazine), p. Vermeer, Van Leeuwenhoek en De Astronoom. (February 24 1996).

^  Van Berkel, K.