Anton van Leeuwenhoek

^ The given name Anton can also be found written as Anthon, Anthony, Antonie, Antony, Anthonie, Antoni, and Anthoni.. The men among Magellan's expedition were also the first Europeans to observe the following:. However, others argue that there appears to be little physical similarity^[9]. Magellan's expedition was the first to circumnavigate the globe and the first to navigate the strait in South America connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Also, it is known that Van Leeuwenhoek acted as the executor when the painter died in 1675. Four crewmen of the original 55 on the Trinidad finally returned to Spain in 1525. Because they were both relatively important men in a city with only 24,000 inhabitants, it is possible that they were at least acquaintances. The expedition actually eked out a small profit, but the crew were not paid their full wages.

It has been suggested that he is the man portrayed in two of Vermeer's paintings of the late 1660s, The astronomer and The geographer. On September 6, 1522, Juan Sebastián de Elcano and the remaining crew of Magellan's voyage and the last ship of the fleet, Victoria, arrived in Spain, almost exactly three years after leaving. Van Leeuwenhoek was a contemporary of that other famous Delft citizen, painter Johannes Vermeer, who was baptized just four days earlier. Twenty crewmen died of starvation before Elcano put in to the Cape Verde Islands, a Portuguese holding, where he abandoned 13 more crewmen July 9 in fear of losing his cargo of 26 tons of spices (cloves and cinnamon). 196)^[7][8]. By May 6, 1522, the Victoria, commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, with only rice for rations. The microscope gave him the opportunity to study and admire the small organisms, the “animalcules,” and whenever he was able he expressed his admiration of the beautiful things he saw.” (Schierbeek, p. The Victoria set sail via the Indian Ocean route home on December 21, 1521.

To him, as to many others of his time, a watch was a greater specimen of craftsmanship than a clock in a tower; this opinion is reflected in his biological views. This attempt failed; the ship was captured by the Portuguese, and was eventually wrecked in a storm while at anchor under Portuguese control. He asked of his challengers only that they prove their points as he proved his.” Schierbeek says, “Leeuwenhoek was driven by a passionate desire to penetrate more deeply into the mysteries of creation. Several weeks later, Trinidad left the Moluccas to attempt to return to Spain via the Pacific route. He loved truth above any theory, even his own. As a result, Victoria with some of the crew sailed west for Spain. His virtues were perseverance, simplicity, and stubbornness. The small Victoria was not large enough to accommodate all the surviving crewmembers.

Dan Graves, in Scientists of Faith (Kregel, 1996), writes, “He often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures small and great. They concluded that the Trinidad would need to spend considerable time being overhauled. From Leeuwenhoek’s writings we frequently sense the awe and wonder that can only emanate from a man who has a joyful, personal relationship with God the Creator. The crew tried to discover and repair the leak, but failed. 171)^[6]. As they left the Moluccas, however, Trinidad was found to be taking on water. (Schierbeek, p. The two remaining ships, laden with valuable spices, attempted to return to Spain by sailing west.

And this most wonderful disposition of nature with regard to these animalcules for the preservation of their species; which at the same time strikes us with astonishment, must surely convince all of the absurdity of those old opinions, that living creatures can be produced from corruption of putrefaction. They managed to trade with the Sultan of Tidore, a rival of the Sultan of Ternate, who was the ally of the Portuguese. From all these observations, we discern most plainly the incomprehensible perfection, the exact order, and the inscrutable providential care with which the most wise Creator and Lord of the Universe had formed the bodies of these animalcules, which are so minute as to escape our sight, to the end that different species of them may be preserved in existence. After reaching the Moluccas (the Spice Islands) November 6, 1521, 115 crew were left. The preceding kinds of experiments I have repeated many times with the same success, and in particular with some of the sediment which had been kept in my study for about five months. Pigafetta mentions some of the technology of the court, such as porcelain (which was not yet widely available in Europe), and spectacles (eye-glasses were only just becoming available in Europe). After another remarkable series of experiments on rotifers in 1702 he concluded:. Brunei disdained the cloves which were to prove more valuable than gold, upon the return to Spain.

137)^[5]. In addition, Brunei boasted tame elephants and armament of 62 cannon, more than 5 times the armament of Magellan's ships. This must appear wonderful, and be a confirmation of the principle, that all living creatures deduce their origin from those which were formed at the Beginning.” (Schierbeek, p. They anchored off the Brunei breakwater for 35 days, where the Venetian Pigafetta mentions the splendor of Rajah Siripada's court (gold, two pearls the size of hens' eggs, etc.). For example, after working for weeks observing the propagation of insects, Leeuwenhoek stated confidently, “. They left that island on June 21, 1521, and were guided to Brunei, Borneo by Moro pilots, who could navigate the shallow seas. He believed it foolish to think his little “animalcules” could have formed by chance, and he worked diligently to prove that all things reproduce after their kind, as the book of Genesis teaches. The fleet, now reduced to Trinidad and Victoria, fled westward to Palawan.

It is clear, too, from his stand against non-Christian superstitions such as the doctrine of spontaneous generation, that he held to a Biblical doctrine of creation. Accordingly, on May 2, 1521, they abandoned Concepcion, burning the ship to make sure it could not be used against them. 31)^[4]. The casualties suffered in the Philippines left the expedition with too few men to sail the three remaining ships. Without ever lapsing into high-flown phrases he repeatedly gave evidence of his religious faith: ‘Let us lay the hand on our mouth, and reflect that the All-wise hath deemed this needful for the reproduction of all that hath received movement and growth, and so, the why and the wherefore we can but guess after.’” (Schierbeek, p. However, Antonio Pigafetta had been making notes about the language, and was apparently able to continue communications during the rest of the voyage. Of Leeuwenhoek’s personal faith, Schierbeek says, “To this we must add his deep religious assurance, his complete faith in the ‘All-wise Creator,’ a never-flagging admiration for the perfection of the most minute, hidden mysteries of the work of His hands and the conviction that his researches would surely help to make His Omnipotence more universally known. Enrique escaped his indenture on May 1, with the aid of Rajah Humabon, amid the deaths of almost 30 crewmen.

Thus we see again that Christianity was the driving force during the rise of modern science. However, after Mactan, the remaining ship's masters refused to free Enrique. 200)^[3]. Enrique was indentured by Magellan during his earlier voyages to Malacca, and was at his side during the battles in Africa, during Magellan's disgrace at the King's court in Portugal, and during Magellan's successful raising of a fleet. Schierbeek observes, “His works are full of his admiration of creation and the Creator, a theme which is frequently found in writings of this period; in becoming better acquainted with creation, men wanted to get nearer the Creator, a conviction which is found among many of the early members of the Royal Society.” (Schierbeek, p. Thus Enrique became the first man to circumnavigate the globe (in multiple voyages). Schierbeek, the Editor-in-Chief of the collected letters of Leeuwenhoek, explains that he was part of the ‘New Philosophy’ of scientists like Robert Boyle, who regarded the study of nature as “a work to the glory of God and the benefit of Man.” The newly-formed Royal Society was made up largely of Puritans with similar convictions, from which we can infer Leeuwenhoek shared with them a common bond of belief, since he took great pride in his relationship with the Royal Society, mentioning it on his title pages and even on his tombstone. His interpreter, who was baptized Enrique (Henry) in Malacca 1511, had been captured by Sumatran slavers from his home islands.

A. Magellan had provided in his will that his Malay interpreter was to be freed upon his death. Of his religion, Richard Westfall of Indiana University writes, “He was baptized and buried in Calvinist churches, and his second wife was the daughter of a Calvinist minister.” This tradition, furthermore, understood and encouraged man’s role in the investigation of God’s handiwork in nature. Antonio Pigafetta, a wealthy tourist who paid to be on the Magellan voyage, provided the only extant eyewitness account of the events culminating in Magellan's death, as follows:. He often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures small and great.^[2] He was born into the Dutch Reformed tradition, which had a high view of Scripture and salvation in Jesus, and a firm doctrine of creation. Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan, against indigenous forces led by Lapu-Lapu, on April 27, 1521. Antony van Leeuwenhoek was a solid Dutch Reformed, Calvinist. The initial peace with the Philippine natives proved misleading.

. Rajah Humabon of Cebu was friendly to them, and even agreed to accept Christianity. He died at 91, on August 30, 1723. They traded gifts with Rajah Kolambu of Limasawa, who guided them to Cebu, on April 7. Nine years later he obtained a degree in geography, leading to his appointment as geographer in 1679. Magellan was able to communicate with the native peoples because his Malay interpreter could understand their language. In 1660, Van Leeuwenhoek was appointed chamberlain of the Lord Regents of Delft. On 6 March, they reached the Marianas and on 16 March, the island of Homonhon in the Philippines, with 150 crewmen left.

In 1674 he discovered infusoria (dated zoölogical category,) in 1676 he discovered bacteria, in 1677 he discovered spermatozoi and in 1682 he discovered the banded pattern of muscular fibers. Heading northwest, the crew reached the equator on 13 February 1521. These letters dealt with the subjects he had investigated. Magellan named the waters the Mar Pacifico (Pacific Ocean) because of its apparent stillness. Ever since his invitation, he wrote approximately 560 letters to the society and other scientific institutions over a period of 50 years. On November 28, the three remaining ships entered the South Pacific. This resulted in his appointment in 1680. Magellan first assigned Concepcion and San Antonio to explore the strait, but the latter, commanded by Gomez, deserted and returned to Spain.

After this important invention and his thorough use of it, he was introduced to the Royal Society by the famous Dutch Physician Regnier de Graaf. Now, the strait is named the Strait of Magellan. He spent his nights studying everything he could and carefully noted his observations. Four ships began an arduous passage through the 373-mile long passage that Magellan called the Estreito (Canal) de Todos los Santos, or "All Saints' Channel," because All Saints' Day, 1 November, occurred while the fleet traveled through it. From there, he grew an insatiable interest for the field. At 52° South latitude on 21 October 1520, the fleet reached Cape Virgenes and concluded they had found the passage, because the waters were brine and deep inland. His microscope was used and improved by Christiaan Huygens for his own investigations into microscopy. After this experience, Magellan decided to wait for a few weeks more before again resuming the voyage.

He was introduced to microscopy by Huygens to observe the quality of the fabrics that he sold. Two of them returned, overland, to inform Magellan of what had happened, and bring rescue to their comrades. The microscopes were very minute, and were held by the thumb and index finger. All of its crewmembers survived and made it safely to shore. These little devices are up to today still called "thread counters" in Dutch, when literally translated. Santiago, sent down the coast on a scouting expedition, was wrecked in a sudden storm. He used a magnifying lens to study the quality of the cloth he sold, which magnified at about 3x power. Magellan, behind schedule, was impatient to make up for lost time, and set out again while the weather still posed problems.

In 1654, he moved back to Delft and started a drapery business, since he had been educated as a textile salesman. On 24 August the journey resumed. It is suspected, though, that Antoni possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times. Quesada and Mendoza were executed, and Cartagena and a priest were marooned on the coast. Those that survived the years are able to magnify up to 270 times. It was unsuccessful, mainly because the crew remained loyal. His microscopes were made of silver or copper metal frames holding home-wrought lenses. A mutiny involving three of the five ship captains broke out.

He also created over 400 different types of microscopes, only nine of which still exist today. On 31 March the crew established a settlement that they called Puerto San Julian. Van Leeuwenhoek ground over 500 optical lenses during his lifetime. Magellan decided to spend the winter in Patagonia. Using his handcrafted microscope he was the first to observe and describe muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels). It was already late in the season, however, and the southern winter struck while they were still on the Argentinian coast. Born the son of a basket weaver, he is best known for his contribution to improvement of the microscope and his contributions towards the establishment of cell biology. The fleet reached Río de la Plata on January 10, 1520.

Anton^[1] van Leeuwenhoek (October 24, 1632 - August 30, 1723, full name Thonius Philips van Leeuwenhoek) was a tradesman and scientist from Delft, in the Netherlands. Afterwards, they continued to sail south along South America's east coast, looking for the strait that Magellan believed would lead to the Spice Islands. ^ http://www.creationsafaris.com/wgcs_2.htm. There the fleet was resupplied, but these good conditions caused them to delay. This book (223 pp.) contains excerpts of Leeuwenhoek’s letters and focuses on his priority in several new branches of science, but makes several important references to his spiritual life and motivation. Since Brazil was Portuguese territory at the time, Magellan avoided it, and on December 13 anchored near present-day Rio de Janeiro, where the weather and the natives were generally friendly. Leeuwenhoek, Formerly Lecturer in the History of Biology in the University of Leyden, Measuring the Invisible World: The Life and Works of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek F R S, Abelard-Schuman (London and New York, 1959), QH 31 L55 S3, LC 59-13233 . On November 20, the equator was crossed; on December 6, the crew sighted Brazil.

v. Augustine in Brazil. Schierbeek, PhD, Editor-in-Chief of the Collected Letters of A. After a brief stop at the Canary Islands, Magellan arrived at the Cape Verde Islands, where they set course for Cape St. ^ A. Upon hearing of his departure, King Manuel ordered a naval detachment to pursue him, but Magellan eluded the Portuguese. ^ http://www.adherents.com/people/pl/Antony_van_Leeuwenhoek.html. Spanish authorities were wary of the Portuguese admiral and almost prevented Magellan from sailing, but on September 20, Magellan set sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda with 270 men.

62–67. On 10 August 1519, the fleet of five ships under Magellan's command left Seville and traveled south from the Guadalquivir River to San Lucar de Barrameda at the mouth of the rivers, where they remained more than five weeks. Vrij Nederland (Dutch magazine), p. Trinidad was Magellan's flagship, and besides Faleiro the captains for the other four were Juan de Cartegena, Gomez, Gaspar de Quesada and Luis de Mendoza, respectively. Vermeer, Van Leeuwenhoek en De Astronoom. With the money that Magellan and Faleiro had received from the king, the pair obtained five ships: Trinidad (tonnage 110, crew 55), San Antonio (tonnage 120, crew 60), Concepcion (tonnage 90, crew 45), Victoria (tonnage 85, crew 42), and Santiago (tonnage 75, crew 32). (February 24 1996). Magellan also took an oath of allegiance in the church of Santa María de la Victoria de Triana, giving money to the monks of the monastery so they would pray for his success.

^  Van Berkel, K. Under the contract, Magellan and Faleiro, as joint captains-general, would receive one-twentieth of all profits and they and their heirs would gain the government of any lands discovered, with the title of Adelantados. On 22 March 1518, King Charles approved Magellan's plan and granted him generous funds. Ruy Faleiro, an astronomer and Portuguese exile, aided him in his planning, and he found an invaluable financial ally in Christopher de Haro, a member of a great Antwerp firm who had a grudge against the king of Portugal. He allegedly declared himself ready to sail southwards to 75° to realize his project.

He decided to pioneer this route to reach the Moluccas (Spice Islands), the key to the strategic and tremendously lucrative spice trade. Having brought the Portuguese cartographical knowledge to the Spanish court, Magellan pointed out that there would exist a passage from South America, which he thought to be the Rio de la Plata, to the Pacific Ocean, forming a large bay-like river delta. Acquiring great influence in Seville, he gained the ear of Charles and the powerful Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca, bishop of Burgos and the persistent enemy of Christopher Columbus. With the help of Juan de Aranda, one of the three chief officials of Seville's India House, and of other friends, especially Diogo Barbosa, a Portuguese and father of Duarte Barbosa, Magellan became naturalized as a Spaniard.

Magellan reached Seville, the main port of Spain, on 20 October 1517, and from there went to Valladolid to see the teenage king, Charles I (later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V). Magellan formally renounced his nationality and went to offer his services to the court of Spain, changing his name from "Fernão de Magalhães" to "Hernándo de Magallanes.". The King also told Magellan that he would have no further employment in his country's service after May 15, 1514. Several of the accusations were subsequently dropped, but Magellan fell into disfavor with King Manuel I, who refused to raise Magellan's pension.

He had also been involved in conflict with Almeida: after Magellan took a leave of the army without permission, Almeida gave a poor report on the sailor to the Portuguese court. Although wounded and the recipient of several medals, Magellan was accused of illegal trade with the Islamic Moors. In 1511, Magellan was sent to Morocco where he fought in the Battle of Azamor (August 28 and 29, 1513) and received a severe knee wound while fighting against the Moorish-Moroccan stronghold. However, after secretly sailing a ship east without permission, he lost his command and was forced to return to Portugal.

In 1510, Magellan was promoted to the rank of captain. Magellan next journeyed to the East Indies in 1506, taking part in expeditions to the Spice Islands. It was here that Magellan would also first experience battle: when a local king refused to pay tribute, Almeida's party attacked, conquering the Muslim city of Kilwa in present-day Tanzania. In 1505 he was sent to India to install Francisco de Almeida as a Portuguese viceroy there and establish military and naval bases along the way.

At age 20, Magellan first went to sea. In 1496, Magellan became a squire. Some speculate that he may even have been taught by Martin Behaim. Here, with his cousin Francisco Serrano, Magellan continued his education, becoming interested in geography and astronomy.

At 12, Magellan became a page to King John II and Queen Eleonora at the royal court at the capital of Lisbon, where his brother had gone two years before. Magellan's parents died when he was ten. The son of Pedro Rui de Magalhães, the mayor of the town, and Alda de Mesquita, Magellan had two siblings: his brother Diogo de Sousa, named after his grandmother, and his sister Isabel. Magellan was born in Sabrosa (near Vila Real, in the province of Trás-os-Montes of north Portugal) or in Porto.

. Eighteen members of his crew and one ship of the fleet did return to Spain in 1522, having circumnavigated the globe. Though Magellan is often credited with being the first to circle the globe, he himself died in the Philippines and never returned to Europe. He was the first to sail from Europe westwards to Asia, the first European to sail the Pacific Ocean, and the first to lead an expedition for the purpose of circumnavigating the globe.

Ferdinand Magellan (Spring 1480 – April 27, 1521; Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães; Spanish: Fernando or Hernando de Magallanes) was a Portuguese sea explorer who sailed for Spain. Richard Humble, The Voyage of Magellan, (1988) Franklin Watts, ISBN 0-531-10638-1. W.D.Brownlee, The First Ships around the World, (1977) Lerner Publications Co., Minneapolis ISBN 0-8225-1204-1. For student readers