Amber

Chemawinite or cedarite is an amber-like resin from the Saskatchewan river in Canada. In 1942, Ruth was asked to play a part (as himself, in his athletic prime) in the film The Pride of the Yankees, a film biography of. Schraufite is a reddish resin from the Carpathian sandstone, and it occurs with |jet in the Cretaceous rocks of the Lebanon; ambrite is a resin found in many of the coals of New Zealand; retinite occurs in the lignite of Bovey Tracey in Devonshire and elsewhere; whilst copaline has been found in the London clay of Highgate in North London. By this time Ruth's weight had ballooned to over 270 pounds (122 kg). Many other fossil resins more or less allied to amber have been described. It was not diagnosed then, but Ruth had probably suffered a mild heart attack, and about a year later, he suffered another similar attack. Besides succinite, which is the common variety of European amber, the following varieties also occur:. During a round of golf with his playing partner Ben Curry, Ruth said to him, "I feel terrible." He was taken to the clubhouse where a doctor observed his condition.

These Central American ambers are formed from the resins of Legume trees (Hymenea) and not conifers. In 1939, all the years of fast living began to show signs of catching up with Ruth. Blue amber is recorded in the Dominican Republic. The coaching position was the last time Ruth would have a job in major league baseball. A fluorescent amber occurs in the southern state of Chiapas in Mexico, and is used extensively to create eye-catching jewellery. Ruth never got along with Durocher, and he quit at the end of the season. Amber and certain similar substances are found to a limited extent at several localities in the United States, as in the green-sand of New Jersey, but they have little or no economic value. Ruth took the job, perhaps thinking he would have a chance to manage the Dodgers in the future, but MacPhail had clearly stated to Ruth that Leo Durocher was being groomed to take over the managerial reigns of the Dodgers for next season.

It was re-created in 2003. The Dodgers attendance was lagging, and MacPhail hired Ruth for the sole purpose of getting people to the ballpark. It is presumed lost. The closest Ruth ever came to managing was when Brooklyn Dodgers general manager Larry MacPhail offered him a first base coaching job in June 1938. What happened to the room beyond this point is unclear. He would never be given the chance. The room was hidden in place from invading Nazi forces in 1941, who upon finding it in the Cathrine Palace, disassembled it and moved it to Königsberg. He spent much time on the golf course, dabbled in a few other things, but his heart was set on managing a big league club.

The Amber Room was a collection of chamber wall panels commissioned in 1701 for the king of Prussia, then given to Tsar Peter the Great. He had more than enough money, but he missed the game. Amber was carried to Olbia on the Black Sea, Massilia (today Marseille) on the Mediterranean, and Hatria at the head of the Adriatic; and from these centres it was distributed over the Hellenic world. Retirement was often unsettling for Ruth. Some of the amber districts of the Baltic and North Sea were known in prehistoric times, and led to early trade with the south of Europe. In 1936, Ruth was one of the first five players elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Amber has indeed a very wide distribution, extending over a large part of northern Europe and occurring as far east as the Urals. Although many of his batting records have been surpassed, a strong case can be made that Ruth still owns the greatest career batting numbers of any player in baseball history, and a major reason why Ruth's name grew into an almost legendary and iconic figure.

On the shores of the Baltic it occurs not only on the German and Polish coast but in the south of Sweden, in Bornholm and other islands, and in southern Finland. Over the years, Ruth's image, and even his 60 and 714 numbers, grew into an almost sacred status among some fans, so much so that when Roger Maris and Hank Aaron both approached, and eventually surpassed both these records, respectively, both men were deluged with hate mail. On the other side of the North Sea, amber is found at various localities on the coast of the Netherlands and Denmark. It took many decades, but, except for his career slugging average, all of these major records have fallen, including the fabled 60 and 714 home run marks. Cromer is the best-known locality, but it occurs also on other parts of the Norfolk coast, as well as at Great Yarmouth, Southwold, Aldeburgh and Felixstowe in Suffolk, and as far south as Walton-on-the-Naze in Essex, whilst northwards it is not unknown in Yorkshire. His career home run total at his retirement was twice that of the next nearest player, Lou Gehrig. Rolled pieces of amber, usually small but occasionally of very large size, may be picked up on the east coast of England, having probably been washed up from deposits under the North Sea. He held the records for career bases on balls (2,062), bases on balls in a season (170), on-base percentage (.474, although a statistic not yet created during Ruth's era), career RBIs (2,213), career slugging average (.690), slugging average in a season (.847), home runs in a season (60), home run ratio (1 every 11.76 at bats), and career home runs (714).

It is still believed to possess a certain medicinal virtue. When Ruth retired in 1935, many of his major batting records seemed almost untouchable. Beads of amber occur with Anglo-Saxon relics in the south of England; and up to a comparatively recent period the material was valued as an amulet. The season for the Braves was a complete disaster, as they finished 38–115, a .248 winning percentage, the third worst percentage in major league history. A remarkably fine cup turned in amber from a bronze-age barrow at Hove is now in the Brighton Museum. Ruth played in only 28 games and batted a dismal .181 in 72 at-bats while striking out 24 times in his last season as a player. It has been found in Mycenaean tombs; it is known from lake-dwellings in Switzerland, and it occurs with neolithic remains in Denmark, whilst in England it is found with interments of the bronze age. Fuchs, who was deeply in debt, saw revenue and attendance continue to fall, and soon lost ownership control of the team.

Amber was much valued as an ornamental material in very early times. On June 1, after having had another argument with Fuchs, Ruth stated to reporters, "I'm quitting." The experiment with Fuchs, Ruth and the Braves was a complete failure for all parties. True amber is sometimes coloured artificially. Fuchs blamed Ruth for the Braves' failures, and Ruth believed Fuchs had lied to him about the Braves franchise. Amber has often been imitated by other resins like copal and kauri, as well as by celluloid and even glass. Fuchs and Ruth's relationship soured badly. This pressed amber yields brilliant interference colours in polarized light. Ruth would never play another big league game.

The product is extensively used for the production of cheap jewellery and articles for smoking. He struck out in the first inning and, while playing the field in the same inning, hurt his knee and left the game. The pieces are carefully heated with exclusion of air and then compressed into a uniform mass by intense hydraulic pressure; the softened amber being forced through holes in a metal plate. He hung on for another few days, and on May 30 in Philadelphia, played in his last major league game. Small fragments, formerly thrown away or used only for varnish, are now utilized on a large scale in the formation of "ambroid" or "pressed amber". It was his 714th and last home run, and last hit. Cloudy amber may be clarified in an oil-bath, as the oil fills the numerous pores to which the turbidity is due. The last home run was said to be the longest ball ever hit at Forbes Field.

Two pieces of amber may be united by smearing the surfaces with linseed oil, heating them, and then pressing them together while hot. He went 4–4, drove in 6 runs, and hit 3 home runs in an 11–7 loss to the Pirates. When gradually heated in an oil-bath, amber becomes soft and flexible. On May 25, 1935, at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Ruth gave one last glimpse of how great a player he was. During the working much electricity is developed. Seeing a franchise in disarray, Ruth soon realized that Fuch's promise of a stake in the Braves profits was a lot of hot air, as there would be few profits for a losing team that had little fan support. In working amber, it is turned on the lathe and polished with whitening and water or with rotten stone and oil, the final lustre being given by friction with flannel. Ruth was also miffed that Mckechnie ignored any of his managerial advice.

Some of the best qualities are sent to Vienna for the manufacture of smoking appliances. The Braves were as bad as they had ever been, and the few fans that showed up booed the team. The variety most valued in the East is the pale straw-coloured, slightly cloudy amber. Ruth completely stopped hitting, was clumsy in the field, and soon missed a dozen or so games. It is regarded by the Turks as specially valuable, inasmuch as it is said to be incapable of transmitting infection as the pipe passes from mouth to mouth. The euphoria quickly died away. Amber is extensively used for beads and other ornaments, and for cigar-holders and the mouth-pieces of pipes. It was just one game, but fan excitement for the Braves was as high as it had ever been.

The sea-worn amber has lost its crust, but has often acquired a dull rough surface by rolling in sand. On opening day before a home capacity crowd of over 25,000, Ruth was responsible for all the Braves runs in a 4–2 win over Carl Hubbell and the New York Giants. The nodules from the blue earth have to be freed from matrix and divested of their opaque crust, which can be done in revolving barrels containing sand and water. All parties seemed happy with the deal, and with much media hoopla, Ruth returned to the city that gave him his major league start. The pit amber was formerly dug in open works, but is now also worked by underground galleries. Fuchs promised Ruth a share in the team's profits, a managerial job as assistant to Braves manager Bill Mckechnie (with a good chance to succeed him next year), and Ruth could play whenever he wanted. At the present time extensive mining operations are conducted in quest of amber. Fuchs was very interested in Ruth and worked out a complex deal with Barrow and Ruppert to get Ruth in February, 1935.

Systematic dredging on a large scale was at one time carried on in the Kurisches Haff by Messrs Stantien and Becker, the great amber merchants of Königsberg. A perennial cellar-dweller, the Braves had improved somewhat, but the Depression had killed off attendance and Fuchs was desperate to revive fan interest and revenue. Divers have been employed to collect amber from the deeper waters. In 1935, Boston Braves owner Emil Fuchs was looking to jumpstart the Braves franchise. Sometimes the searchers wade into the sea, furnished with nets at the end of long poles, by means of which they drag in the sea-weed containing entangled masses of amber; or they dredge from boats in shallow water and rake up amber from between the boulders. The tour in Japan was a complete success, and in just a couple of years, Japan organized its first professional baseball league, the Japan Professional Baseball Association. Pieces of amber torn from the sea-floor are cast up by the waves, and collected at ebb-tide. Both sites had been sold out for weeks, and Ruth would excite the huge crowds with 13 home runs in the 17 games.

Although amber is found along the shores of a large part of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, the great amber-producing country is the promontory of Samland, now part of Russia. The games were played in two different stadiums: Tokyo's Meiji-Jingu Stadium which held over 60,000 fans and Koshien Stadium near Kobe which held over 80,000. In the Dominican Republic exists a type of amber known as the Blue Amber. Riding in a car in Tokyo, Ruth waved the American and Japanese flags, and a crowd of Japanese waved American flags back at him. Bony amber owes its cloudy opacity to minute bubbles in the interior of the resin. Baseball had been big in Japan for decades, so many Japanese baseball fans were well aware of Ruth. The so-called black amber is only a kind of jet. Ruth was by far the most popular American player in Japan, and over a half a million Japanese greeted him on his arrival.

Enclosures of pyrites may give a bluish colour to amber. Seventeen of the games were played in Japan, and the reception there was completely enthusiastic. Impurities are quite often present, especially when the resin dropped on to the ground, so that the material may be useless except for varnish-making, whence the impure amber is called firniss. Players such as Jimmie Foxx, Lefty Gomez, Earl Averill, Charlie Gehringer, and Lou Gehrig were among 14 players who played a series of 22 games. The abnormal development of resin has been called succinosis. After the 1934 season, Ruth went on a baseball barnstorming tour in the Far East. Sometimes the amber retains the form of drops and stalactites, just as it exuded from the ducts and receptacles of the injured trees. His last appearances around various cities was understood as his farewell tour, and a fairly large crowd turned out to see his last game at Yankee Stadium.

Fragments of wood frequently occur, with the tissues well-preserved by impregnation with the resin; while leaves, flowers and fruits are occasionally found in marvellous perfection. During the game, he was the first of the five consecutive strikeout victims (with Lou Gehrig, Jimmie Foxx, Al Simmons, and Joe Cronin) of Carl Hubbell, one of the most famous moments in All-Star game history. Even hair and feathers have occasionally been represented among the enclosures. He made the 1934 All-Star team, but certainly this was more an honorary selection than for his play on the field. In most cases the organic structure has disappeared, leaving only a cavity, with perhaps a trace of chitin. It was understood during the season that it would be Ruth's last season in a Yankee uniform, and Ruth himself stated it might be the last year he played. The resin contains, in addition to the beautifully preserved plant-structures, numerous remains of insects, spiders, annelids, crustaceans and other small organisms which became enveloped while the exudation was fluid. Ruth's play continued downward in 1934, and he finished the year with a .288 average and 22 home runs.

It is improbable, however, that the production of amber was limited to a single species; and indeed a large number of conifers belonging to different genera are represented in the amber-flora. Ruth never received a chance to manage, as owners apparently took to heart a statement Barrow had made about Ruth when he said, "How can he manage other men when he can't even manage himself?". Goppert named the common amber-yielding pine of the Baltic forests Pinites succiniter, but as the wood, according to some authorities, does not seem to differ from that of the existing genus it has been also called Pinius succinifera. Ruth, however, put off a meeting with Navin to take a trip to Hawaii, and Navin, never a particularly congenial man, essentially retracted any meeting with Ruth. R. At one point Frank Navin, owner of the Detroit Tigers, seemed serious about hiring Ruth to player-manage the Tigers. H. Players such as Ty Cobb, Tris Speaker, and 26-year-old Joe Cronin had been given big league managerial jobs with no previous managing experience.

Relics of an abundant flora occur in association with the amber, suggesting relations with the flora of Eastern Asia and the southern part of North America. The closest they came was offering him a chance to manage the Yankees farm team in Newark, New Jersey, an offer Ruth scoffed at with justification. It appears, however, to have been partly derived from yet earlier Tertiary deposits (Eocene); and it occurs also as a derivative mineral in later formations, such as the drift. The Yankees never gave him the chance. The Baltic amber or succinite is found as irregular nodules in a marine glauconitic sand, known as blue earth, occurring in the Lower Oligocene strata of Sambia in Kaliningrad Oblast, where it is now systematically mined. Ruth never liked the disciplinarian style of McCarthy, and had even stated he could do a better job managing the team. It enables the distinction between baltic amber and non-Baltic varieties because of a specific carbonyl absorption and it can also detect the relative age of an amber sample. After the season Ruth continued to press Barrow for a chance to manage the Yankees, but Barrow had no intentions of getting rid of manager Joe McCarthy.

An effective tool for Amber analysis is IR spectroscopy. to a 4–2 win over the N.L., and he also made a fine defensive catch in the game. Its specific gravity varies from 1.05 to 1.10. His 2-run shot off Bill Hallahan helped the A.L. Succinite has a hardness between 2 and 3, which is rather greater than that of many other fossil resins. One highlight for Ruth during the season was when he hit the very first home run in the very first All-Star game, held July 6, 1933, at Comiskey Park in Chicago, Illinois. True Baltic amber is distinguished by its yield of succinic acid, for many of the other fossil resins which are often termed amber contain either none of it, or only a very small proportion; hence the name succinite proposed by Professor James Dwight Dana, and now commonly used in scientific writings as a specific term for the real Prussian amber. At least to Barrow and Ruppert, Ruth and the Yankees' season justified his pay cut, and the next year, Ruth took another big pay cut down to $25,000 a year.

The aromatic and irritating fumes emitted by burning amber are mainly due to this acid. The Yankees did finish second to the Washington Senators, but they never seriously threatened to win the pennant. True amber yields on dry distillation succinic acid, the proportion varying from about 3 to 8%, and being greatest in the pale opaque or bony varieties. It was clear Father Time was eroding Ruth's skills. Heated rather below 300°C, amber suffers decomposition, yielding an "oil of amber", and leaving a black residue which is known as "amber colophony", or "amber pitch"; when dissolved in oil of turpentine or in linseed oil this forms "amber varnish" or "amber lac". His batting average and slugging average were down over 40 points and 100 points, respectively, from his career averages, and he was also slow in the field. Heating amber will soften it and eventually it will burn, which is why the German word for amber is bernstein. Although most major league players could only dream about these types of numbers, they were well below Ruth's previous standards.

The average composition of amber leads to the general formula C₁₀H₁₆O. Ruth remained productive in 1933, batting .301, with 34 home runs, 103 RBIs, and led the league in walks with 114. As amber matures over the years, more polymerization will take place as well as isomerization reactions, crosslinking and cyclization. Ruth was unhappy with the pay cut, but in these bad economic times, few people felt sorry for him. Labdanes are tetrameric terpenes (C₂₀H₃₂) and trienes which means that the organic skeleton has three alkene groups available for polymerization. Ruth eventually settled to play for $52,000, although he was still the highest paid player in the game. Amber is a macromolecule by free radical polymerization of several precursors in the labdane family, communic acid, cummunol and biformene ^[1]. With baseball's reserve clause firmly in place, Ruth, even with all his stature, had little negotiating power at this stage in his career.

Amber is heterogeneous in composition, but consists of several resinous bodies more or less soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform, associated with an insoluble bituminous substance. Cutting Ruth's pay was also part of Barrow and Ruppert's plan to phase Ruth out from the Yankees. During the fourteenth century, the Teutonic Knights controlled the production of amber in Europe, forbidding its unauthorised collection from beaches on the Baltic coastline under their jurisdiction, and punishing breakers of this ordinance with death. It was the Great Depression, and teams were losing money, although the Yankees themselves were still making a profit. There is also strong evidence for the theory that the Baltic coasts during the advanced civilization of the Nordic Bronze Age was the source of most amber in Europe, for example the amber jewelry found in graves from Mycenaean Greece has been found to originate from the Baltic Sea. Ruth's salary had been cut before the 1932 season, but it was only a $5,000 cut. Tacitus in his Germania talks about the Aesti people as the only ones to gather amber from the Baltic Sea. Despite his heroics in the 1932 World Series, Ruth was informed in 1933 by Ed Barrow that his salary would be cut 33%, from $75,000 to $50,000 a year.

Pliny the Elder complains that a small statue of amber costs more than a healthy slave. It would be Babe Ruth's last great moment on the baseball stage, when he hit a famous home run that became known as Babe Ruth's Called Shot. Amber was mentioned by Homer, Aristotle, Plato and others. The series, however, is remembered for one memorable play that occurred in game 3 of the series. The German word is Bernstein. Gehrig went 9–17, a .529 average, scored 9 runs, drove in 8, and hit 3 home runs. The Old Hebrew חשמל hashmal seems to have meant amber, although Modern Hebrew uses Arabic-inspired ענבר `inbar. Lou Gehrig did much of the damage.

By Latin writers amber is variously called electrum, sucinum (succinum), and glaesum or glesum. The Yankees batted .313 and averaged over 9 runs a game. This property, first recorded by Thales of Miletus, suggested the word "electricity", from the Greek, elektron, a name applied, however, not only to amber but also to an alloy of gold and silver. The Yankees dispatched the Cubs in 4 games with one of the greatest offensive displays in a World Series, certainly the best in a 4-game series. True amber has sometimes been called kahroba, a word of Persian derivation signifying "that which attracts straw", in allusion to the power which amber possesses of acquiring an electric charge by friction. The everyday lineup also had fine players, such as Billy Herman, Kiki Cuyler, and Gabby Hartnett. The name comes from the Arabic عنبر, ʻanbar, probably through Spanish, but this word referred originally to ambergris, which is an animal substance quite distinct from yellow amber. The Cubs built their team on pitching and, led by Lon Warneke, Guy Bush, and Charlie Root, led the league in ERA.

. Grimm led the Cubs to a 37–18 record the rest the season, and they edged out the Pittsburgh Pirates for the pennant. Most of the world's amber is in the range of 30–90 million years old. After a heated argument with Cubs president William Veeck, Hornsby was fired and replaced by Charlie Grimm, the Cubs first baseman. Although not mineralized it is sometimes considered and used as a gemstone. The Cubs were playing just a little better than mediocre ball much of the season, but in a weak year in the National League, they were still in first place with a 53–46 record under manager Rogers Hornsby. Amber is a fossil resin much used for the manufacture of ornamental objects. The Yankees opponents in the 1932 World Series were the Chicago Cubs.

Most of the Burmese amber is worked at Mandalay into rosary-beads and ear-cylinders. Ruth also missed 21 games, and at the end of the year had missed a couple of weeks due to severe abdominal pains that left him weakened before the start of the World Series. Burmite and simetite agree also in being destitute of succinic acid. Jimmie Foxx nearly equaled Ruth's 60 mark with 58 home runs in 1932, and it was apparent that Ruth was no longer the home run king. The Burmese amber is yellow or reddish, some being of ruby tint, and like the Sicilian amber it is fluorescent. He hit .341, with 41 home runs and 137 RBIs, but it was the first time since 1918 that Ruth did not lead the league in home runs when he had played nearly a full season of games. The mines were visited some years ago by Dr Fritz Noetling, and the mineral has been described by Dr Otto Helm. For Ruth, it was the last year where he produced at a high level.

It occurs in the Hukawng valley, in the Nangotaimaw hills, where it is irregularly worked in shallow pits. Since their last pennant four years earlier, the Yankees had rebuilt their team by adding pitchers Red Ruffing and Lefty Gomez, infielder Joe Sewell, and catcher Bill Dickey, all future Hall of Fame players. It is found in fiat rolled pieces, irregularly distributed through a blue clay probably of Miocene age. The Philadelphia Athletics run ended, and soon the team was broken up as difficult economic times made it impossible for the A's to meet their stars' salary demands. Until the British occupation of Burma but little was known as to its occurrence, though it had been worked for centuries and was highly valued by the natives and by the Chinese. The team went 107–47, and easily won the pennant under manager Joe McCarthy, who had taken over in 1931 (a job Ruth had eagerly wanted). Burmite is the name under which the Burmese amber is now described. The Yankees were back on top in 1932.

The amber of Sicily seems not to have been recognized in ancient times, for it is not mentioned by local authorities like Diodorus Siculus. After hearing of his death, Ruth and several Yankee players cried, and the league paid its respect by canceling all games the day after his death. Moreover, yellow amber after long burial is apt to acquire a reddish colour. Huggins had been the only manager Ruth had had as a Yankee, and despite many run-ins with the feisty Huggins, Ruth had great admiration and respect for him. It has even been supposed that amber passed from Sicily to northern Europe in early times - a supposition said to receive some support from the fact that much of the amber dug up in Denmark is red; but it must not be forgotten that reddish amber is found also on the Baltic, though not being fashionable it is used rather for varnish-making than for ornaments. The bacterial infection had been left untreated for too long, and sepsis developed, which proved fatal for Huggins in September. It has been conjectured that the ancient Etruscan ornaments in amber were wrought in the Italian material, but it seems that amber from the Baltic reached the Etruscans at Hatria. Yankee manager Miller Huggins developed an ugly looking carbuncle on his face that turned out to be a symptom of erysipelas, a streptococcal infection of the skin.

Amber is also found in many localities in Emilia, especially near the sulphur-mines of Cesena. During the 1929 season another tragedy struck close to Ruth. It is remarkable for its fluorescence, which in the opinion of some authorities adds to its beauty. Although the Yankees slipped, Ruth continued to put up stellar numbers, and led or tied for the league lead in home runs all three of these years. This beautiful material presents a great diversity of tints, but a rich hyacinth red is common. The powerful lineup was led by Jimmie Foxx, Al Simmons, Mickey Cochrane, and the pitching was anchored by Lefty Grove, who undoubtedly was the best pitcher of his era (not to mention one of the greatest pitchers of all-time). It occurs in Miocene deposits and is also found washed up by the sea near Catania. Manager Connie Mack had rebuilt the A's into one of the best teams ever, and they won the World Series in 1929 and 1930 but were upset in the 1931 series in seven games.

Simetite, or Sicilian amber, takes its name from the river Simeto or Giaretta. pennant. According to Gheorghe Murgoci the Romanian amber is true succinite. The Philadelphia Athletics overtook the Yankees, and for the next three years won the A.L. Sulphur is present to the extent of more than 1%, whence the smell of sulphuretted hydrogen when the resin is heated. The offense was still highly productive, and in fact the 1930 and 1931 teams outscored the great 1927 team, but the pitching fell off badly. The nodules are penetrated by cracks, but the material can be worked on the lathe. In 1929, the Yankees World Series run ended, and the three-year period from 1929 to 1931 would be the longest stretch (excluding his ending years of 1933–35) that a Ruth team did not win a pennant.

Roumanite, or Romanian amber, a dark reddish resin, occurring with lignite in Tertiary deposits. Claire proved to be an ideal companion for Babe, and they remained together until his death. Allingite, a fossil resin allied to succinite, from Switzerland. Ruth loved to drink, and even though he could usually control it, Claire put a limit on it. Krantzite, a soft amber-like resin, found in the lignites of Saxony. Claire cut down his food portions, reduced his starchy foods and desserts, and forced him to eat more meat and vegetables. Glessite, a nearly opaque brown resin, with numerous microscopic cavities and dusty enclosures, named from glesum, an old name for amber. She also helped manage his diet, even though she did little cooking herself.

Beckerite, a rare amber in earthy-brown nodules, almost opaque, said to be related in properties to gutta-percha. She frequently traveled with the team on road trips, and curtailed some of his late-night social activities. Stantienite, a brittle, deep brownish-black resin, destitute of succinic acid. Upon marriage, Claire took complete control of their finances, and managed Babe's often free-wheeling spending, although he never had any financial problems. The name comes from Gedanum, the Latin name of Gdańsk at the Baltic Sea. Helen's death cleared the way for Ruth to marry Claire, and they took their wedding vows on April 17, 1929. It is often covered with a white powder easily removed by wiping. Babe was instantly attracted to her, and they began regularly seeing each other after his separation from his wife Helen.

Gedanite, or brittle amber, closely resembling succinite, but much more brittle, not quite so hard, with a lower melting point and containing no succinic acid. Claire was educated, socially sophisticated, and a somewhat strong-minded woman. By the time of Helen's death, Ruth was involved with a widowed socialite named Claire Merritt Hodgson, a woman he first met in 1923. Helen was just 31. Despite their separation, Ruth cried when he heard the news, and he and a number of Yankees attended her funeral.

Helen had taken Kinder's last name, and after her death, he was shocked to learn that his common law wife was the legal wife of Babe Ruth. As a result, the house's fuses were too large and did not cut off the power when the circuits became overloaded. Fire examiners later determined that the house had been improperly electrically wired. Edward Kinder, who was away at the time.

She had been living there with a dentist, Dr. On January 11, 1929, Helen died in a house fire in Watertown, Massachusetts. Unfortunately, Helen did not live long after her separation from Ruth. In 1925, however, with their marriage well beyond repair, both agreed to a separation, but neither sought a divorce, as they were Catholic.

His wife Helen undoubtedly heard about her husband's sexual escapades over the years, and seemingly managed to ignore much of it. The promiscuous lifestyle came with consequences, as it may have led to his 1925 health problems (q.v.), and he also had a couple of paternity suits filed against him, although both of these accusations never went anywhere. Louis brothel in one night. He seldom talked about his sexual exploits but never shied away when asked, and once claimed he bedded every woman in a St.

Indeed, for Ruth women were always available and he frequently took advantage of the opportunity. Ruth's womanizing eventually led to a separation with his wife Helen. He'd give you the shirt off of his back.". Long after Ruth's death, Ernie Shore, a teammate of Ruth when both played for the Red Sox, echoed a sentiment shared by many who knew Ruth, "He was the best-hearted fellow who ever lived.

On a number of occasions after games, Ruth, not wanting to disappoint any fans, would stand for hours signing autographs. He was generous with his time and money, and set up numerous charities, many directed toward children. Yet despite all of his well-publicized faults, millions of people adored him. He drank too much, his speech was splattered with profanities, chased women while a married man, drove cars recklessly, was frequently childishly rebellious with a disregard for rules and authority figures, and sometimes had a quick temper with players, umpires, and even fans.

For someone who performed larger-than-life heroics on the field, Ruth was very often less than the ideal role model in his behavior and personality. The Yankees had their second straight title, and the 4 game sweeps in back-to-back World Series has been accomplished only one other time, by the 1938 and 1939 Yankees. The Yankees also extracted some revenge on Grover Alexander, who went 0–1, with an ERA of 19.80 in 5 innings pitched. Gehrig was just as great, going 5–11 for a .545 average, with 4 home runs and 9 RBIs.

Ruth went 10–16 for a .625 average (still a record for average in World Series play), and hit 3 home runs, the second time in a World Series game, and all hit in game 4. No game was close, and Ruth and Gehrig demolished Cardinal pitching. The Yankees swept the Cardinals 4-0. The series was no contest.

The Cardinals had the same core players as the 1926 team, except for Rogers Hornsby at second base, who was traded for Frankie Frisch after the 1926 season. Louis Cardinals, who had upset them in the 1926 series. The Yankees had a World Series rematch with the St. Still, he ended the season with an impressive 54, the fourth (and last) time he passed 50 home runs in a season.

But Ruth's power waned, and he hit just 12 home runs in the last two months of the regular season. He got off to a hot start, and on August 1, had 42 home runs, well ahead of the pace of his record 60 home run season set the previous season. Ruth's play in 1928 mirrored his team's play. In early September, the A's took over first place with a 1-game lead, but in a pivotal series later that month, the Yankees took 3 out of 4 games and held on to win the pennant.

But the Yankees were soon plagued by some key injuries, erratic pitching and inconsistent play, and a talented Philadelphia Athletics club quickly closed the gap. The Yankees' domination in 1927 carried over into the first half of the 1928 season, where they built a 13-game lead in July. Nevertheless, many present-day baseball historians cite the 1927 Yankees as the greatest baseball team of all-time. The pitching staff was good, but not dominating.

They were just average defensively, with mediocre players at third base, shortstop and catcher, and they also had a weak bench. The 1927 Yankees, as every team in history, had their weaknesses. Their team ERA was 2.00, and the Pirates batted just .223 and scored only 10 runs in the 4 games. It would be the Yankees pitching that actually dominated the series.

Two of the games were decided by one run, the Yankees batting just .279 with 2 home runs (both by Ruth), and they averaged fewer runs per game than their season average. The series, however, was not a Yankee offensive onslaught. Before game 1, it was said the Yankees smashing balls over the walls in spacious Forbes Field during batting practice had the Pirate players awestruck and beaten before the series even started. Since their last title the Pirates had added brothers Paul and Lloyd Waner to a good-hitting lineup that included Pie Traynor and Glenn Wright.

The Yankees met the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series, a team that was just two years removed from a World Series title. After his 60th, an elated Ruth shouted in the clubhouse, "Sixty, count 'em sixty! Let's see some son of a bitch top that!" In addition to the home runs, Ruth batted .356 and drove in 164 runs. Ruth had set his home run record of 59 in 1921, but had been unable to even approach it until this season. Zachary argued to umpire Bill Dinneen the ball was foul, but Dinneen upheld the home run.

On September 30, he lined a shot down the line into the right-field stands for number 60 off Washington Senators pitcher Tom Zachary. By the next to last game of the season, he was at 59 homers. Gehrig hit only 9 the rest of the season, but Ruth went on a home run tear. As late as August 10, Gehrig had the home run lead over him, 38–35.

It was also a magical year for Ruth. In time, the 1927 Yankees would send six players to the Baseball Hall of Fame. MVP. He batted .373, with 218 hits, 52 doubles, 18 triples, 47 home runs, 175 RBIs, slugged at .765, and was voted A.L.

Gehrig had one of the greatest seasons of any hitter. It was Lou Gehrig, though, who broke through and established himself as a great player. The pitching staff led the league in ERA at 3.20, and included Waite Hoyt, who went 22–7, and Herb Pennock, who went 19–8. Centerfielder Earle Combs had a career year, batting .356 with 231 hits, leftfielder Bob Meusel batted .337 with 103 RBIs, and second baseman Tony Lazzeri drove in 102 runs.

The Yankees did not just beat teams, they demoralized them, and their powerful lineup was again being called "Murderers' Row" (a term first used by a sportswriter to describe the 1919 pre-Ruth Yankee lineup). The '27 Yankees batted .307, slugged .489, scored 975 runs, and outscored their opponents by a record 376 runs. The Cubs and Indians, however, both lost in the World Series, and the Mariners were defeated before even reaching the World Series, effectively removing these teams from a debate of the greatest team ever for a single season. Only four teams have won more games: the 1906 Chicago Cubs, who won 116; the 1954 Cleveland Indians, who won 111; the 1998 Yankees, who won 114; and the 2001 Seattle Mariners, who won 116 games (although the latter two played in 162-game seasons).

pennant by 19 games, and then proceeded to sweep the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series. They went 110–44, winning the A.L. In 1927, the Ruthian Yankees reached a peak that few teams in baseball history have ever equaled. From this point, though, he would enjoy greater World Series success: in fact, Ruth played in three more series and never again lost even a single World Series game.

Nevertheless, while Ruth had put up some amazing statistics in his first seven years as a Yankee, he had led the Yankees to just one World Series title, and they had lost three others. Ruth's superb 1926 season ended on a bittersweet note, but he had silenced many of his critics who said his career was on the decline after the 1925 season. Ruth did not dwell on the play much, as his baseball mentality throughout his entire career was such that he was never afraid of looking bad or failing. In Ruth's defense, some would say the way Alexander was pitching, the Yankees were not likely going to start a rally anyway, and a steal of second might have upset Alexander, and allowing a single to tie the game.

Alexander's strikeout of Lazzeri would go down in baseball lore, and Ruth, despite an outstanding series, was perceived as a goat by some. He inexplicably took off trying to steal second base, and was easily thrown out by catcher Bob O'Farrell, ending the game and giving the Cardinals the World Series. With Bob Meusel at bat, and Lou Gehrig in the on-deck circle, Ruth pulled the most notable on-the-field gaffe of his career. Pitching carefully to him, Alexander walked Ruth.

Alexander retired the side in the 8th and the first two men in the 9th, when Ruth came up to bat. With the count now 2–2, Alexander struck out Lazzeri swinging on a letter-high fastball, ending the Yankees rally. Lazzeri almost assured himself baseball immortality on the next pitch, which he lined to left field that just went foul, missing a home run by a couple of feet. The next pitch sailed near Lazzeri's head for ball two.

The next pitch was a low fastball that was called a strike. Facing rookie star Tony Lazzeri, Alexander's first pitch was a ball. Alexander was napping in the bullpen at the time and, according to some accounts, may have been suffering the effects of a hangover from the previous night's celebration of his game 6 win. Hornsby removed starting pitcher Haines, who had developed a blister on his finger, and summoned Alexander from the bullpen.

The stage was now set for one of the classic moments in baseball history. In game 7, the Cardinals clung to a 3–2 lead in the 7th inning, when the Yankees loaded the bases with two outs. The highlights of the series up to this point had been Ruth's 3-home-run game in game 4 (the first time a player hit 3 home runs in a World Series game), and Alexander's clutch pitching that won games 2 and 6. The Yankees had been heavy favorites in the series, but the Cardinals pushed the series to a 7th game.

The Cardinals had other good players, including Jesse Haines, Jim Bottomley, Chick Hafey, and Grover Alexander, now a 39-year-old epileptic and alcoholic, who a decade earlier (with Walter Johnson) was one of the two best pitchers in baseball. The Cardinals were led by star player-manager Rogers Hornsby, who, for him, had experienced a bad year at the plate, hitting just .317, down from his average of .401 for the previous five seasons. Louis Cardinals. The Yankees also bounced back, going from a 7th place finish in 1925 all the way back to the World Series, where they met the St.

He finished second in batting average with a .372 average, just .006 short of the triple crown (a feat Ruth would never accomplish). Ruth led the league in home runs, RBIs, runs scored, bases on balls, and slugging average. The 1925 season proved to be an aberration, as in 1926 he rebounded to being the best player in baseball. Ruth remained a highly productive player until age 38, a testament that Ruth was a far better athlete than often given credit for.

He had turned 30 in 1925, and he went on to have some of his best seasons after this age, a time in sports when the great majority of ball players were past their prime (or out of the game) by the time they reached 30. Ruth's weight would stabilize at about 230–235 pounds, and over the years he replaced body fat with muscle. After his poor 1925 season, Ruth dedicated himself to improving his physical condition, and he worked out hard each off-season. One bright spot of the season was on June 2 when first baseman Wally Pipp was benched to put a young Lou Gehrig in the lineup, a lineup Gehrig stayed in for the next 2,130 consecutive games.

Only after an apology to Huggins and the team was he allowed to play again, and Ruth would never again question Huggins's authority. Later in the season, Ruth had a well-publicized fight with manager Miller Huggins, who fined Ruth $5,000 and suspended him nine days for numerous curfew violations. with a 69–85 mark. Injuries, age, and poor play had them at the bottom of the standings all year, and they finished next to last in the A.L.

The Yankees 1925 season went as badly as Ruth's. Except for the last couple of years at the end of his career, the 1925 season was easily Ruth's worst season in the majors. Eventually he regained some of his strength and managed to get somewhat on track, but he finished with a .290 average and 25 home runs in 98 games. In July, he was only hitting about .250 as he struggled miserably trying to find his swing.

He clearly came back too soon. He had lost 30 pounds (14 kg), was weak and out of condition, but he was insistent on being back in the lineup. After six weeks of recovery, Ruth rejoined the Yankees on May 26. Evidence would suggest Ruth's illness was what physicians had stated, but it is possible Ruth may have had both problems, with physicians intentionally not mentioning the venereal problems.

Still, abdominal surgery is a very unusual treatment for venereal disease, even during this medical age, and Ruth did have a clear visible scar running from just under his rib cage to his left lower abdomen. A case of gonorrhea would have not been out of the question for the promiscuous Ruth, and some of his symptoms of chills, fever, and general pain are associated with some more complicated symptoms of gonorrhea. An old teammate of Ruth's vouched for the venereal disease story, saying it was the entire reason for Ruth's problems. Some newspaper reporters whispered that Ruth actually had a bad case of gonorrhea, but no one seemed to be willing to put this assertion in print.

McGeehan who invented the story that Ruth's collapse was caused by overindulging on hot dogs and soda pop before a game, a fanciful story which led to Ruth's illness being dubbed "the bellyache heard around the world." This story was not that far-fetched, as Ruth, noted for episodes of gluttony, frequently did eat hot dogs before games, and he would wash them down with bicarbonate of soda to keep from feeling bloated. It was writer W.O. Ruth's weight was high at this time, up to about 256 pounds. King stated Ruth's diet was the problem, as Ruth had not watched how much he ate and drank.

Dr. The surgery, performed on April 17, took only 20 minutes and was called a complete success. King now diagnosed Ruth as having an "intestinal abscess," and he would need surgery. King agreed to let Ruth rejoin the team, but after another week, Ruth's fever became worse, and after another examination, Dr.

Dr. King diagnosed Ruth as having a touch of the flu and an intestinal attack. Edward King, Ruth's personal physician, Dr. Examined by Dr.

He was given a sedative, and by the time the ambulance reached the hospital Ruth was calm. Vincent's hospital, Ruth again suffered a couple more convulsive attacks that were so violent it took six assistants to hold him down. On the ambulance ride to St. Shortly thereafter, Ruth became delirious and flailed his arms and legs uncontrollably, and needed to be held down by those around him.

During the wait for an ambulance, Ruth briefly opened his eyes and saw his wife Helen and Ed Barrow, his former Red Sox manager and now the Yankees general manager. By the time their train reached Pennsylvania Station in New York, Ruth was wrapped in blankets and unconscious, and his body had to be lifted out of a train window. Ruth's collapse was not newsworthy until one London newspaper ran a headline that Ruth was dead, a story Krichell quickly quelled when Ruth's train reached Washington, D.C. It was agreed Ruth needed to return to New York to recover, and he was accompanied by Paul Krichell, a noted Yankees scout.

His condition gradually became worse, and on April 7 while the Yankees were staying in Asheville, North Carolina, a weakened Ruth completely collapsed in a bathroom. During spring training in 1925, Ruth began suffering severe stomach cramps and a fever. From 1923 to the present, the Yankees have appeared in 37 World Series, winning 26 of those series. The Yankees had their first World Series title, and the start of what became the most successful major sports team in North America.

He went 7 for 19, a .368 average, slugged 1.000, walked 8 times, scored 8 runs, hit 3 home runs, and led the Yankees to a 4–2 series victory. Injured during the 1921 World Series, and completely ineffective in the 1922 series, Ruth was the best player on the field in the 1923 World Series. For the third straight year the Yankees faced the Giants in the World Series. From 1923 to 1932, in his prime home-run-hitting years, Ruth hit more home runs on the road, and in his 60 home run season of 1927, he hit 32 of those on the road.

In time, this argument would have little statistical support. Detractors of the stadium would call it "The House Built for Ruth", and "Ruthville", as the short 295-foot distance to right field seemed tailor-made for some "cheap" home runs for the left-handed, pull-hitting Ruth. In the first game played there, Ruth, fittingly, hit the stadium's first home run, and sportswriter Fred Lieb soon nicknamed Yankee Stadium "The House That Ruth Built.". After a year of construction and a cost of $2.5 million (a huge sum at the time), the 62,000-seat Yankee Stadium opened on April 18, 1923.

In 1921, Yankee owner Jacob Ruppert bought a small piece of land in the Bronx for $600,000 from the Astor estate. With the increased revenue and team success, as well as a threat of eviction from the Polo Grounds by the Giants, the Yankees needed a new home. The Yankees had been sharing the Polo Grounds with the Giants since 1913, but since Ruth arrived, the Yankees had been significantly outdrawing the Giants. The 1923 season also saw the opening of Yankee Stadium.

Ruth had returned to his dominant form, and the Yankees easily returned to the World Series. He also missed only two games, compared to over 40 games the previous season. in walks (170), a single-season record not broken until Barry Bonds walked 177 times in 2001; runs (131), RBIs (151), extra-base hits (99), and slugging average (.764). Ruth also led the A.L.

His home run total of 41, a modest total for him, led the majors. He batted .393, which would be the highest of his career, although he lost the batting title to Harry Heilmann, who hit .403. He came into the 1923 season in good shape, and it showed in his play. He worked out hard in the off-season.

Ruth regrouped from his troubled 1922 season. Compared to his first two incredible seasons as a Yankee, the 1922 season was a major disappointment for Ruth. He went just 2 for 17--a .118 average, and the Yankees were defeated by the New York Giants for the second straight year, 4–0, with one tie. Giants manager John McGraw had instructed his pitchers to throw Ruth nothing but curve balls, and Ruth never adjusted.

Ruth's struggles during the season continued into the World Series. Louis Browns for the pennant. All the time he missed on the field hurt the Yankees, but they had barely enough to get past the .420-hitting George Sisler and the rest of the heavy-hitting St. He hit 35 home runs with 99 runs batted in, but the suspensions and some injuries limited his playing time to just 110 games.

He struggled all year, and his batting, on-base and slugging averages fell dramatically (.315/.434/.672). The suspension at the beginning of the season affected Ruth at the plate. She was frequently ill with numerous ailments, which reportedly included several nervous breakdowns. Helen and Babe's marital problems compromised Helen's delicate health.

His love of fine food, undiminished over the years, was matched only by his appetites for alcohol, the nightlife, and casual sex. Free from the eyes of his wife, Ruth embraced the lifestyle even more fully. His wife Helen disliked the celebrity lifestyle to which the Babe was drawn, and she lived on their farm near Boston with their adopted daughter, Dorothy. While Ruth suffered his first professional setback, his personal life was in a worse state.

The captaincy was stripped, and Ruth's temper would see him suspended three more times in 1922 for arguing with umpires. When he returned to the Yankees on May 20, Yankee management named Ruth their first on-field captain, but just five days after his return, he was ejected for arguing an umpire's call at third, and exacerbated the situation by climbing into the seats to confront a heckling fan. Landis came down hard on the recalcitrant players, and he suspended Ruth and teammate Bob Meusel for the first six weeks of what was to be a turbulent 1922 season for Ruth. Ruth, typically, decided this rule did not apply to him, and even though Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis had warned Ruth about the trip, Ruth went ahead and embarked on his usual lucrative barnstorming tour with two teammates.

Seeking to avoid diminishing the meaning of the fall classic, organized baseball instituted a rule in 1911 that prohibited World Series players from playing in exhibition games during the off-season. The 1921 World Series appearance would indirectly lead to problems for Ruth. Perhaps teammate Joe Dugan put it best: "Born? Hell, Babe Ruth wasn't born! The son of a bitch fell from a tree!". Science corroborated what baseball fans already knew: Babe Ruth was born with preternatural gifts.

His eyes responded to flashing bulbs in a darkened chamber 20 ms quicker than the average person. In a test of steadiness, inserting a charged rod successively into small holes of different sizes, Ruth proved to be the best of 500 volunteers. And when he hit perfectly, in still air, with the bat moving at 110 ft/s (34 m/s), the ball would carry 450 to 500 feet (140 to 150 m). Doctors discovered that the pitch he could hit hardest was just above the knees on the outside corner.

The findings were illuminating. It was during 1921 that Ruth was invited to Columbia University for a battery of tests. The Giants had a measure of revenge on the Yankees, who were also using the Polo Grounds as their home and had been embarassed by the Yankees by being outdrawn in attendance. Ruth had a respectable series, going 5 for 16 with a .316 average, drove in 5 runs and hit his first World Series home run, but he struck out 8 times.

Without Ruth, the Yankees seemed mentally beaten, and they lost the last 3 games of the series. He continued to play, but his arm eventually became swollen and infected, and was told by the team physician not to play the rest of the series (although he would pinch hit in game 8). The Yankees were up 3–2 in the series, but Ruth had badly scraped his elbow in game 2 when sliding into third. The everyday lineup included solid players such as George Kelly, Ross Youngs, and Dave Bancroft.

Their star was slick-fielding Frankie Frisch, who batted .341 and led the league in stolen bases with 49. in runs scored. The Giants excelled at McGraw's time-tested strategy, using hit-and-run, stolen base, and bunt, and despite hitting only 75 home runs, they led the N.L. The Yankees met the New York Giants in the World Series, managed by John McGraw.

The pitching was led by Carl Mays, who won 27 games, with fine seasons by Waite Hoyt and Bob Shawkey. Bob Meusel, Frank Baker, and Wally Pipp were part of a lineup that batted .300 and scored 948 runs. Ruth's season was monumental on its own, but the Yankees had many quality players who helped lead the team to its first-ever pennant. Using their formula, the 208 runs created by Ruth in 1921 is the highest total for any player in any season.

The Stats Major League Baseball Handbook, a massive, encyclopedic baseball work compiled by noted baseball researchers Bill James, Neil Munro, Don Zminda, and John Dewan, developed a runs created formula to value how many runs a player produces. Using advanced statistical methods to measure a player's value, some of the best present-day baseball statistical researchers show Ruth's season is unmatched. In 152 games Ruth batted .378, had 204 hits, 44 doubles, 16 triples, 59 home runs (8th all-time), scored 177 runs (2nd all-time), had 171 RBIs (7th all-time), 144 bases on balls, with 119 extra base hits (1st all-time), an .846 slugging average (3rd all-time), and amassed 457 total bases (1st all-time). This season merits a mention of some of his statistics and how they ranked all-time for a single season.

Ruth's 1921 season is statistically the greatest season by any batter in major league history. As historic as Ruth's 1920 season was, his 1921 season was even better. Those who claimed the ball was livened may not have had hard evidence, but they had history and statistics on their side, as never in baseball history had there been such a quantum leap in offense over such a short time. Heydler's findings stated the outlawing of the spitball was the predominant factor for the increased scoring.

One study in August 1920 confirmed the ball was the same as in previous years, and early in 1921, also hearing rumors about the "juiced" ball, National League President John Heydler launched his own investigation and also concluded the ball was no different. This assertion even became accepted as a fact over time, even though there was no scientific evidence the ball had changed. Skeptical of the new offense in the game, some baseball writers of the time claimed the baseball was livened (usually done by winding it tighter, or changing the cork center, or both). By 1921, stolen bases were half the total from just a few years earlier, and the use of the sacrifice and hit and run, additional overused strategies during the dead-ball era, also decreased.

With the home run now a weapon, more managers lessened their previous absolute control of the offense, and they started to play for the big inning by giving their players freedom to swing away. With his swing, Ruth showed it was possible to hit a prodigious amount of home runs, and more players started to swing for the fences. Before Ruth and the Live Ball Era, the emphasis was for batters to choke up on the bat and hit for direction, not distance. Another reason given for the increase in home runs was that more players were emulating Ruth's full, free swing.

The impetus for this change was the death of Ray Chapman in 1920, who was killed when he was hit in the head with a dirty, darkened pitched ball that may have contributed to him losing the baseball in the hitting background. The overused ball would lose its resiliency, making it much more difficult to hit it for distance. Previously, the same discolored, tobacco-stained ball was used over and over until it was literally falling apart. Another factor for increased scoring was the league mandate to regularly replace the baseball during a game.

The spitball was a devastating pitch to the batter, as it gave a pitcher great movement on the ball, especially downward. One major reason was that baseball in 1920 outlawed the spitball pitch (with some exceptions), the emery (scuffed) pitch, and all unorthodox pitching deliveries. A few factors have been cited for the dramatic increase in offense. Almost overnight, baseball had gone from the most anemic hitting era in baseball history (the dead-ball era) to what would be the greatest hitting era—the 1920s.

The league ERA went from 2.77 to 4.02, runs increased 25% and home runs increased 300% over the same time span. In 1918, the major league batting average was .254; in 1921 it was .291. Ruth's home runs were at the epicenter of an offensive explosion in baseball. When the Babe hit one, the fan went back the next day and knew not only where first base was, but second base as well." Baseball still had its problems: a segregated game, competitive imbalance, and owners with complete control over the players, but the popularity of the game increased so much that the 1920s has often been called baseball's first Golden Age, and Babe Ruth can justifiably be given a large share of the credit.

One reporter wrote, "This new fan didn't know where first base was, but he had heard of Babe Ruth and wanted to see him hit a home run. The attention Ruth generated for the game with all his home runs, playing in New York, his personality, and even his off-the-field activities (some not always positive) was bringing an unprecedented spotlight to baseball. Attendance dramatically increased in every major league city in 1920, and seven teams set their own attendance records. The Yankees drew nearly 1.3 million fans, breaking the old mark of the 1908 New York Giants by nearly 400,000 fans.

These and other reasons were factors, but it is no coincidence that the 1920 Yankees shattered the league attendance mark. The dramatic increase in home runs and scoring was also getting fans' attention. Harding put it. Some people wished to escape the post–World War I angst and wanted a "Return to Normalcy", as a 1920 Presidential campaign slogan of Warren G.

Obviously Ruth was not the only reason more fans were coming to the ballpark. A few baseball fans even gave Ruth credit for "saving" baseball after the Black Sox scandal broke in the fall of 1920, and although this was not true, Ruth's exploits on the field likely won back some fans who had been soured by the scandal. Attendance, which had stagnated in the 1910s, greatly increased because of the attention Ruth brought to the game, and he was at the forefront of the new live ball era that revolutionized how the game was played. Ruth's impact on baseball went well beyond his statistics.

As a few people in history seem to be an exact fit in place and time, such was the case with Babe Ruth going to New York in 1920. He became the dominant name in the storied New York Yankees franchise, whose winning tradition he inaugurated. To some people, Ruth was more than a baseball player, he was a national icon. Even the black community adopted him as one of their own, as a reported story (that was untrue) was that Ruth had a "secret" black heritage, a story propagated with pride among players in the Negro Leagues.

The large immigrant communities of New York City were drawn to him, and the Italian enclave of New York gave him the nickname bambino ("babe", "baby"). His persona transcended baseball, and he was one of the enduring emblems in the carefree spirit of the roaring '20s. His flamboyance, vitality, and obvious flaws symbolized New York. Ruth was a natural fit in New York City—the biggest star in the game needed the largest stage, the largest crowds, the largest media coverage.

In the end, the Indians won the pennant and eventually the World Series. The Yankees battled the entire season with the Cleveland Indians, player-managed by Tris Speaker, Ruth's old Red Sox teammate, and the Chicago White Sox, the same infamous "Black Sox scandal" team. Ruth's remarkable season had the Yankees in a serious pennant chase for the first time since 1904 (the year a famous wild pitch by Jack Chesbro cost them the pennant). Ruth's season was so dominating that it led to one of the most amazing statistics in baseball history: In 1920, Ruth out-homered all but one team in baseball, as only the Philadelphia Phillies, with 64, hit more home runs than Ruth.

He hit 54 home runs, smashing his year-old record of 29, batted .376, and led the league in runs (158), RBIs (137), bases on balls (148); and his slugging average of .847 was a major league record for over 80 years until Barry Bonds eclipsed it with a .863 mark in 2001. When the season started, it was clear that the more hitter-friendly Polo Grounds suited him, and Ruth's 1920 season turned into one that no one had ever come close to seeing before. He trained extensively over the winter, and in 1920 turned up at spring training physically fit. Almost immediately, the Yankees' investment in Ruth began to pay off.

After they sold Ruth, Boston's failure to win even a single World Series for the next 86 years (until 2004), contrasted with the Yankees' overwhelming success, led to a superstition that was dubbed the "Curse of the Bambino.". During this span they finished last 10 times, never finished above 5th place, and they did not have a single winning season. From 1920 to 1934, during Ruth's tenure as a Yankee, the Boston Red Sox were the worst team in the American League. The trading of Ruth sent the Red Sox franchise into a downward spiral.

He justified his actions with these comments:. On January 5, 1920, Frazee faced the press and answered his critics with calmness and assuredness. There was an uneasiness in the Boston sports world just after the sale was announced, although a number of sportswriters supported the sale. For a sum of $125,000 and a loan of more than $300,000 (secured on Fenway Park itself), Frazee sold Ruth to the Yankees on January 3.

Knowing he could never meet Ruth's salary demands and coupled with the other problems Frazee believed Ruth brought, Frazee worked out a deal with Yankees owner Jacob Ruppert. Ruth had a record-setting season in 1919, and he made it clear he wanted his salary doubled. He sold many of these players to the New York Yankees, who until then were a perennial losing club. When the Red Sox championship run from 1912 to 1918 ended with a crash—the 1919 team finished 66–71—Frazee began selling off his best players.

Having overextended himself financially, Frazee was desperate for cash, and his players were his only source of money. Frazee, whose true passion was the theater, owned several theaters and financed his own shows, but at that time his shows were also losing money. Revenue was down, and the financial failure of the 1918 World Series did not help Frazee either. But because of World War I, Red Sox attendance, as in every other major league city, fell off badly.

After he took over the club in 1916, Red Sox owner Harry Frazee paid large salaries to attract the best players (some even accused him of trying to buy the pennant). Despite Ruth's box office appeal, the Red Sox were in a perilous financial position. Ruth was certainly worthy of the price, but he also needed more money to finance the large amount of money he spent on fast automobiles, fine clothes, and entertaining his many women "friends." Red Sox owner Harry Frazee commented, "If Ruth doesn't want to work for the Red Sox, we can work out an advantageous trade." To some people, Ruth had become an enfant terrible, although after his 1919 season, it seemed almost inconceivable that anyone would seriously recommend trading him. He signed a 3-year contract in 1919 for $10,000 a year, but at the end of the 1919 season, he demanded $20,000 a year and threatened to sit out the 1920 season if he did not receive a new contract.

Eventually Ruth was forced to write Barrow notes on what time he came in each night (notes Barrow never verified). His late nights of partying and boozing were further sources of irritation to the franchise, and he had numerous fights with Barrow over curfew violations. There were also Ruth's off-the-field indiscretions. Initially, Barrow and the Red Sox acquiesced, but injuries to the Red Sox pitching staff in 1919 forced a balking Ruth back into the rotation for spot starts.

After his 1918 season, Ruth had the leverage of knowing he had become baseball's biggest star, and before the 1919 season, he was blunt with the Red Sox—he wanted to play every day and not pitch at all. "I'll win more games playing everyday in the outfield than I will pitching every fourth day," Ruth remarked. By this time, Ruth considered himself an everyday outfielder and had no more desire to pitch. It was also during the 1918 season that he started to refuse his pitching turns in the starting rotation, often citing injuries that Barrow would question.

Ruth threw a tantrum and quit the team for a few days, and it was reported he had signed a new contract with the Chester Shipyards, a Pennsylvania-based pro team. In July 1918, Ruth ignored a sign from manager Ed Barrow during an at bat that led to a heated verbal spat when Ruth reached the dugout, and Barrow fined Ruth $500 when Ruth threatened to punch him in the nose. Despite his success on the field, Ruth had started to become a headache for the Red Sox. His contemporary Ty Cobb, noted for his cruel bench jockeying of Ruth, would later remark that Ruth "ran okay for a fat man.".

Beneath his barrel-shaped body, his powerful muscular legs seemed strangely thin, but he was still a capable baserunner and outfielder. Since his time as an Oriole, teammates had marveled at Ruth's capacity for food, and by 1919 his physique had changed from a tall athletic frame to more of a rotund shape, although Ruth's weight would have wide fluctuations until the mid-1920s. As his fame spread, so did his waistline. News of his batting feats spread rapidly, and wherever he played large crowds turned out to see him.

He set his first single-season home run record that year, hitting 29 home runs, breaking the previous record of 27 set by Ned Williamson in 1884, in addition to batting .322 and driving in 114 runs. By 1919, Ruth was basically a full-time outfielder, pitching in only 17 of the 130 games in which he appeared. From the 1903 inception of the World Series to 1918, the Boston Red Sox were the most successful franchise in major league baseball. The Red Sox had won their fourth World Series in seven years and fifth overall, and Ruth had played a major part in three of the series titles.

Since the Cubs top left-handers Hippo Vaughn and Lefty Tyler pitched nearly all the innings, Ruth's left-hand batting kept him from the regular lineup, and he batted just five times. During the series, Ruth extended his World Series consecutive scoreless inning streak to 29 2/3 innings (a record that lasted until Whitey Ford broke it in 1961). In the series, Ruth as a pitcher went 2–0 with a 1.06 ERA, helping the Red Sox to a 4–2 series victory over the Cubs. The 1918 World Series would be marred by not only the specter of World War I, but by abysmal attendance and such low revenue-sharing that players threatened to strike before game 5.

He also led the Red Sox to another World Series, where they met the Chicago Cubs. Ruth's excellence as hitter and pitcher made a strong case as the best player in baseball during the 1918 season. He also pitched well, going 13–7 with a 2.22 ERA. in home runs with 11 despite having only 317 at bats, well below the total for an everyday player.

In 1918, Ruth batted .300 and led the A.L. His contemporaries thought this was ridiculous; former teammate Tris Speaker speculated the move would shorten Ruth's career, but Ruth himself wanted to hit more and pitch less. In 1918, he began playing in the outfield more and pitching less. After the 1917 season in which he hit .325, albeit with limited at bats, teammate Harry Hooper suggested that Ruth might be more valuable in the lineup as an everyday player.

He repeated his strong performance in 1917, going 24–13, but the Red Sox could not keep pace with the Chicago White Sox and their 100 wins, and they missed out on a third straight postseason appearance. In game 2 of the series, Ruth pitched a 14-inning complete game victory, helping the Red Sox to another World Series title, a 4–1 series win over the Robins. The Red Sox offense had been weakened by the sale of Tris Speaker to the Cleveland Indians, but their strong pitching again took them to the World Series, where they met the Brooklyn Robins. left hander.

He went 23–12, with a 1.75 ERA and 9 shutouts; the shutout mark is still tied for the best mark for an A.L. After a slightly shaky spring, he would make a case as the best pitcher in the American League. Ruth continued to improve in 1916. The Red Sox won the 1915 World Series, defeating the Philadelphia Phillies 4 games to 1, but because manager Bill Carrigan preferred right-handers, Ruth did not pitch and grounded out in his only at bat.

Ruth won 18 games and lost 8, and helped himself with the bat by hitting .315 and hitting his first four major league home runs. He joined a fine pitching staff that included Rube Foster, Dutch Leonard, and a rejuvenated Smokey Joe Wood, and their pitching carried the Red Sox to the pennant. During spring training in 1915, Ruth secured a spot as a starter. Shortly after the season, Ruth proposed to Helen Woodford, a waitress he met in Boston, and they were married in Baltimore on October 14, 1914.

At the end of the season, the Red Sox called him back to the majors, and Ruth would stay in the majors permanently. Pitching in combination with the young Carl Mays, Ruth helped the Grays win the pennant. With a 1–1 record, he sat on the bench for several weeks before being sent to the International League with the Providence Grays of Providence, Rhode Island. Ruth was a skillful pitcher, but the Red Sox's starting rotation was already stacked with lefties, so they initially made little use of him.

To make ends meet, Dunn was obliged to dispose of his stars for cash, and he sold Ruth's contract with two other players to Joseph Lannin, owner of the Boston Red Sox, for a sum rumored to be between $20,000 and $35,000. In 1914 the breakaway Federal League, a rebel major league which would last only two years, placed a team in Baltimore, just across the street from the minor league Orioles, and the competition hit Orioles' attendance significantly. On July 4 the Orioles had a record of 47-22, but their finances were in poor condition. In 1914 Dunn signed 19-year-old Ruth to pitch for his club, and took him to spring training in Florida, where a strong performance with both bat and ball saw him make the club, while his precocious talent and childlike personality saw him nicknamed "Dunn's Babe." On April 22, 1914, "The Babe" pitched his first professional game, a six-hit, 6-0 victory over the Buffalo Bisons, also of the International League.

Brother Gilbert brought Ruth to the attention of Jack Dunn, owner and manager of the minor-league Baltimore Orioles, and the man often credited with discovering him. Brother Matthias promptly switched him from catcher to pitcher to teach him a lesson, but instead of getting his comeuppance, George shut the other team down. One day, as his team was losing, George started mocking his own pitcher. He liked the position because he was involved in every play.

Because of his "toughness", George became the team's catcher. It was Brother Matthias who taught him baseball, working with him for countless hours on hitting, fielding and, later, pitching. Brother Matthias, a Roman Catholic brother and the school's disciplinarian, became the major influence in his life, the one man Babe respected above all others. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, a school run by Catholic brothers.

He was finally sent to St. Mary recalled how their father would beat Babe in a desperate attempt to bring the boy into line, but to no avail. By age seven, he was drinking, chewing tobacco, and had become difficult for his parents to control. He skipped school, ran the streets, and committed petty crimes.

Young George was known for mischievous behavior. Only Babe and his sister, Mary (some sources give her name as Marnie), survived infancy. Kate would walk to her father's home each time she gave birth to a child, eight in all. Babe's parents, Kate and George, Sr., lived above the saloon they owned and operated on Camden Street.

The house, which was only a block from where Oriole Park at Camden Yards now stands, was rented by his maternal grandfather, Pius Schamberger, a German immigrant who eked out a living as an upholsterer. Ruth was born at 216 Emory Street in south Baltimore, Maryland. . He significantly expanded the fan base of baseball and triggered the major expansion of nearly all of the ballparks in the major leagues, and Yankee Stadium is often called "The House That Ruth Built".

His international fame helped to fuel the rising interest in sports in the 1920s and 30s. Ruth was the focal point of the start of what has become statistically the greatest sports dynasty in history, the New York Yankees. His exploitation of the "power game" compelled other teams to follow suit, breaking the monopoly of the "inside game" that had been the primary strategy for decades. In several ways, he changed the nature of the game itself.

As discussed in the book The Babe: A Life in Pictures, by Lawrence Ritter and Mark Rucker, it is more than mere statistical records that make Babe Ruth unequivocally the greatest baseball player of all time. In 1998, The Sporting News named Ruth as Number One in its list of "Baseball's 100 Greatest Players." In 1999, Ruth was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in fan balloting. In 1969, Ruth was named baseball's Greatest Player Ever in a ballot commemorating the 100th anniversary of professional baseball. He was a member of the original American League All-Star team in 1933.

His record of 60 home runs in the 1927 season stood for 34 years until it was broken by Roger Maris in 1961. He was one of the first five players elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame, and he was the first player to hit over 30, 40 and 50 home runs in one season. Consistently chosen as the greatest baseball player in history, his home run hitting exploits and titanic appetite for living made him one of the representative figures of the Roaring Twenties. George Herman Ruth (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948), better known as Babe Ruth, also commonly known by the nicknames The Bambino and The Sultan of Swat, was an American baseball player and United States national icon.